Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
C	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
D	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
E	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.

Question 2

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	integrated
B	parabolic
C	exponential
D	algebraic
E	linear

Question 3

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Release of internal heat
B	Earthquakes
C	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
D	Meteorite impacts
E	Volcanic eruptions
F	Sunlight

Question 4

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
B	A high-temperature region within glaciers
C	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
D	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
E	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface

Question 5

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Electrical fires
B	Flying debris
C	Building collapse
D	Storm surge
E	Wind damage

Question 6

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
C	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
D	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
E	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars

Question 7

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
E	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.

Question 8

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Hail
B	Lightning
C	Flooding
D	Tornados
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 9

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	None of the above answers are correct.
B	S waves
C	Tsunami
D	Love waves
E	Rayleigh waves

Question 9 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 10

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
C	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
D	Strain build up caused by continental drift
E	None of the answers listed here are correct

Question 11

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
B	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
C	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
D	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
E	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature

Question 11 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 12

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
B	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
C	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
D	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
E	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.

Question 13

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
B	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
C	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
D	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
E	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation

Question 14

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Nepal
B	Cuba
C	United States
D	Japan
E	Bangladesh

Question 15

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
B	It is an acoustic shock wave
C	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
D	It travels at the speed of sound
E	It never strikes the same place twice

Question 16

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
B	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
C	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
D	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
E	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous

Question 17

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
B	Cold air overlying warm air
C	Clean air overlying polluted air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Warm air overlying cold air

Question 18

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
B	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
C	fuel, oxygen, ignition
D	preheating, oxygen, fuel
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 19

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
B	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 20

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A rapidly eroding coastline
B	A Icelandic marine tornado
C	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
D	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
E	A volcanic landslide

Question 21

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
C	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules

Question 21 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 22

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	An asteroid or cometary impact
B	Sea level fall
C	Extensive volcanism in South America
D	Supernova close to the Earth
E	Dramatic climate change

Question 23

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
B	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
C	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
D	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
E	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.

Question 24

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
B	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
C	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
D	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
E	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.

Question 25

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	1 day
B	12 hours
C	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
D	2 hours
E	10 minutes

Question 26

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Mountain building
B	Earthquakes
C	Volcanic eruptions
D	Flooding
E	Tsunamis

Question 27

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
B	A limestone anticline failure
C	Turtle Mountain landslide
D	Clay liquefaction
E	71 casualties

Question 28

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate a volcanic eruption
B	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
C	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
D	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
E	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake

Question 29

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Lightning
B	Driving
C	Tornado
D	Rock climbing
E	Blizzard

Question 30

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	S waves
C	P waves
D	Love waves
E	Body waves

Question 31

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	15 years
B	45 years
C	150 years
D	100 years
E	1 year

Question 32

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
B	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
E	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time

Question 33

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A far-off thunder clap
B	The sound of an approaching earthquake
C	A small iceberg
D	A micro-tornado
E	A large forest fire

Question 34

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A tsunami while driving to work.
B	An earthquake while driving to work.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
E	A heart attack while driving to work.

Question 34 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 35

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Norway
B	Hawaii
C	Japan
D	Philippines

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants