Geology 381-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

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Question 1

Stresses applied tangential to a rock unit is known as.... (ID-SSM1-08)

A	shear stress
B	tangential stress
C	normal stress
D	super-normal stress
E	sub-normal stress

Question 1 Explanation:

and the stresses applied perpendicular to a rock unit is known as normal stress.

Question 2

In the Bouma sequence, what is the relative location of the laminated slit deposition? (ID-SSM1-94)

A	Below massive/rapid deposition
B	Below hemipelagic mud
C	None of the answers are correct
D	Within the upper flow regime
E	At the base of the sourced region (very bottom)

Question 2 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 3

The following diagram is a representation of the lift force. Which of the following is true about the lift force based on the diagram above(select all that apply). (ID-SSM1-21)

A	The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments.
B	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point).
C	The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines.
D	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point).
E	The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed.

Question 4

Viscosity is the ability of a fluid to flow. (ID-SSM1-51)

A	False
B	True

Question 5

At this section of the diagram, it is possible to have low angle cross beds with upstream dips. (ID-SSM1-28)

A	B
B	A
C	G
D	C
E	F
F	D

Question 5 Explanation:

They are known as antidunes and caused by fast moving flow in the upper regime.

Question 6

The study of traces known as.... (ID-SSM1-39)

A	Paleogeology
B	Genology
C	Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell?
D	Ichnology

Question 7

The diagram below, one can label letter____ as "no movement on movement on flat bed but ripples could occur if the bed is rough". (ID-SSM1-43)

A	F
B	C
C	E
D	D
E	No such thing on the diagram above.

Question 8

According to bioturbation index (bioturbation intensity index), the BI Grade 5 would be assigned to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-95)

A	Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation
B	Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct
C	Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct
D	Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct
E	A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation
F	Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding is barely detectable

Question 9

What is the difference between Bioturbation and Bioerosion? (ID-SSM1-68)

A	They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English)
B	Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
C	Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
D	Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities.

Question 9 Explanation:

For example, borrows which pushes the grains to the sides cause Bioturbation while borings mechanically or chemically cuts the grains causing erosion.

Question 10

Hydration and dehydration process involve addition or removal of water and this processes often create new minerals. (ID-SSM1-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 10 Explanation:

True; while hydration increase the volume of the mineral, it is often result in changing the chemical composition of the rock. (same goes for dehydration, except it will result in volume decrease.)

Question 11

The the following Q-F-L diagram, what are the genetic classifications regions represented by A, B and C(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-55)

A	A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin
B	A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar
C	A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments
D	A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc
E	A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin
F	A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc

Question 12

Following is a description of one of the models in the diagram below. Which diagram is described in the description? (ID-SSM1-66)
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces

A	A
B	B
C	Neither
D	It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient.

Question 13

In geology, ______ is the long-term sum of processes that cause the wearing away of the Earth's surface by moving water, ice, wind and waves, leading to a reduction in elevation and relief of landforms and landscapes. (ID-SSM1-75)

A	physical weathering
B	erosion
C	denudation
D	chemical weathering

Question 13 Explanation:

Denudation is a combination of chemical and physical weathering processes.

Question 14

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave. (ID-SSM1-44)

A	False
B	True

Question 14 Explanation:

Dunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave.

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.

Question 15

Acids dissolve __A__ (low pH at low temperature) and bases dissolve __B__ (high pH at high temperature). (ID-SSM1-36)

A	A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks
B	A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks
C	A. carbonates B. silicates
D	A. silicates B. carbonates

Question 16

What can cause the dissolution of the carbonate sediments and rocks? (ID-SSM1-04)

A	Base solutions in high temperature environment
B	High pH solutions
C	Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions
D	Acids
E	Base

Question 17

Soil was created as a by product of what process? (ID-SSM1-32)

A	erosion
B	sedimentation
C	paleosols
D	pedogenesis

Question 17 Explanation:

While erosion "creates" the soil, the process of creating soil is known as pedogenesis.

Question 18

What type of sediments get deposited as a result of chemical reactions? (ID-SSM1-06)

A	evaporites
B	carbonates
C	clastic deposits
D	ore deposits
E	chemical deposits

Question 19

What does the Stokes Law explain? (ID-SSM1-85)

A	Settling velocity of particles in a fluid.
B	How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows.
C	Depositional sequences in very high energy environments.
D	Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity.

Question 20

Laterites are red soil compounds mainly composed of iron oxides and aluminum oxides. This type of soils mostly form in which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-76)

A	Humid climates
B	Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers
C	Dry climates with year-round permafrost
D	Dry climates with long periods of droughts
E	Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter

Question 21

Steady flow and unsteady flow is associated with what type of acceleration? (ID-SSM1-60)

A	temporal acceleration
B	upwards acceleration
C	spatial acceleration
D	inertial acceleration
E	gravitational acceleration

Question 21 Explanation:

...and uniform and non-uniform flow is associated with spatial acceleration.

Question 22

The Q-F-L diagram is an arbitrary classification defined by convention. (ID-SSM1-56)

A	True
B	False

Question 23

A Geology 381 student wrote on an exam that at point C(diagram below), the velocity of the flow is at the highest because it is in the middle of the flow. (ID-SSM1-49)

A	True
B	False

Question 23 Explanation:

The highest velocity is observed near the point A on this particular diagram.

Question 24

On the following diagram, what should be the units for y-axis? (ID-SSM1-26)

A	grain size in mm
B	flow velocity in m/s
C	grain size in um
D	flow velocity in cm/s
E	depth in m

Question 25

What controls the wave base in oscillating flow? (ID-SSM1-61)

A	type of fluid
B	viscosity of the fluid
C	period of the wave
D	amplitude of the wave

Question 25 Explanation:

Some of the other answers are also possible, but in multiple choice exams you must choose the best answer out of all options.

Question 26

Saltation in water is a __A__ and in air it is a __B__. (ID-SSM1-67)

A	A. bed load B. suspended load
B	A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load
C	A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load
D	A. suspended load B. bed load

Question 27

In physics, __I__ the Reynolds number(Re), higher the possibility of a __II__ flow. (ID-SSM1-10)

A	I. zero II. turbulent
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	I. lower II. laminar
D	I. lower II. turbulent
E	I. higher II. laminar

Question 27 Explanation:

Re = velocity_flow (l/viscosity_fluid)

Question 28

In natural flows a sudden change in the height of the surface of the flow can be best described by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-92)

A	Critical flow
B	Gradient change
C	Change in flow regime
D	Hydraulic jump
E	Change in normality

Question 29

During pressure dissolution diagenetic process, the chemical and physical changes occurs primarily due to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-102)

A	High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes.
B	Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions.
C	Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments.
D	Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts.
E	Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth.

Question 30

In toponomy, what is the difference between full relief and semi-relief structures? (ID-SSM1-52)

A	Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.
B	Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.
C	Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment.
D	Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata.

Question 31

What are ichnofacies? (ID-SSM1-96)

A	An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment.
B	A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive.
C	A type of trace fossils created by echinoids.
D	A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures.
E	A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics.

Question 32

The coals and oil shales can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-78)

A	clastic sediments
B	precipitates
C	carbonates
D	evaporates
E	organic deposits

Question 33

Biogenic fragments found commonly in sandstones are most commonly deposit under which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-82)

A	Warm and tropical wet environments
B	Deep marine environments
C	None of the answers posted here are correct.
D	River bed environments
E	Shallow marine environments

Question 34

Which of the following statement describe diagenesis? (ID-SSM1-101)

A	It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition
B	It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks
C	It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius
D	It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks
E	It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks

Question 35

What is the principle behind the phrase "younger one is always on top"? (ID-SSM1-03)

A	Uniformitarianism
B	original horizontality
C	parsimony
D	superposition
E	lowerposition

Question 35 Explanation:

Sediments deposit in order from older to younger; always on top of each other. The layer at the very top is most likely the youngest layer, except when there is(are) a geologic event(s) such as a trust fault in the area.

Question 36

What process causes the "swelling and shrinking clays"? (ID-SSM1-37)

A	Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling).
B	Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling)
C	Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking).
D	Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling).
E	Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking)

Question 37

When is the turbulent flow is most like to occur? (ID-SSM1-15)

A	Fluctuating velocity currents.
B	Low velocity currents.
C	Medium velocity currents.
D	High velocity currents.

Question 38

Cruziana assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-98)

A	Above the normal sea level
B	Bathyal zone
C	Abyssal zone
D	Shelf (sublittoral zone)
E	Sandy shore (littoral zone)

Question 39

This type of sediment gravity flow create a reverse-graded beds causing find grained materials to deposit in the lower part of the strata. (ID-SSM1-64)

A	Turbidity current
B	Debris flow
C	Liquified flow
D	Grain flow

Question 40

Paleosols can be used to interpret past depositional environments(aka zones). (ID-SSM1-38)

A	True
B	False

Question 40 Explanation:

Paleosols and soil in general have no bedding surfaces, often fine-grained and could record trace fossils.

Question 41

Roller vortexes are driven by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-90)

A	Flow velocity
B	Flow separation
C	Gravity
D	Sediment load
E	Potential energy

Question 42

The a specific type of Q-F-L diagram similar to the one below, what type of rock would plot in the "Arkose" region? (ID-SSM1-58)

A	98% quartz 1 % lithics 1% feldspar
B	98% lithics 1 % feldspar 1% quartz
C	50% lithics 40 % feldspar 10% quartz
D	60% quartz 1 % lithics 90% feldspar

Question 43

During current ripples formation, what is the typical maximum critical slope angle for sand? (ID-SSM1-86)

A	~ 10 degrees
B	~ 30 degrees
C	~ 100 degrees
D	~ 90 degrees
E	~ 50 degrees

Question 44

Antidunes occur in low velocity flows. (ID-SSM1-25)

A	True
B	False

Question 44 Explanation:

Antidunes are found in the upper regime where the flow velocity could be between 150 to 200 cm/s, which is a very high rate of flow.

Question 45

Escape burrows are typically formed under what type of environment? (ID-SSM1-97)

A	High energy and low sedimentation environments.
B	High energy and high sedimentation environments.
C	Low energy and low sedimentation environments.
D	Low energy and high sedimentation environments.

Question 46

What flow direction(indicated in purple) can be deduced from the following velocity diagram? (ID-SSM1-47)

A	NE to SE
B	NW to SE
C	S to N
D	SE to NW
E	N to S

Question 47

Ripples are most likely to be 2D and dunes are most likely to be 3D. (ID-SSM1-30)

A	True
B	False

Question 48

Choose all carbonates rocks from the following list. More than one answer is possible. (ID-SSM1-01)

A	gypsum
B	mudstone
C	dolostone
D	limestone
E	sandstone

Question 49

There are six major categories of trace fossils. Select all that apply. Not all six appears on the list. (ID-SSM1-41)

A	dwelling
B	extractions(pooping)
C	crawling
D	fighting
E	feeding

Question 50

A researcher found four different types of grain contacts while studying several thin sections from four regions of the study area. Which of the following contact type is indicative of the highest degree of pressure dissolution? (ID-SSM1-103)

A	Point contacts
B	Long contacts
C	Sutured contacts
D	Subrounded contacts
E	Concavo-convex contacts

Question 51

Meniscus cement fabric is associated with which of the following? (ID-SSM1-105)

A	Geostatic pressure
B	Pore waters
C	Pressure dissolution
D	Salt Diapirs

Question 52

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (ID-SSM1-71)

A	The highest velocity is at the bed.
B	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
C	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity.
D	It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis.

Question 53

__A__ is when Froude number is higher than one, __B__ os when Froude number is equal to one and __C__ is when Froude number is lower than one. (ID-SSM1-19)

A	A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical
B	A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical
C	A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical
D	A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical
E	A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical

Question 53 Explanation:

critical = Fr = 1 and the velocity of the stream is equal to the velocity of the surface wave.
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.

Question 54

Where would you expect bar forms to develop? (ID-SSM1-91)

A	Between dunes
B	Stoss side of ripples
C	At the mouth of rivers
D	Within channels
E	Lee side of ripples

Question 55

The term "meniscae" is used to describe the back-fill build up within a structure caused by sediments and fecal matter. (ID-SSM1-53)

A	False
B	True

Question 56

How much of the Earth's surface is covered by sedimentary rocks? (ID-SSM1-02)

A	90%
B	98%
C	75%
D	5%
E	50%

Question 56 Explanation:

Sedimentary layer is rarely get thicker than ~10 km, hence it is found predominantly on the surface. It is the type of rocks that keep records of Earth's history.

Question 57

What are the two types of trace fossils that produce full-relief structures? Choose all possible answers. (ID-SSM1-69)

A	Dewlling
B	Resting
C	Escape
D	Grazing
E	Feeding
F	Crawling

Question 58

Give the following, calculate the Froude number; (ID-SSM1-17)
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s²
u = 33 m/s

A	1.42
B	2.37
C	0.06116
D	1.95
E	0.6116

Question 58 Explanation:

Equation to use is; Fr = u/sqrt(gh)... therefore, Fr = (33)/sqrt(9.81*55) = 1.42

Question 59

What is the principle source of calcium carbonates found within majority of carbonate rocks? (ID-SSM1-77)

A	Magmas rich in calcium carbonates
B	Transported rock fragments
C	Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation
D	Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering
E	Hard organic parts from invertebrates

Question 60

What is the difference between dunes and ripples? (ID-SSM1-89)

A	Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples.
B	Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters.
C	Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not.
D	Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments.

Question 61

Carbonate solubility increases with ______ temperature and ______ acidity. Answers are in respective order. (ID-SSM1-104)

A	decreasing , decreasing
B	increasing , decreasing
C	decreasing , increasing
D	None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH.
E	increasing , increasing

Question 62

Skolithos assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-99)

A	Bathyal zone
B	Abyssal zone
C	Shelf (sublittoral zone)
D	Sandy shore (littoral zone)
E	Above the normal sea level

Question 63

The hydrolysis weathering process can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-70)

A	a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks.
B	a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments.
C	a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials.
D	a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments.
E	a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent.

Question 64

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be lower. (ID-SSM1-18)

A	True
B	False

Question 64 Explanation:

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be higher since density is in the numerator.

Question 65

Viscous sublayer has "flattened" streamlines(laminar) and occurs at the... (ID-SSM1-45)

A	surface of the fluid.
B	highest velocity point of the velocity profile.
C	bed surface of the velocity profile.
D	(around) middle of the velocity profile.

Question 66

Sediment gravity flows composed of a mixture of fluids and sediments that has a velocity in response to gravity. (ID-SSM1-62)

A	False
B	True

Question 67

During the crystallization of magma which mineral (out of the following) is most likely to undergo crystallization first? (ID-SSM1-12)

A	amphibole
B	biotite
C	olivine
D	quartz

Question 67 Explanation:

Usually mafic minerals such as olivine, pyroxene crystallize first in magmas.

Question 68

What is the difference between sedimentary rocks and sediment? (ID-SSM1-33)

A	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material.
B	Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.
C	Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.
D	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material.

Question 69

What type of gravity flow can be described by the following definition; (ID-SSM1-63)
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)

A	Grain flow
B	Liquified flow
C	Debris flow
D	Turbidity flow

Question 70

Pedogenesis is the process of creating sedimentary rocks from different types of materials. (ID-SSM1-07)

A	True
B	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil.
C	False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering.
D	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers.

Question 71

The following Regime Diagram, the sand waves are indicated with what letter(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-42)

A	D
B	E
C	C
D	F
E	G

Question 72

Which mineral has the highest resistance to chemical weathering? (ID-SSM1-72)

A	Kaolinite
B	Olivine
C	Pyroxene
D	Calcium Feldspars
E	Muscovite mica

Question 73

Based on the following diagram, A is a __1__ and B is a __2__. (ID-SSM1-23)

A	1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune
B	1. is an antidune 2. is a dune
C	1. is a dune 2. is an antidune
D	1. is a dune 2. is a dune

Question 73 Explanation:

The antidunes are caused by very fast moving flows causing the cross beds to dip upstream. Very usual and often not recorded on sedimentary record due to high velocity flows result in high rate of erosion.

Question 74

The velocity profile is based on this idealized model. (ID-SSM1-20)

A	laminar velocity model
B	rough bed velocity model
C	turbulent velocity model
D	smooth current velocity model

Question 75

According the the diagram; what is on the left side of the A and what is on the right side of the A? (ID-SSM1-24)

A	All statements are incorrect.
B	Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side.
C	Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side.
D	Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side.
E	Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side.

Question 76

Cross beds are one of the best way to determine the original horizontal or way up direction. (ID-SSM1-31)

A	False
B	Yep

Question 77

How is the velocity profile change with the increase of depth? (ID-SSM1-14)

A	In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero.
B	At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero.
C	Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity.
D	Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth.
E	Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity.

Question 78

A weathering process that does not change the composition of materials known as... (ID-SSM1-05)

A	physical weathering
B	artificial weathering
C	chemical weathering
D	biological weathering

Question 79

The viscous sublayer occur at this point on the following diagram. (ID-SSM1-48)

A	B
B	A
C	C

Question 80

Ethology is one of the four steps of analyzing trace. What is ethology? (ID-SSM1-54)

A	Description of the identifiable parts.
B	Study of behavior.
C	Classification of the trace fossils.
D	Study of the mode of preservation.

Question 81

According to the following diagram, the ripples that are around mm to cm in thinness occur at(choose an area indicated by a red letter), (ID-SSM1-27)

A	B
B	E
C	C
D	A
E	D

Question 82

If you have a moving current with lower Reynold's number and very low velocity, you can say that the flow is most likely a... (ID-SSM1-16)

A	turbulent flow
B	gravity driven flow
C	low viscous forces in the folow
D	laminar flow

Question 83

What type of environment preferentially support imbrication of clastic sediments? (ID-SSM1-80)

A	Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface.
B	Deltaic environment with high sediment influx.
C	Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures.
D	High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow.

Question 84

The __A__ are least resistant to weathering and __B__ are most resistant to weathering. (ID-SSM1-13)

A	A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals
B	A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals
C	A. oceanic crust B. continental crust
D	A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals
E	A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals

Question 85

What is the difference between a matrix and a cement? (ID-SSM1-84)

A	Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals.
B	Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials.
C	Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures.
D	Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate.

Question 86

_____ is a geomorphological process in which a thin, mobile sheet of water flows over the surface of a hill-slope and may transport the surface regolith. (ID-SSM1-74)

A	Slump
B	Debris flow
C	Rock fall
D	Turbidity current
E	Sheet wash

Question 87

If a grain bounces off the bed as it gets transported, it is known as... (ID-SSM1-57)

A	sliding
B	rolling
C	saltation
D	paleoflow
E	suspension traction

Question 88

A Geologist at the top of the Mt. Yamnuska(Mt. John Laurie) recorded in her field book a distinct weathering pattern. It is most likely to be this type of weathering. (ID-SSM1-35)

A	Chemical
B	Simple solution
C	Physical
D	Hydration/dehydration

Question 89

______ are indicators of rapid sedimentation. (ID-SSM1-88)

A	Turbulent sweeps
B	Climbing ripples
C	Starved ripples
D	Planar cross-lamination
E	Trough cross-lamination

Question 90

What is the primary driving mechanism of salt tectonics or salt diapirism? (ID-SSM1-100)

A	Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments
B	High volume sediment loads
C	Significant density contrast
D	Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments

Question 91

Where would you expect Eddy currents or roller vortex on the following diagram of a typical river profile? (ID-SSM1-87)

A	Position IV in the lee side of the ripple
B	Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth
C	Position II just above the ripple
D	Position V between two ripples
E	Position I in the stoss side of the ripple

Question 92

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (more than one answer) (ID-SSM1-09)

A	Velocity decreases as the depth increases.
B	The lowest velocity is at the bed.
C	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
D	The highest velocity is at the bed.
E	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity.

Question 93

Refer to the following diagram; the highest velocity is at point...(green letters) (ID-SSM1-46)

A	C
B	B
C	A

Question 94

In order to move fluids from point A to point B the internal forces must overcome the forces of viscous forces. (ID-SSM1-11)

A	True
B	False-it should be other way around.

Question 95

Low regime zone includes every area except these two... (ID-SSM1-29)

A	B
B	F
C	E
D	A
E	D
F	G
G	C

Question 96

Minerals that grow as crystals in a depositional environment are called ______ minerals. (ID-SSM1-81)

A	metamorphic
B	authigenic
C	detrital
D	native
E	sedimentary

Question 97

Referring to the following diagram, which diagram(blue letters) indicate low velocity and low Reynold's number? (ID-SSM1-59)

A	B
B	Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction.
C	A
D	Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction.

Question 98

Burrows are different from boring because... (ID-SSM1-40)

A	Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically.
B	Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
C	Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils.
D	Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils.
E	Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
F	I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about.

Question 99

In Newtonian Physics, Newton's First Law of Motion state... (ID-SSM1-50)

A	Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity.
B	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
C	The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
D	Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

Question 100

Th term oligomict is used to describe conglomerates with which of the following properties? (ID-SSM1-79)

A	The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts.
B	The rock is composed of highly angular clasts.
C	The rock is composed of just two or three clast types.
D	The rock is composed of just one clast type.

Question 101

It is the slope of the bed determines the flow and the flow rarely(or not at all) shape the bed in nature. (ID-SSM1-22)

A	True
B	False

Question 102

What are placer minerals? (ID-SSM1-83)

A	Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering.
B	Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials.
C	Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation.
D	Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water.
E	Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow.

Question 103

What causes exfoliation? (ID-SSM1-34)

A	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume.
B	Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase.
C	Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease.
D	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume.
E	Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume.
F	Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume.

Question 104

Bouma sequence usually deposit under what kind of environment? (ID-SSM1-93)

A	Under high-density turbidity currents
B	Within river deltas
C	Under current ripples
D	Within oxbow lakes
E	Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents

Question 104 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 105

In gravity-driven transport systems, which of the following could occur without the addition of water? (ID-SSM1-73)

A	Turbidity currents
B	Debris flows
C	Glacial breakups
D	Rock falls
E	Slumps

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Important!

↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!

-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.

Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 381-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

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Standing on the shoulders of giants