Geology 381-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

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Question 1

What is the principle source of calcium carbonates found within majority of carbonate rocks? (ID-SSM1-77)

A	Transported rock fragments
B	Magmas rich in calcium carbonates
C	Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation
D	Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering
E	Hard organic parts from invertebrates

Question 2

The coals and oil shales can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-78)

A	carbonates
B	precipitates
C	evaporates
D	clastic sediments
E	organic deposits

Question 3

______ are indicators of rapid sedimentation. (ID-SSM1-88)

A	Starved ripples
B	Planar cross-lamination
C	Turbulent sweeps
D	Trough cross-lamination
E	Climbing ripples

Question 4

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be lower. (ID-SSM1-18)

A	False
B	True

Question 4 Explanation:

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be higher since density is in the numerator.

Question 5

What controls the wave base in oscillating flow? (ID-SSM1-61)

A	viscosity of the fluid
B	amplitude of the wave
C	type of fluid
D	period of the wave

Question 5 Explanation:

Some of the other answers are also possible, but in multiple choice exams you must choose the best answer out of all options.

Question 6

How is the velocity profile change with the increase of depth? (ID-SSM1-14)

A	At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero.
B	In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero.
C	Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth.
D	Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity.
E	Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity.

Question 7

_____ is a geomorphological process in which a thin, mobile sheet of water flows over the surface of a hill-slope and may transport the surface regolith. (ID-SSM1-74)

A	Sheet wash
B	Turbidity current
C	Slump
D	Debris flow
E	Rock fall

Question 8

Th term oligomict is used to describe conglomerates with which of the following properties? (ID-SSM1-79)

A	The rock is composed of just one clast type.
B	The rock is composed of just two or three clast types.
C	The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts.
D	The rock is composed of highly angular clasts.

Question 9

__A__ is when Froude number is higher than one, __B__ os when Froude number is equal to one and __C__ is when Froude number is lower than one. (ID-SSM1-19)

A	A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical
B	A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical
C	A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical
D	A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical
E	A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical

Question 9 Explanation:

critical = Fr = 1 and the velocity of the stream is equal to the velocity of the surface wave.
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.

Question 10

It is the slope of the bed determines the flow and the flow rarely(or not at all) shape the bed in nature. (ID-SSM1-22)

A	True
B	False

Question 11

Following is a description of one of the models in the diagram below. Which diagram is described in the description? (ID-SSM1-66)
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces

A	A
B	It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient.
C	Neither
D	B

Question 12

If you have a moving current with lower Reynold's number and very low velocity, you can say that the flow is most likely a... (ID-SSM1-16)

A	low viscous forces in the folow
B	turbulent flow
C	gravity driven flow
D	laminar flow

Question 13

What does the Stokes Law explain? (ID-SSM1-85)

A	Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity.
B	Depositional sequences in very high energy environments.
C	Settling velocity of particles in a fluid.
D	How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows.

Question 14

What flow direction(indicated in purple) can be deduced from the following velocity diagram? (ID-SSM1-47)

A	NE to SE
B	N to S
C	NW to SE
D	S to N
E	SE to NW

Question 15

Pedogenesis is the process of creating sedimentary rocks from different types of materials. (ID-SSM1-07)

A	False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering.
B	True
C	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers.
D	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil.

Question 16

How much of the Earth's surface is covered by sedimentary rocks? (ID-SSM1-02)

A	98%
B	75%
C	5%
D	90%
E	50%

Question 16 Explanation:

Sedimentary layer is rarely get thicker than ~10 km, hence it is found predominantly on the surface. It is the type of rocks that keep records of Earth's history.

Question 17

Ethology is one of the four steps of analyzing trace. What is ethology? (ID-SSM1-54)

A	Classification of the trace fossils.
B	Study of the mode of preservation.
C	Description of the identifiable parts.
D	Study of behavior.

Question 18

Refer to the following diagram; the highest velocity is at point...(green letters) (ID-SSM1-46)

A	B
B	C
C	A

Question 19

In gravity-driven transport systems, which of the following could occur without the addition of water? (ID-SSM1-73)

A	Debris flows
B	Glacial breakups
C	Slumps
D	Rock falls
E	Turbidity currents

Question 20

Paleosols can be used to interpret past depositional environments(aka zones). (ID-SSM1-38)

A	True
B	False

Question 20 Explanation:

Paleosols and soil in general have no bedding surfaces, often fine-grained and could record trace fossils.

Question 21

During the crystallization of magma which mineral (out of the following) is most likely to undergo crystallization first? (ID-SSM1-12)

A	amphibole
B	olivine
C	quartz
D	biotite

Question 21 Explanation:

Usually mafic minerals such as olivine, pyroxene crystallize first in magmas.

Question 22

According to the following diagram, the ripples that are around mm to cm in thinness occur at(choose an area indicated by a red letter), (ID-SSM1-27)

A	D
B	B
C	C
D	A
E	E

Question 23

Cross beds are one of the best way to determine the original horizontal or way up direction. (ID-SSM1-31)

A	False
B	Yep

Question 24

At this section of the diagram, it is possible to have low angle cross beds with upstream dips. (ID-SSM1-28)

A	A
B	G
C	F
D	B
E	D
F	C

Question 24 Explanation:

They are known as antidunes and caused by fast moving flow in the upper regime.

Question 25

Cruziana assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-98)

A	Above the normal sea level
B	Abyssal zone
C	Sandy shore (littoral zone)
D	Bathyal zone
E	Shelf (sublittoral zone)

Question 26

Saltation in water is a __A__ and in air it is a __B__. (ID-SSM1-67)

A	A. bed load B. suspended load
B	A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load
C	A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load
D	A. suspended load B. bed load

Question 27

Referring to the following diagram, which diagram(blue letters) indicate low velocity and low Reynold's number? (ID-SSM1-59)

A	Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction.
B	Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction.
C	A
D	B

Question 28

Acids dissolve __A__ (low pH at low temperature) and bases dissolve __B__ (high pH at high temperature). (ID-SSM1-36)

A	A. carbonates B. silicates
B	A. silicates B. carbonates
C	A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks
D	A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks

Question 29

Soil was created as a by product of what process? (ID-SSM1-32)

A	sedimentation
B	erosion
C	paleosols
D	pedogenesis

Question 29 Explanation:

While erosion "creates" the soil, the process of creating soil is known as pedogenesis.

Question 30

Viscous sublayer has "flattened" streamlines(laminar) and occurs at the... (ID-SSM1-45)

A	highest velocity point of the velocity profile.
B	(around) middle of the velocity profile.
C	bed surface of the velocity profile.
D	surface of the fluid.

Question 31

The viscous sublayer occur at this point on the following diagram. (ID-SSM1-48)

A	B
B	C
C	A

Question 32

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (more than one answer) (ID-SSM1-09)

A	The highest velocity is at the bed.
B	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
C	The lowest velocity is at the bed.
D	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity.
E	Velocity decreases as the depth increases.

Question 33

Antidunes occur in low velocity flows. (ID-SSM1-25)

A	False
B	True

Question 33 Explanation:

Antidunes are found in the upper regime where the flow velocity could be between 150 to 200 cm/s, which is a very high rate of flow.

Question 34

What can cause the dissolution of the carbonate sediments and rocks? (ID-SSM1-04)

A	Base
B	Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions
C	Base solutions in high temperature environment
D	High pH solutions
E	Acids

Question 35

What causes exfoliation? (ID-SSM1-34)

A	Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease.
B	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume.
C	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume.
D	Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase.
E	Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume.
F	Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume.

Question 36

According to bioturbation index (bioturbation intensity index), the BI Grade 5 would be assigned to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-95)

A	Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation
B	A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation
C	Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct
D	Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct
E	Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct
F	Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding is barely detectable

Question 37

What is the difference between dunes and ripples? (ID-SSM1-89)

A	Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not.
B	Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples.
C	Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments.
D	Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters.

Question 38

In physics, __I__ the Reynolds number(Re), higher the possibility of a __II__ flow. (ID-SSM1-10)

A	I. lower II. turbulent
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	I. lower II. laminar
D	I. higher II. laminar
E	I. zero II. turbulent

Question 38 Explanation:

Re = velocity_flow (l/viscosity_fluid)

Question 39

A weathering process that does not change the composition of materials known as... (ID-SSM1-05)

A	artificial weathering
B	chemical weathering
C	physical weathering
D	biological weathering

Question 40

Stresses applied tangential to a rock unit is known as.... (ID-SSM1-08)

A	tangential stress
B	sub-normal stress
C	super-normal stress
D	normal stress
E	shear stress

Question 40 Explanation:

and the stresses applied perpendicular to a rock unit is known as normal stress.

Question 41

What is the principle behind the phrase "younger one is always on top"? (ID-SSM1-03)

A	superposition
B	Uniformitarianism
C	lowerposition
D	original horizontality
E	parsimony

Question 41 Explanation:

Sediments deposit in order from older to younger; always on top of each other. The layer at the very top is most likely the youngest layer, except when there is(are) a geologic event(s) such as a trust fault in the area.

Question 42

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave. (ID-SSM1-44)

A	True
B	False

Question 42 Explanation:

Dunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave.

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.

Question 43

The velocity profile is based on this idealized model. (ID-SSM1-20)

A	rough bed velocity model
B	smooth current velocity model
C	laminar velocity model
D	turbulent velocity model

Question 44

What process causes the "swelling and shrinking clays"? (ID-SSM1-37)

A	Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking)
B	Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling).
C	Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling)
D	Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking).
E	Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling).

Question 45

What type of environment preferentially support imbrication of clastic sediments? (ID-SSM1-80)

A	Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures.
B	Deltaic environment with high sediment influx.
C	Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface.
D	High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow.

Question 46

Hydration and dehydration process involve addition or removal of water and this processes often create new minerals. (ID-SSM1-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 46 Explanation:

True; while hydration increase the volume of the mineral, it is often result in changing the chemical composition of the rock. (same goes for dehydration, except it will result in volume decrease.)

Question 47

Which of the following statement describe diagenesis? (ID-SSM1-101)

A	It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks
B	It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius
C	It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks
D	It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks
E	It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition

Question 48

Carbonate solubility increases with ______ temperature and ______ acidity. Answers are in respective order. (ID-SSM1-104)

A	decreasing , decreasing
B	increasing , increasing
C	None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH.
D	decreasing , increasing
E	increasing , decreasing

Question 49

The following Regime Diagram, the sand waves are indicated with what letter(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-42)

A	C
B	F
C	G
D	E
E	D

Question 50

The hydrolysis weathering process can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-70)

A	a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments.
B	a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks.
C	a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments.
D	a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent.
E	a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials.

Question 51

In Newtonian Physics, Newton's First Law of Motion state... (ID-SSM1-50)

A	The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
B	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
C	Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity.
D	Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

Question 52

Skolithos assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-99)

A	Abyssal zone
B	Shelf (sublittoral zone)
C	Above the normal sea level
D	Bathyal zone
E	Sandy shore (littoral zone)

Question 53

Choose all carbonates rocks from the following list. More than one answer is possible. (ID-SSM1-01)

A	dolostone
B	mudstone
C	limestone
D	sandstone
E	gypsum

Question 54

If a grain bounces off the bed as it gets transported, it is known as... (ID-SSM1-57)

A	saltation
B	rolling
C	paleoflow
D	suspension traction
E	sliding

Question 55

Low regime zone includes every area except these two... (ID-SSM1-29)

A	E
B	G
C	F
D	D
E	C
F	B
G	A

Question 56

The __A__ are least resistant to weathering and __B__ are most resistant to weathering. (ID-SSM1-13)

A	A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals
B	A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals
C	A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals
D	A. oceanic crust B. continental crust
E	A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals

Question 57

The diagram below, one can label letter____ as "no movement on movement on flat bed but ripples could occur if the bed is rough". (ID-SSM1-43)

A	No such thing on the diagram above.
B	F
C	E
D	D
E	C

Question 58

Steady flow and unsteady flow is associated with what type of acceleration? (ID-SSM1-60)

A	temporal acceleration
B	inertial acceleration
C	spatial acceleration
D	upwards acceleration
E	gravitational acceleration

Question 58 Explanation:

...and uniform and non-uniform flow is associated with spatial acceleration.

Question 59

Sediment gravity flows composed of a mixture of fluids and sediments that has a velocity in response to gravity. (ID-SSM1-62)

A	True
B	False

Question 60

The a specific type of Q-F-L diagram similar to the one below, what type of rock would plot in the "Arkose" region? (ID-SSM1-58)

A	98% quartz 1 % lithics 1% feldspar
B	50% lithics 40 % feldspar 10% quartz
C	98% lithics 1 % feldspar 1% quartz
D	60% quartz 1 % lithics 90% feldspar

Question 61

Roller vortexes are driven by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-90)

A	Potential energy
B	Flow separation
C	Flow velocity
D	Sediment load
E	Gravity

Question 62

Based on the following diagram, A is a __1__ and B is a __2__. (ID-SSM1-23)

A	1. is a dune 2. is a dune
B	1. is a dune 2. is an antidune
C	1. is an antidune 2. is a dune
D	1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune

Question 62 Explanation:

The antidunes are caused by very fast moving flows causing the cross beds to dip upstream. Very usual and often not recorded on sedimentary record due to high velocity flows result in high rate of erosion.

Question 63

Biogenic fragments found commonly in sandstones are most commonly deposit under which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-82)

A	River bed environments
B	Warm and tropical wet environments
C	None of the answers posted here are correct.
D	Shallow marine environments
E	Deep marine environments

Question 64

According the the diagram; what is on the left side of the A and what is on the right side of the A? (ID-SSM1-24)

A	Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side.
B	Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side.
C	Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side.
D	Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side.
E	All statements are incorrect.

Question 65

What is the difference between sedimentary rocks and sediment? (ID-SSM1-33)

A	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material.
B	Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.
C	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material.
D	Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.

Question 66

On the following diagram, what should be the units for y-axis? (ID-SSM1-26)

A	grain size in mm
B	flow velocity in m/s
C	flow velocity in cm/s
D	grain size in um
E	depth in m

Question 67

A Geologist at the top of the Mt. Yamnuska(Mt. John Laurie) recorded in her field book a distinct weathering pattern. It is most likely to be this type of weathering. (ID-SSM1-35)

A	Physical
B	Chemical
C	Hydration/dehydration
D	Simple solution

Question 68

What is the difference between a matrix and a cement? (ID-SSM1-84)

A	Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures.
B	Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials.
C	Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals.
D	Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate.

Question 69

The the following Q-F-L diagram, what are the genetic classifications regions represented by A, B and C(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-55)

A	A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar
B	A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin
C	A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin
D	A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc
E	A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments
F	A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc

Question 70

The following diagram is a representation of the lift force. Which of the following is true about the lift force based on the diagram above(select all that apply). (ID-SSM1-21)

A	The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed.
B	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point).
C	The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments.
D	The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines.
E	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point).

Question 71

When is the turbulent flow is most like to occur? (ID-SSM1-15)

A	High velocity currents.
B	Low velocity currents.
C	Medium velocity currents.
D	Fluctuating velocity currents.

Question 72

Laterites are red soil compounds mainly composed of iron oxides and aluminum oxides. This type of soils mostly form in which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-76)

A	Dry climates with long periods of droughts
B	Dry climates with year-round permafrost
C	Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers
D	Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter
E	Humid climates

Question 73

What type of gravity flow can be described by the following definition; (ID-SSM1-63)
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)

A	Debris flow
B	Grain flow
C	Liquified flow
D	Turbidity flow

Question 74

Give the following, calculate the Froude number; (ID-SSM1-17)
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s²
u = 33 m/s

A	0.06116
B	1.95
C	1.42
D	2.37
E	0.6116

Question 74 Explanation:

Equation to use is; Fr = u/sqrt(gh)... therefore, Fr = (33)/sqrt(9.81*55) = 1.42

Question 75

What are placer minerals? (ID-SSM1-83)

A	Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow.
B	Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water.
C	Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation.
D	Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering.
E	Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials.

Question 76

In natural flows a sudden change in the height of the surface of the flow can be best described by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-92)

A	Critical flow
B	Hydraulic jump
C	Gradient change
D	Change in flow regime
E	Change in normality

Question 77

This type of sediment gravity flow create a reverse-graded beds causing find grained materials to deposit in the lower part of the strata. (ID-SSM1-64)

A	Debris flow
B	Turbidity current
C	Liquified flow
D	Grain flow

Question 78

The Q-F-L diagram is an arbitrary classification defined by convention. (ID-SSM1-56)

A	True
B	False

Question 79

Burrows are different from boring because... (ID-SSM1-40)

A	Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
B	Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils.
C	I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about.
D	Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils.
E	Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
F	Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically.

Question 80

The term "meniscae" is used to describe the back-fill build up within a structure caused by sediments and fecal matter. (ID-SSM1-53)

A	False
B	True

Question 81

Minerals that grow as crystals in a depositional environment are called ______ minerals. (ID-SSM1-81)

A	sedimentary
B	native
C	metamorphic
D	authigenic
E	detrital

Question 82

What are ichnofacies? (ID-SSM1-96)

A	An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment.
B	A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures.
C	A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics.
D	A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive.
E	A type of trace fossils created by echinoids.

Question 83

In geology, ______ is the long-term sum of processes that cause the wearing away of the Earth's surface by moving water, ice, wind and waves, leading to a reduction in elevation and relief of landforms and landscapes. (ID-SSM1-75)

A	denudation
B	physical weathering
C	erosion
D	chemical weathering

Question 83 Explanation:

Denudation is a combination of chemical and physical weathering processes.

Question 84

A researcher found four different types of grain contacts while studying several thin sections from four regions of the study area. Which of the following contact type is indicative of the highest degree of pressure dissolution? (ID-SSM1-103)

A	Point contacts
B	Concavo-convex contacts
C	Long contacts
D	Sutured contacts
E	Subrounded contacts

Question 85

What is the primary driving mechanism of salt tectonics or salt diapirism? (ID-SSM1-100)

A	Significant density contrast
B	Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments
C	Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments
D	High volume sediment loads

Question 86

Bouma sequence usually deposit under what kind of environment? (ID-SSM1-93)

A	Under current ripples
B	Under high-density turbidity currents
C	Within oxbow lakes
D	Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents
E	Within river deltas

Question 86 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 87

During pressure dissolution diagenetic process, the chemical and physical changes occurs primarily due to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-102)

A	Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts.
B	Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth.
C	Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments.
D	High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes.
E	Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions.

Question 88

What type of sediments get deposited as a result of chemical reactions? (ID-SSM1-06)

A	ore deposits
B	evaporites
C	clastic deposits
D	chemical deposits
E	carbonates

Question 89

In order to move fluids from point A to point B the internal forces must overcome the forces of viscous forces. (ID-SSM1-11)

A	True
B	False-it should be other way around.

Question 90

What are the two types of trace fossils that produce full-relief structures? Choose all possible answers. (ID-SSM1-69)

A	Escape
B	Grazing
C	Resting
D	Feeding
E	Dewlling
F	Crawling

Question 91

A Geology 381 student wrote on an exam that at point C(diagram below), the velocity of the flow is at the highest because it is in the middle of the flow. (ID-SSM1-49)

A	False
B	True

Question 91 Explanation:

The highest velocity is observed near the point A on this particular diagram.

Question 92

The study of traces known as.... (ID-SSM1-39)

A	Paleogeology
B	Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell?
C	Ichnology
D	Genology

Question 93

Viscosity is the ability of a fluid to flow. (ID-SSM1-51)

A	True
B	False

Question 94

In toponomy, what is the difference between full relief and semi-relief structures? (ID-SSM1-52)

A	Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.
B	Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment.
C	Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata.
D	Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.

Question 95

Meniscus cement fabric is associated with which of the following? (ID-SSM1-105)

A	Salt Diapirs
B	Pore waters
C	Pressure dissolution
D	Geostatic pressure

Question 96

Where would you expect bar forms to develop? (ID-SSM1-91)

A	Stoss side of ripples
B	Within channels
C	At the mouth of rivers
D	Lee side of ripples
E	Between dunes

Question 97

During current ripples formation, what is the typical maximum critical slope angle for sand? (ID-SSM1-86)

A	~ 10 degrees
B	~ 50 degrees
C	~ 100 degrees
D	~ 90 degrees
E	~ 30 degrees

Question 98

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (ID-SSM1-71)

A	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
B	It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis.
C	The highest velocity is at the bed.
D	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity.

Question 99

There are six major categories of trace fossils. Select all that apply. Not all six appears on the list. (ID-SSM1-41)

A	crawling
B	fighting
C	dwelling
D	feeding
E	extractions(pooping)

Question 100

Escape burrows are typically formed under what type of environment? (ID-SSM1-97)

A	High energy and high sedimentation environments.
B	Low energy and high sedimentation environments.
C	High energy and low sedimentation environments.
D	Low energy and low sedimentation environments.

Question 101

What is the difference between Bioturbation and Bioerosion? (ID-SSM1-68)

A	Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities.
B	They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English)
C	Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
D	Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.

Question 101 Explanation:

For example, borrows which pushes the grains to the sides cause Bioturbation while borings mechanically or chemically cuts the grains causing erosion.

Question 102

Where would you expect Eddy currents or roller vortex on the following diagram of a typical river profile? (ID-SSM1-87)

A	Position II just above the ripple
B	Position IV in the lee side of the ripple
C	Position I in the stoss side of the ripple
D	Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth
E	Position V between two ripples

Question 103

In the Bouma sequence, what is the relative location of the laminated slit deposition? (ID-SSM1-94)

A	At the base of the sourced region (very bottom)
B	Below hemipelagic mud
C	Below massive/rapid deposition
D	Within the upper flow regime
E	None of the answers are correct

Question 103 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 104

Ripples are most likely to be 2D and dunes are most likely to be 3D. (ID-SSM1-30)

A	True
B	False

Question 105

Which mineral has the highest resistance to chemical weathering? (ID-SSM1-72)

A	Calcium Feldspars
B	Muscovite mica
C	Olivine
D	Pyroxene
E	Kaolinite

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Important!

↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!

-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.

Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 381-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

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Standing on the shoulders of giants