Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A micro-tornado
B	A large forest fire
C	A far-off thunder clap
D	A small iceberg
E	The sound of an approaching earthquake

Question 2

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	United States
C	Nepal
D	Bangladesh
E	Cuba

Question 3

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
C	Earthquakes
D	Sunlight
E	Release of internal heat
F	Meteorite impacts

Question 4

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
D	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
E	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System

Question 5

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	1 year
B	150 years
C	100 years
D	45 years
E	15 years

Question 6

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
B	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
C	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
D	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
E	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous

Question 7

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Flooding
B	Hail
C	None of the answers are correct
D	Lightning
E	Tornados

Question 8

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	An asteroid or cometary impact
B	Supernova close to the Earth
C	Dramatic climate change
D	Sea level fall
E	Extensive volcanism in South America

Question 9

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
B	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
C	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
D	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
E	Generate a volcanic eruption

Question 10

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A volcanic landslide
B	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
C	A Icelandic marine tornado
D	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
E	A rapidly eroding coastline

Question 11

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
B	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
C	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
D	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
E	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.

Question 12

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	A high-temperature region within glaciers
B	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
C	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
D	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
E	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface

Question 13

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	2 hours
B	1 day
C	10 minutes
D	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
E	12 hours

Question 14

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	P waves
C	S waves
D	Love waves
E	Body waves

Question 15

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A heart attack while driving to work.
B	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A tsunami while driving to work.
E	An earthquake while driving to work.

Question 15 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 16

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
B	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
C	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
D	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
E	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
B	A limestone anticline failure
C	71 casualties
D	Turtle Mountain landslide
E	Clay liquefaction

Question 18

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Wind damage
B	Flying debris
C	Electrical fires
D	Storm surge
E	Building collapse

Question 19

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	linear
B	exponential
C	parabolic
D	algebraic
E	integrated

Question 20

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
B	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
C	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
D	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
E	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.

Question 21

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
B	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
C	preheating, oxygen, fuel
D	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
E	fuel, oxygen, ignition

Question 22

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
B	None of the answers listed here are correct
C	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
D	Strain build up caused by continental drift
E	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay

Question 23

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Philippines
B	Hawaii
C	Japan
D	Norway

Question 24

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
B	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
C	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
D	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
E	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time

Question 25

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
B	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
C	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
D	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
E	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation

Question 25 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 26

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Blizzard
B	Driving
C	Rock climbing
D	Tornado
E	Lightning

Question 27

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
B	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
C	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.

Question 28

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
C	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules

Question 28 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 29

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
D	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
E	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
B	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Question 31

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Mountain building
B	Earthquakes
C	Flooding
D	Tsunamis
E	Volcanic eruptions

Question 32

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
B	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
C	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
D	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
E	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.

Question 33

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is an acoustic shock wave
B	It never strikes the same place twice
C	It travels at the speed of sound
D	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
E	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud

Question 34

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
B	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
C	Cold air overlying warm air
D	Clean air overlying polluted air
E	Warm air overlying cold air

Question 35

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	S waves
B	Rayleigh waves
C	None of the above answers are correct.
D	Love waves
E	Tsunami

Question 35 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants