Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
B	Clean air overlying polluted air
C	Warm air overlying cold air
D	Cold air overlying warm air
E	Polluted air overlying dry clear air

Question 2

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	150 years
B	15 years
C	1 year
D	100 years
E	45 years

Question 3

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
B	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
C	A heart attack while driving to work.
D	An earthquake while driving to work.
E	A tsunami while driving to work.

Question 3 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 4

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
B	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
C	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
D	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
E	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.

Question 5

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Japan
B	Philippines
C	Hawaii
D	Norway

Question 6

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
E	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.

Question 7

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
B	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
D	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 7 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 8

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Flooding
B	Hail
C	Lightning
D	Tornados
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 9

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
C	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
D	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
E	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System

Question 10

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, oxygen, ignition
B	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
C	preheating, oxygen, fuel
D	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 11

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Flying debris
B	Wind damage
C	Building collapse
D	Electrical fires
E	Storm surge

Question 12

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
B	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
C	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
D	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
E	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.

Question 13

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
B	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
C	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
D	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
E	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.

Question 14

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
B	A high-temperature region within glaciers
C	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
D	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
E	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface

Question 15

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Flooding
C	Tsunamis
D	Earthquakes
E	Mountain building

Question 16

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Meteorite impacts
B	Release of internal heat
C	Earthquakes
D	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
E	Sunlight
F	Volcanic eruptions

Question 17

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	exponential
B	algebraic
C	linear
D	integrated
E	parabolic

Question 18

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
B	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
C	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation

Question 19

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
B	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
C	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
D	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
E	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation

Question 19 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 20

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
B	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
C	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
D	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
E	Generate a volcanic eruption

Question 21

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A Icelandic marine tornado
B	A rapidly eroding coastline
C	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
D	A volcanic landslide
E	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake

Question 22

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
B	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
C	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
D	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 23

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A far-off thunder clap
B	A small iceberg
C	The sound of an approaching earthquake
D	A micro-tornado
E	A large forest fire

Question 24

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Love waves
B	P waves
C	Body waves
D	S waves
E	Rayleigh waves

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
B	Turtle Mountain landslide
C	Clay liquefaction
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	71 casualties

Question 26

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
B	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
E	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike

Question 27

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
B	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
C	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
D	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
E	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style

Question 28

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Dramatic climate change
B	Sea level fall
C	Supernova close to the Earth
D	Extensive volcanism in South America
E	An asteroid or cometary impact

Question 29

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
D	They form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 30

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	2 hours
B	10 minutes
C	1 day
D	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
E	12 hours

Question 31

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	S waves
B	Tsunami
C	None of the above answers are correct.
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Love waves

Question 31 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
B	It travels at the speed of sound
C	It is an acoustic shock wave
D	It never strikes the same place twice
E	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud

Question 33

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	None of the answers listed here are correct
B	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
C	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
D	Strain build up caused by continental drift
E	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth

Question 34

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	Cuba
C	Bangladesh
D	Nepal
E	United States

Question 35

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Blizzard
B	Tornado
C	Driving
D	Lightning
E	Rock climbing

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants