Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
E	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 1 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 2

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A large forest fire
B	A small iceberg
C	The sound of an approaching earthquake
D	A micro-tornado
E	A far-off thunder clap

Question 3

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is an acoustic shock wave
B	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
C	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
D	It never strikes the same place twice
E	It travels at the speed of sound

Question 4

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	preheating, oxygen, fuel
B	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
C	fuel, oxygen, ignition
D	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 5

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Love waves
B	P waves
C	Body waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	S waves

Question 6

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Release of internal heat
C	Sunlight
D	Meteorite impacts
E	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
F	Earthquakes

Question 7

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Tsunami
B	Rayleigh waves
C	None of the above answers are correct.
D	S waves
E	Love waves

Question 7 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 8

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	linear
B	exponential
C	integrated
D	algebraic
E	parabolic

Question 9

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
C	None of the answers listed here are correct
D	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
E	Strain build up caused by continental drift

Question 10

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	71 casualties
B	Clay liquefaction
C	A limestone anticline failure
D	Turtle Mountain landslide
E	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass

Question 11

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Tornado
B	Lightning
C	Rock climbing
D	Driving
E	Blizzard

Question 12

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Japan
B	Norway
C	Philippines
D	Hawaii

Question 13

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Bangladesh
B	Nepal
C	Japan
D	Cuba
E	United States

Question 14

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Mountain building
B	Flooding
C	Tsunamis
D	Earthquakes
E	Volcanic eruptions

Question 15

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
B	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
C	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
D	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 16

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
B	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
C	A high-temperature region within glaciers
D	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
E	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis

Question 17

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
B	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
C	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
D	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
E	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.

Question 18

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
B	Warm air overlying cold air
C	Cold air overlying warm air
D	Clean air overlying polluted air
E	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air

Question 19

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
D	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
E	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System

Question 20

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Storm surge
B	Electrical fires
C	Building collapse
D	Wind damage
E	Flying debris

Question 21

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
B	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
C	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
D	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
E	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.

Question 22

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
B	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
C	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
D	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
E	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide

Question 23

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
B	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
E	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop

Question 24

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
B	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
C	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
D	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
E	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano

Question 25

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	12 hours
B	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
C	2 hours
D	10 minutes
E	1 day

Question 26

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	100 years
B	150 years
C	45 years
D	15 years
E	1 year

Question 27

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
B	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
C	An earthquake while driving to work.
D	A tsunami while driving to work.
E	A heart attack while driving to work.

Question 27 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 28

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
B	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
C	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
D	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
E	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation

Question 28 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 29

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
B	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
C	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
D	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
E	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.

Question 30

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A rapidly eroding coastline
B	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
C	A volcanic landslide
D	A Icelandic marine tornado
E	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake

Question 31

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
C	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
D	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
E	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Question 33

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Flooding
B	Hail
C	Lightning
D	Tornados
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 34

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
B	Generate a volcanic eruption
C	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
D	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
E	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake

Question 35

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	An asteroid or cometary impact
B	Extensive volcanism in South America
C	Dramatic climate change
D	Supernova close to the Earth
E	Sea level fall

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants