Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
B	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
C	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
D	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
E	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate

Question 2

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
B	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
C	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
D	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
E	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.

Question 3

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
B	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
C	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
D	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
E	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent

Question 4

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Sunlight
B	Earthquakes
C	Volcanic eruptions
D	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
E	Meteorite impacts
F	Release of internal heat

Question 5

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	integrated
B	linear
C	exponential
D	algebraic
E	parabolic

Question 6

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Dramatic climate change
B	Sea level fall
C	An asteroid or cometary impact
D	Supernova close to the Earth
E	Extensive volcanism in South America

Question 7

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
B	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
C	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
D	A high-temperature region within glaciers
E	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface

Question 8

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
B	A volcanic landslide
C	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
D	A rapidly eroding coastline
E	A Icelandic marine tornado

Question 9

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	None of the above answers are correct.
B	Tsunami
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Love waves

Question 9 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 10

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
B	A tsunami while driving to work.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	An earthquake while driving to work.
E	A heart attack while driving to work.

Question 10 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 11

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A far-off thunder clap
B	A small iceberg
C	The sound of an approaching earthquake
D	A micro-tornado
E	A large forest fire

Question 12

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
B	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
C	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts

Question 13

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
B	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
C	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
D	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
E	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature

Question 13 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 14

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
B	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
C	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
D	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
E	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano

Question 15

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Mountain building
B	Earthquakes
C	Tsunamis
D	Volcanic eruptions
E	Flooding

Question 16

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Body waves
B	P waves
C	Love waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	S waves

Question 17

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
E	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.

Question 18

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
B	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
C	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
D	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
E	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.

Question 19

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
B	fuel, oxygen, ignition
C	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
D	preheating, oxygen, fuel
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 20

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
B	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
C	It travels at the speed of sound
D	It is an acoustic shock wave
E	It never strikes the same place twice

Question 21

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Strain build up caused by continental drift
B	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
C	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
D	None of the answers listed here are correct
E	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay

Question 22

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	1 day
B	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
C	2 hours
D	12 hours
E	10 minutes

Question 23

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Lightning
B	Tornado
C	Blizzard
D	Driving
E	Rock climbing

Question 24

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
B	71 casualties
C	Clay liquefaction
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	Turtle Mountain landslide

Question 25

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Japan
B	Philippines
C	Norway
D	Hawaii

Question 26

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
B	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
C	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
D	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
E	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.

Question 27

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
B	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
C	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
D	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
E	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.

Question 28

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Hail
B	Lightning
C	Flooding
D	Tornados
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 29

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
B	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
C	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
D	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
E	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time

Question 30

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	100 years
B	45 years
C	15 years
D	1 year
E	150 years

Question 31

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
C	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules

Question 31 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 32

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
B	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
C	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
D	Generate a volcanic eruption
E	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time

Question 33

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Clean air overlying polluted air
B	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
C	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
D	Warm air overlying cold air
E	Cold air overlying warm air

Question 34

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Nepal
B	Japan
C	Bangladesh
D	Cuba
E	United States

Question 35

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Storm surge
B	Building collapse
C	Electrical fires
D	Wind damage
E	Flying debris

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants