Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado
C	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
D	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
E	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System

Question 2

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake
B	A volcanic landslide
C	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
D	A rapidly eroding coastline
E	A Icelandic marine tornado

Question 3

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
B	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide
C	preheating, oxygen, fuel
D	fuel, oxygen, ignition
E	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide

Question 4

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	None of the answers listed here are correct
C	Strain build up caused by continental drift
D	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
E	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth

Question 5

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
B	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature
C	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
D	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
E	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation

Question 5 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Supernova close to the Earth
B	An asteroid or cometary impact
C	Sea level fall
D	Extensive volcanism in South America
E	Dramatic climate change

Question 7

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
B	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
C	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
D	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
E	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.

Question 8

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
B	Earthquakes
C	Meteorite impacts
D	Sunlight
E	Volcanic eruptions
F	Release of internal heat

Question 9

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
B	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
C	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.
D	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
E	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.

Question 10

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Rock climbing
B	Driving
C	Blizzard
D	Tornado
E	Lightning

Question 11

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
B	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
C	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike
D	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
E	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop

Question 12

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Nepal
B	Bangladesh
C	Cuba
D	United States
E	Japan

Question 13

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Love waves
B	Rayleigh waves
C	P waves
D	Body waves
E	S waves

Question 14

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
B	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
C	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
D	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 15

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Philippines
C	Norway
D	Japan

Question 16

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Hail
B	Flooding
C	Lightning
D	Tornados
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 17

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	1 day
B	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
C	2 hours
D	10 minutes
E	12 hours

Question 18

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
B	Clean air overlying polluted air
C	Cold air overlying warm air
D	Warm air overlying cold air
E	Polluted air overlying dry clear air

Question 19

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
B	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
C	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
D	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface
E	A high-temperature region within glaciers

Question 20

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	linear
B	integrated
C	algebraic
D	exponential
E	parabolic

Question 21

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules
B	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
C	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
D	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
E	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules

Question 21 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 22

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
C	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
D	They form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 23

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
B	It never strikes the same place twice
C	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
D	It is an acoustic shock wave
E	It travels at the speed of sound

Question 24

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
B	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
C	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
D	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.
E	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.

Question 25

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Generate a volcanic eruption
B	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
C	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
D	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
E	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes

Question 26

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
B	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
C	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders
D	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
E	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano

Question 27

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Earthquakes
B	Flooding
C	Tsunamis
D	Volcanic eruptions
E	Mountain building

Question 28

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A tsunami while driving to work.
B	A heart attack while driving to work.
C	An earthquake while driving to work.
D	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
E	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.

Question 28 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 29

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
B	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.
C	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
D	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
E	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.

Question 30

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	The sound of an approaching earthquake
B	A far-off thunder clap
C	A micro-tornado
D	A large forest fire
E	A small iceberg

Question 31

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
B	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
C	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide

Question 32

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Building collapse
B	Electrical fires
C	Flying debris
D	Storm surge
E	Wind damage

Question 33

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	100 years
B	45 years
C	15 years
D	1 year
E	150 years

Question 34

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	Turtle Mountain landslide
B	Clay liquefaction
C	71 casualties
D	A limestone anticline failure
E	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass

Question 35

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	Love waves
C	None of the above answers are correct.
D	Tsunami
E	S waves

Question 35 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants