Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
B	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
C	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
D	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
E	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision

Question 2

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
B	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
C	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
D	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
E	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.

Question 3

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Wind damage
B	Flying debris
C	Building collapse
D	Electrical fires
E	Storm surge

Question 4

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Strain build up caused by continental drift
C	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
D	None of the answers listed here are correct
E	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth

Question 5

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
B	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
C	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
D	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
E	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous

Question 6

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
B	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
C	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
D	A high-temperature region within glaciers
E	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface

Question 7

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Sea level fall
B	Dramatic climate change
C	Extensive volcanism in South America
D	An asteroid or cometary impact
E	Supernova close to the Earth

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	71 casualties
B	Clay liquefaction
C	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	Turtle Mountain landslide

Question 9

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Mountain building
B	Flooding
C	Earthquakes
D	Volcanic eruptions
E	Tsunamis

Question 10

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
D	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
E	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms

Question 11

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	None of the answers are correct
B	Lightning
C	Flooding
D	Tornados
E	Hail

Question 12

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It never strikes the same place twice
B	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
C	It is an acoustic shock wave
D	It travels at the speed of sound
E	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud

Question 13

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	2 hours
B	10 minutes
C	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
D	12 hours
E	1 day

Question 14

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, oxygen, ignition
B	preheating, oxygen, fuel
C	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
D	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
E	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection

Question 15

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Love waves
B	None of the above answers are correct.
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Tsunami

Question 15 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 16

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
B	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
C	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
D	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
E	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination

Question 16 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 17

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Cuba
B	Japan
C	United States
D	Nepal
E	Bangladesh

Question 18

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Cold air overlying warm air
B	Warm air overlying cold air
C	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
D	Clean air overlying polluted air
E	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air

Question 19

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A micro-tornado
B	The sound of an approaching earthquake
C	A large forest fire
D	A far-off thunder clap
E	A small iceberg

Question 20

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Lightning
B	Rock climbing
C	Driving
D	Tornado
E	Blizzard

Question 21

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
B	Meteorite impacts
C	Release of internal heat
D	Sunlight
E	Volcanic eruptions
F	Earthquakes

Question 22

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A tsunami while driving to work.
B	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
C	A heart attack while driving to work.
D	An earthquake while driving to work.
E	A vehicle collision while driving to work.

Question 22 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 23

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
B	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
E	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.

Question 24

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Question 25

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Norway
C	Philippines
D	Japan

Question 26

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
B	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
E	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time

Question 27

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Love waves
B	P waves
C	Body waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	S waves

Question 28

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
C	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
D	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
E	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.

Question 29

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
B	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
C	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
D	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
E	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.

Question 30

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	15 years
B	1 year
C	45 years
D	150 years
E	100 years

Question 31

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
D	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 31 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 32

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
E	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.

Question 33

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
B	A rapidly eroding coastline
C	A volcanic landslide
D	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
E	A Icelandic marine tornado

Question 34

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	algebraic
B	parabolic
C	linear
D	integrated
E	exponential

Question 35

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
B	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
C	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
D	Generate a volcanic eruption
E	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants