Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
B	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
C	An earthquake while driving to work.
D	A tsunami while driving to work.
E	A heart attack while driving to work.

Question 1 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 2

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
B	A high-temperature region within glaciers
C	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
D	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
E	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface

Question 3

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Building collapse
B	Wind damage
C	Electrical fires
D	Storm surge
E	Flying debris

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	A limestone anticline failure
B	Clay liquefaction
C	71 casualties
D	Turtle Mountain landslide
E	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass

Question 5

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	45 years
B	15 years
C	1 year
D	100 years
E	150 years

Question 6

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	Love waves
C	P waves
D	Body waves
E	S waves

Question 7

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Tsunamis
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Mountain building
D	Flooding
E	Earthquakes

Question 8

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
B	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
C	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
D	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
E	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps

Question 9

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Release of internal heat
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Earthquakes
D	Sunlight
E	Meteorite impacts
F	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes

Question 10

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
B	It travels at the speed of sound
C	It never strikes the same place twice
D	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
E	It is an acoustic shock wave

Question 11

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
B	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
C	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
D	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
E	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves

Question 12

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	10 minutes
B	12 hours
C	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
D	1 day
E	2 hours

Question 13

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
D	They form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 14

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A Icelandic marine tornado
B	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
C	A rapidly eroding coastline
D	A volcanic landslide
E	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake

Question 15

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Driving
B	Rock climbing
C	Tornado
D	Lightning
E	Blizzard

Question 16

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Strain build up caused by continental drift
C	None of the answers listed here are correct
D	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
E	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth

Question 17

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Love waves
B	None of the above answers are correct.
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	Tsunami

Question 17 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 18

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
B	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
C	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
D	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.
E	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.

Question 19

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
B	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
C	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
D	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 19 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 20

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Philippines
C	Japan
D	Norway

Question 21

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
B	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
C	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
D	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
E	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted

Question 22

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Flooding
B	Tornados
C	Lightning
D	None of the answers are correct
E	Hail

Question 23

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	linear
B	parabolic
C	integrated
D	exponential
E	algebraic

Question 24

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
B	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
C	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
D	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
E	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado

Question 25

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
B	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
C	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
D	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
E	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.

Question 26

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Japan
B	Cuba
C	United States
D	Bangladesh
E	Nepal

Question 27

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
B	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
C	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
D	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
E	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation

Question 27 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 28

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A micro-tornado
B	A small iceberg
C	A large forest fire
D	A far-off thunder clap
E	The sound of an approaching earthquake

Question 29

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
B	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
C	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
D	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
E	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.

Question 30

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
B	Generate a volcanic eruption
C	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
D	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes
E	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time

Question 31

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance
B	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
C	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
D	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
E	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys

Question 32

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
B	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
C	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
D	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
E	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.

Question 33

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
B	preheating, oxygen, fuel
C	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
D	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
E	fuel, oxygen, ignition

Question 34

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Sea level fall
B	Supernova close to the Earth
C	Dramatic climate change
D	Extensive volcanism in South America
E	An asteroid or cometary impact

Question 35

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Warm air overlying cold air
B	Clean air overlying polluted air
C	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Cold air overlying warm air

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants