Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
B	Cold air overlying warm air
C	Clean air overlying polluted air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Warm air overlying cold air

Question 2

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
B	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
C	Strain build up caused by continental drift
D	None of the answers listed here are correct
E	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Turtle Mountain landslide
B	71 casualties
C	A limestone anticline failure
D	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
E	Clay liquefaction

Question 4

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
D	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
E	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 4 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 5

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
B	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
C	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
D	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
E	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time

Question 6

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Norway
B	Hawaii
C	Philippines
D	Japan

Question 7

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	P waves
B	Body waves
C	Love waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	S waves

Question 8

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A tsunami while driving to work.
B	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A heart attack while driving to work.
E	An earthquake while driving to work.

Question 8 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	Tsunami
C	Love waves
D	S waves
E	None of the above answers are correct.

Question 9 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 10

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Rock climbing
B	Tornado
C	Lightning
D	Driving
E	Blizzard

Question 11

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Flying debris
B	Building collapse
C	Wind damage
D	Electrical fires
E	Storm surge

Question 12

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	United States
B	Bangladesh
C	Japan
D	Cuba
E	Nepal

Question 13

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
B	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
C	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
D	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
E	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.

Question 14

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
D	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
E	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent

Question 15

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Sea level fall
B	Supernova close to the Earth
C	Dramatic climate change
D	Extensive volcanism in South America
E	An asteroid or cometary impact

Question 16

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
D	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
E	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.

Question 17

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
B	preheating, oxygen, fuel
C	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
D	fuel, oxygen, ignition
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 18

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
B	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
C	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide

Question 19

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
B	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
C	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
D	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 20

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
B	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts

Question 21

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
B	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
E	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.

Question 22

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	parabolic
B	integrated
C	exponential
D	algebraic
E	linear

Question 23

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	10 minutes
B	12 hours
C	1 day
D	2 hours
E	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.

Question 24

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
B	It travels at the speed of sound
C	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
D	It is an acoustic shock wave
E	It never strikes the same place twice

Question 25

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A small iceberg
B	A far-off thunder clap
C	The sound of an approaching earthquake
D	A micro-tornado
E	A large forest fire

Question 26

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
B	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
C	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
D	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
E	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style

Question 27

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
B	Generate a volcanic eruption
C	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
D	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
E	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time

Question 28

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	100 years
B	15 years
C	150 years
D	45 years
E	1 year

Question 29

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Mountain building
C	Flooding
D	Earthquakes
E	Tsunamis

Question 30

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
C	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.

Question 31

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
B	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
C	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
D	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
E	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation

Question 31 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 32

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Earthquakes
C	Release of internal heat
D	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
E	Meteorite impacts
F	Sunlight

Question 33

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A volcanic landslide
B	A rapidly eroding coastline
C	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
D	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
E	A Icelandic marine tornado

Question 34

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
B	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
C	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
D	A high-temperature region within glaciers
E	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface

Question 35

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	None of the answers are correct
B	Tornados
C	Lightning
D	Flooding
E	Hail

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants