Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Body waves
B	S waves
C	Love waves
D	P waves
E	Rayleigh waves

Question 2

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
B	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
C	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
D	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Turtle Mountain landslide
B	A limestone anticline failure
C	Clay liquefaction
D	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
E	71 casualties

Question 4

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	150 years
B	15 years
C	45 years
D	100 years
E	1 year

Question 5

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	An earthquake while driving to work.
B	A tsunami while driving to work.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
E	A heart attack while driving to work.

Question 5 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 6

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	Cuba
C	Nepal
D	Bangladesh
E	United States

Question 7

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
B	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
C	A high-temperature region within glaciers
D	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
E	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface

Question 8

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Cold air overlying warm air
B	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
C	Warm air overlying cold air
D	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
E	Clean air overlying polluted air

Question 9

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
B	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 10

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	12 hours
B	2 hours
C	1 day
D	10 minutes
E	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.

Question 11

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
B	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
C	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
D	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
E	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms

Question 12

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is an acoustic shock wave
B	It travels at the speed of sound
C	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
D	It never strikes the same place twice
E	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud

Question 13

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
B	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
C	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
D	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
E	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.

Question 14

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
B	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
C	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
D	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
E	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps

Question 15

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Storm surge
B	Wind damage
C	Building collapse
D	Electrical fires
E	Flying debris

Question 16

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
B	A Icelandic marine tornado
C	A rapidly eroding coastline
D	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
E	A volcanic landslide

Question 17

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Hail
B	Lightning
C	None of the answers are correct
D	Flooding
E	Tornados

Question 18

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	linear
B	algebraic
C	parabolic
D	exponential
E	integrated

Question 19

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	The sound of an approaching earthquake
B	A micro-tornado
C	A far-off thunder clap
D	A large forest fire
E	A small iceberg

Question 20

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Earthquakes
B	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
C	Volcanic eruptions
D	Release of internal heat
E	Sunlight
F	Meteorite impacts

Question 21

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
B	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
C	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
D	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
E	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.

Question 22

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Tornado
B	Lightning
C	Blizzard
D	Rock climbing
E	Driving

Question 23

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate a volcanic eruption
B	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
C	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
D	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
E	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake

Question 24

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
B	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
E	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves

Question 25

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	An asteroid or cometary impact
B	Extensive volcanism in South America
C	Sea level fall
D	Supernova close to the Earth
E	Dramatic climate change

Question 26

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
B	Strain build up caused by continental drift
C	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
D	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
E	None of the answers listed here are correct

Question 27

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Flooding
C	Tsunamis
D	Mountain building
E	Earthquakes

Question 28

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	Tsunami
C	None of the above answers are correct.
D	S waves
E	Love waves

Question 28 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 29

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
B	preheating, oxygen, fuel
C	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
D	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
E	fuel, oxygen, ignition

Question 30

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
B	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
C	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
D	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
E	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted

Question 31

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
B	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
C	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
D	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
E	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation

Question 31 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 32

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules

Question 32 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 33

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
B	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
C	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.

Question 34

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
B	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
C	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
D	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
E	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.

Question 35

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Philippines
C	Japan
D	Norway

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants