Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
D	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
E	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent

Question 2

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Flooding
B	Lightning
C	Hail
D	None of the answers are correct
E	Tornados

Question 3

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
B	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
C	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Question 4

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A tsunami while driving to work.
B	A heart attack while driving to work.
C	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
D	An earthquake while driving to work.
E	A vehicle collision while driving to work.

Question 4 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 5

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	Bangladesh
C	Cuba
D	United States
E	Nepal

Question 6

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Tsunamis
C	Earthquakes
D	Mountain building
E	Flooding

Question 7

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Norway
B	Philippines
C	Japan
D	Hawaii

Question 8

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
B	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
C	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
D	A high-temperature region within glaciers
E	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis

Question 9

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
B	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
C	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
D	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
E	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time

Question 10

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A Icelandic marine tornado
B	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
C	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
D	A rapidly eroding coastline
E	A volcanic landslide

Question 11

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	exponential
B	linear
C	algebraic
D	integrated
E	parabolic

Question 12

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
B	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
C	It is an acoustic shock wave
D	It travels at the speed of sound
E	It never strikes the same place twice

Question 13

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
B	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
C	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
D	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
E	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps

Question 14

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
C	Strain build up caused by continental drift
D	None of the answers listed here are correct
E	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle

Question 15

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
C	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
E	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 15 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 16

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Wind damage
B	Storm surge
C	Electrical fires
D	Flying debris
E	Building collapse

Question 17

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	S waves
B	None of the above answers are correct.
C	Tsunami
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Love waves

Question 17 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 18

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
B	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
C	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
D	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
E	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature

Question 18 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 19

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	71 casualties
B	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
C	Turtle Mountain landslide
D	Clay liquefaction
E	A limestone anticline failure

Question 20

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
B	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
C	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
D	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
E	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.

Question 21

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Cold air overlying warm air
B	Clean air overlying polluted air
C	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
D	Warm air overlying cold air
E	Polluted air overlying dry clear air

Question 22

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
B	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
E	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.

Question 23

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Sunlight
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
D	Release of internal heat
E	Earthquakes
F	Meteorite impacts

Question 24

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A large forest fire
B	A micro-tornado
C	A small iceberg
D	A far-off thunder clap
E	The sound of an approaching earthquake

Question 25

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	45 years
B	15 years
C	1 year
D	150 years
E	100 years

Question 26

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
B	fuel, oxygen, ignition
C	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
D	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
E	preheating, oxygen, fuel

Question 27

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	P waves
B	S waves
C	Body waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Love waves

Question 28

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	10 minutes
B	1 day
C	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
D	12 hours
E	2 hours

Question 29

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Lightning
B	Driving
C	Rock climbing
D	Tornado
E	Blizzard

Question 30

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Sea level fall
B	Extensive volcanism in South America
C	Dramatic climate change
D	An asteroid or cometary impact
E	Supernova close to the Earth

Question 31

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
B	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
C	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
D	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
E	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.

Question 32

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
C	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.

Question 33

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
B	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
C	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
D	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
E	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous

Question 34

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
B	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
C	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
D	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
E	Generate a volcanic eruption

Question 35

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
B	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
C	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
D	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
E	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants