Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
B	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
C	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
D	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 2

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	P waves
B	Love waves
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Body waves

Question 3

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
B	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
C	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
D	A high-temperature region within glaciers
E	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface

Question 4

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
B	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 4 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 5

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Flooding
B	Tsunamis
C	Earthquakes
D	Mountain building
E	Volcanic eruptions

Question 6

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
B	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
C	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
D	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
E	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time

Question 7

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere

Question 8

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
B	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
C	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
D	Generate a volcanic eruption
E	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake

Question 9

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
B	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
C	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
D	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
E	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.

Question 10

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
B	None of the answers listed here are correct
C	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
D	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
E	Strain build up caused by continental drift

Question 11

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
B	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
C	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
D	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
E	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation

Question 11 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 12

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
D	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
E	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms

Question 13

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
B	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
C	It is an acoustic shock wave
D	It never strikes the same place twice
E	It travels at the speed of sound

Question 14

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
B	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
C	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
D	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
E	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.

Question 15

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
B	A Icelandic marine tornado
C	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
D	A rapidly eroding coastline
E	A volcanic landslide

Question 16

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
B	Clean air overlying polluted air
C	Warm air overlying cold air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Cold air overlying warm air

Question 17

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
B	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
C	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
D	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
E	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted

Question 18

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Japan
B	Norway
C	Hawaii
D	Philippines

Question 19

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Blizzard
B	Driving
C	Tornado
D	Rock climbing
E	Lightning

Question 20

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A large forest fire
B	A small iceberg
C	The sound of an approaching earthquake
D	A micro-tornado
E	A far-off thunder clap

Question 21

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	2 hours
B	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
C	1 day
D	12 hours
E	10 minutes

Question 22

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
B	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
E	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Love waves
B	None of the above answers are correct.
C	Rayleigh waves
D	Tsunami
E	S waves

Question 23 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 24

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	algebraic
B	integrated
C	exponential
D	parabolic
E	linear

Question 25

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A heart attack while driving to work.
B	A tsunami while driving to work.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	An earthquake while driving to work.
E	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.

Question 25 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 26

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	1 year
B	100 years
C	45 years
D	15 years
E	150 years

Question 27

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Supernova close to the Earth
B	Dramatic climate change
C	An asteroid or cometary impact
D	Extensive volcanism in South America
E	Sea level fall

Question 28

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Release of internal heat
B	Meteorite impacts
C	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
D	Earthquakes
E	Sunlight
F	Volcanic eruptions

Question 29

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	Nepal
C	Bangladesh
D	United States
E	Cuba

Question 30

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
B	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
C	fuel, oxygen, ignition
D	preheating, oxygen, fuel
E	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection

Question 31

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Lightning
B	Hail
C	Flooding
D	Tornados
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 32

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
B	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
C	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
D	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
E	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.

Question 33

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Building collapse
B	Flying debris
C	Wind damage
D	Electrical fires
E	Storm surge

Question 34

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
B	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
C	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision

Question 35

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Clay liquefaction
B	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
C	71 casualties
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	Turtle Mountain landslide

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants