Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
B	It never strikes the same place twice
C	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
D	It travels at the speed of sound
E	It is an acoustic shock wave

Question 2

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Strain build up caused by continental drift
B	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
C	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
D	None of the answers listed here are correct
E	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay

Question 3

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Philippines
B	Hawaii
C	Japan
D	Norway

Question 4

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	The sound of an approaching earthquake
B	A far-off thunder clap
C	A large forest fire
D	A micro-tornado
E	A small iceberg

Question 5

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
B	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
C	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
D	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
E	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms

Question 6

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
B	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
C	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
D	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
E	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years

Question 7

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	exponential
B	algebraic
C	integrated
D	linear
E	parabolic

Question 8

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	12 hours
B	1 day
C	10 minutes
D	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
E	2 hours

Question 9

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
B	preheating, oxygen, fuel
C	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
D	fuel, oxygen, ignition
E	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide

Question 10

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Storm surge
B	Electrical fires
C	Wind damage
D	Flying debris
E	Building collapse

Question 11

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
B	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
C	Generate a volcanic eruption
D	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
E	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence

Question 12

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A Icelandic marine tornado
B	A volcanic landslide
C	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
D	A rapidly eroding coastline
E	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier

Question 13

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	None of the answers are correct
B	Lightning
C	Hail
D	Flooding
E	Tornados

Question 14

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
B	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
E	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time

Question 15

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
B	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
E	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Love waves
B	Tsunami
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	None of the above answers are correct.

Question 16 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 17

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Extensive volcanism in South America
B	Sea level fall
C	An asteroid or cometary impact
D	Supernova close to the Earth
E	Dramatic climate change

Question 18

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
B	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
C	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
D	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
E	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders

Question 19

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
B	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
C	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
D	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
E	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature

Question 19 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 20

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Cold air overlying warm air
B	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
C	Warm air overlying cold air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Clean air overlying polluted air

Question 21

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
C	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
D	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules

Question 21 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 22

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Earthquakes
B	Tsunamis
C	Flooding
D	Mountain building
E	Volcanic eruptions

Question 23

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Driving
B	Blizzard
C	Tornado
D	Lightning
E	Rock climbing

Question 24

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Meteorite impacts
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Earthquakes
D	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
E	Release of internal heat
F	Sunlight

Question 25

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
B	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
C	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
D	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
E	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide

Question 26

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Cuba
B	Japan
C	Nepal
D	Bangladesh
E	United States

Question 27

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	1 year
B	150 years
C	15 years
D	45 years
E	100 years

Question 28

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A tsunami while driving to work.
B	A heart attack while driving to work.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
E	An earthquake while driving to work.

Question 28 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 29

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 30

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
B	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
C	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
D	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
E	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.

Question 31

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	P waves
B	Body waves
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Love waves

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Turtle Mountain landslide
B	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
C	71 casualties
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	Clay liquefaction

Question 33

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
B	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
C	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
D	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
E	A high-temperature region within glaciers

Question 34

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
E	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.

Question 35

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
B	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
C	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
D	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
E	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants