Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
B	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
C	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
D	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
E	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.

Question 2

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Clean air overlying polluted air
B	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
C	Cold air overlying warm air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Warm air overlying cold air

Question 3

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	None of the above answers are correct.
B	S waves
C	Love waves
D	Tsunami
E	Rayleigh waves

Question 3 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 4

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	An earthquake while driving to work.
B	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A tsunami while driving to work.
E	A heart attack while driving to work.

Question 4 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 5

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	71 casualties
B	Turtle Mountain landslide
C	Clay liquefaction
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass

Question 6

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
B	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
C	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation

Question 7

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
B	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
C	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
D	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
E	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano

Question 8

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A large forest fire
B	A small iceberg
C	The sound of an approaching earthquake
D	A micro-tornado
E	A far-off thunder clap

Question 9

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	Cuba
C	Bangladesh
D	United States
E	Nepal

Question 10

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	12 hours
B	2 hours
C	1 day
D	10 minutes
E	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.

Question 11

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It travels at the speed of sound
B	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
C	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
D	It never strikes the same place twice
E	It is an acoustic shock wave

Question 12

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
C	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.

Question 13

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
B	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
C	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
D	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
E	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado

Question 14

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Earthquakes
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Sunlight
D	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
E	Release of internal heat
F	Meteorite impacts

Question 15

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Driving
B	Tornado
C	Blizzard
D	Lightning
E	Rock climbing

Question 16

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
B	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
C	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
D	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
E	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction

Question 16 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 17

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
B	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
C	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
D	A high-temperature region within glaciers
E	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface

Question 18

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Strain build up caused by continental drift
C	None of the answers listed here are correct
D	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
E	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth

Question 19

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
C	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules

Question 19 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 20

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Japan
C	Philippines
D	Norway

Question 21

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Earthquakes
B	Mountain building
C	Tsunamis
D	Flooding
E	Volcanic eruptions

Question 22

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
B	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
C	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
D	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
E	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.

Question 23

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	None of the answers are correct
B	Flooding
C	Tornados
D	Lightning
E	Hail

Question 24

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
B	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
C	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
D	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
E	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves

Question 25

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Electrical fires
B	Flying debris
C	Building collapse
D	Storm surge
E	Wind damage

Question 26

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
E	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.

Question 27

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	100 years
B	1 year
C	15 years
D	150 years
E	45 years

Question 28

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
B	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
E	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.

Question 29

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate a volcanic eruption
B	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
C	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
D	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
E	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake

Question 30

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
B	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
C	A rapidly eroding coastline
D	A Icelandic marine tornado
E	A volcanic landslide

Question 31

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
B	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
C	preheating, oxygen, fuel
D	fuel, oxygen, ignition
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 32

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	S waves
B	Body waves
C	Rayleigh waves
D	Love waves
E	P waves

Question 33

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	parabolic
B	linear
C	exponential
D	integrated
E	algebraic

Question 34

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Supernova close to the Earth
B	Dramatic climate change
C	An asteroid or cometary impact
D	Sea level fall
E	Extensive volcanism in South America

Question 35

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants