Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
B	None of the answers listed here are correct
C	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
D	Strain build up caused by continental drift
E	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth

Question 2

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Mountain building
C	Flooding
D	Earthquakes
E	Tsunamis

Question 3

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Meteorite impacts
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Sunlight
D	Release of internal heat
E	Earthquakes
F	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes

Question 4

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
B	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
C	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
D	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
E	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.

Question 5

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	S waves
B	P waves
C	Love waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Body waves

Question 6

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
B	A Icelandic marine tornado
C	A rapidly eroding coastline
D	A volcanic landslide
E	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake

Question 7

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
D	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 8

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
B	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
C	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
D	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
E	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation

Question 8 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 9

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
B	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
C	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
D	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
E	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders

Question 10

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	A high-temperature region within glaciers
B	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
C	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
D	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
E	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface

Question 11

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Sea level fall
B	Dramatic climate change
C	Supernova close to the Earth
D	An asteroid or cometary impact
E	Extensive volcanism in South America

Question 12

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
D	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
E	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Clay liquefaction
B	Turtle Mountain landslide
C	71 casualties
D	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
E	A limestone anticline failure

Question 14

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
B	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
C	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
D	Generate a volcanic eruption
E	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake

Question 15

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
B	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
C	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision

Question 16

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
B	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
E	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves

Question 17

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	algebraic
B	parabolic
C	linear
D	integrated
E	exponential

Question 18

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Electrical fires
B	Flying debris
C	Storm surge
D	Wind damage
E	Building collapse

Question 19

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
C	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.

Question 20

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Tornado
B	Driving
C	Lightning
D	Blizzard
E	Rock climbing

Question 21

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
B	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
C	Cold air overlying warm air
D	Clean air overlying polluted air
E	Warm air overlying cold air

Question 22

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Norway
C	Philippines
D	Japan

Question 23

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is an acoustic shock wave
B	It travels at the speed of sound
C	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
D	It never strikes the same place twice
E	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud

Question 24

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Tsunami
B	Love waves
C	Rayleigh waves
D	S waves
E	None of the above answers are correct.

Question 24 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 25

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules

Question 25 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 26

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A small iceberg
B	The sound of an approaching earthquake
C	A large forest fire
D	A far-off thunder clap
E	A micro-tornado

Question 27

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Flooding
B	Tornados
C	Lightning
D	None of the answers are correct
E	Hail

Question 28

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
B	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
C	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
D	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
E	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.

Question 29

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
C	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
D	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
E	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado

Question 30

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Nepal
B	Cuba
C	Japan
D	Bangladesh
E	United States

Question 31

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	2 hours
B	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
C	12 hours
D	1 day
E	10 minutes

Question 32

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
B	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
E	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.

Question 33

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	45 years
B	100 years
C	150 years
D	15 years
E	1 year

Question 34

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, oxygen, ignition
B	preheating, oxygen, fuel
C	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
D	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
E	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection

Question 35

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A heart attack while driving to work.
B	An earthquake while driving to work.
C	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
D	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
E	A tsunami while driving to work.

Question 35 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants