Notice
If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. This will open up hints and explanations(if available) with additional information.My personal advice: Since the exams are written, if you score less than 90% on the following MC questions, seriously reconsider your study strategies for this class.
Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, no guarantees for the currency or accuracy of information are made. It takes several proof readings and rewrites to bring the quiz to an exceptional level. If you find an error, please contact me as soon as possible. Please provide a description of the question because server may randomize the questions and answers.
Go to: Midterm II | Final
Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I
Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I.
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Question 1 |
A | High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow. |
B | Deltaic environment with high sediment influx. |
C | Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface. |
D | Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures. |
Question 2 |
A | upwards acceleration |
B | gravitational acceleration |
C | inertial acceleration |
D | temporal acceleration |
E | spatial acceleration |
Question 3 |
A | A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load |
B | A. suspended load B. bed load |
C | A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load |
D | A. bed load B. suspended load |
Question 4 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 5 |
A | At the mouth of rivers |
B | Between dunes |
C | Lee side of ripples |
D | Within channels |
E | Stoss side of ripples |
Question 6 |
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)
A | Debris flow |
B | Liquified flow |
C | Grain flow |
D | Turbidity flow |
Question 7 |
A | False |
B | Yep |
Question 8 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 9 |
A | True |
B | False-it should be other way around. |
Question 10 |
A | artificial weathering |
B | chemical weathering |
C | physical weathering |
D | biological weathering |
Question 11 |
A | Ichnology |
B | Paleogeology |
C | Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell? |
D | Genology |
Question 12 |
A | Glacial breakups |
B | Rock falls |
C | Debris flows |
D | Slumps |
E | Turbidity currents |
Question 13 |
A | paleosols |
B | erosion |
C | pedogenesis |
D | sedimentation |
Question 14 |
A | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point). |
B | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point). |
C | The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments. |
D | The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed. |
E | The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines. |
Question 15 |
A | ~ 30 degrees |
B | ~ 10 degrees |
C | ~ 50 degrees |
D | ~ 90 degrees |
E | ~ 100 degrees |
Question 16 |
A | False |
B | True |
Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.
Question 17 |
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s2
u = 33 m/s
A | 1.95 |
B | 1.42 |
C | 0.6116 |
D | 2.37 |
E | 0.06116 |
Question 18 |
A | saltation |
B | suspension traction |
C | sliding |
D | paleoflow |
E | rolling |
Question 19 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 20 |
A | Dry climates with long periods of droughts |
B | Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter |
C | Dry climates with year-round permafrost |
D | Humid climates |
E | Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers |
Question 21 |
A | Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation. |
B | Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow. |
C | Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering. |
D | Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials. |
E | Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water. |
Question 22 |
A | Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity. |
B | At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero. |
C | In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero. |
D | Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth. |
E | Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity. |
Question 23 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 24 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 25 |
A | Low energy and high sedimentation environments. |
B | High energy and high sedimentation environments. |
C | High energy and low sedimentation environments. |
D | Low energy and low sedimentation environments. |
Question 26 |
A | turbulent velocity model |
B | laminar velocity model |
C | rough bed velocity model |
D | smooth current velocity model |
Question 27 |
A | 5% |
B | 98% |
C | 90% |
D | 50% |
E | 75% |
Question 28 |
A | Classification of the trace fossils. |
B | Study of the mode of preservation. |
C | Study of behavior. |
D | Description of the identifiable parts. |
Question 29 |
A | Gravity |
B | Flow velocity |
C | Flow separation |
D | Sediment load |
E | Potential energy |
Question 30 |
A | period of the wave |
B | amplitude of the wave |
C | type of fluid |
D | viscosity of the fluid |
Question 31 |
A | Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
B | Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment. |
C | Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
D | Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata. |
Question 32 |
A | False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering. |
B | True |
C | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers. |
D | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil. |
Question 33 |
A | They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English) |
B | Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities. |
C | Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
D | Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
Question 34 |
A | quartz |
B | biotite |
C | amphibole |
D | olivine |
Question 35 |
A | Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity. |
B | Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. |
C | The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. |
D | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
Question 36 |
A | a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments. |
B | a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments. |
C | a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks. |
D | a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials. |
E | a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent. |
Question 37 |
A | Settling velocity of particles in a fluid. |
B | How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows. |
C | Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity. |
D | Depositional sequences in very high energy environments. |
Question 38 |
A | 1. is a dune 2. is an antidune |
B | 1. is a dune 2. is a dune |
C | 1. is an antidune 2. is a dune |
D | 1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune |
Question 39 |
A | Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct |
B | Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation |
C | A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation |
D | Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding
is barely detectable |
E | Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct |
F | Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct |
Question 40 |
A | Change in normality |
B | Gradient change |
C | Change in flow regime |
D | Critical flow |
E | Hydraulic jump |
Question 41 |
A | Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
B | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material. |
C | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material. |
D | Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
Question 42 |
A | I. lower II. laminar |
B | I. lower II. turbulent |
C | I. higher II. laminar |
D | None of the answers are correct. |
E | I. zero II. turbulent |
Question 43 |
A | denudation |
B | erosion |
C | physical weathering |
D | chemical weathering |
Question 44 |
A | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
B | Above the normal sea level |
C | Abyssal zone |
D | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
E | Bathyal zone |
Question 45 |
A | Climbing ripples |
B | Planar cross-lamination |
C | Turbulent sweeps |
D | Trough cross-lamination |
E | Starved ripples |
Question 46 |
A | Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking). |
B | Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling) |
C | Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling). |
D | Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking) |
E | Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling). |
Question 47 |
A | None of the answers posted here are correct. |
B | Shallow marine environments |
C | Warm and tropical wet environments |
D | Deep marine environments |
E | River bed environments |
Question 48 |
A | A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals |
B | A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals |
C | A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals |
D | A. oceanic crust B. continental crust |
E | A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals |
Question 49 |
A | A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc |
B | A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin |
C | A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc |
D | A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin |
E | A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar |
F | A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments |
Question 50 |
A | Above the normal sea level |
B | Bathyal zone |
C | Abyssal zone |
D | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
E | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
Question 51 |
A | Point contacts |
B | Sutured contacts |
C | Subrounded contacts |
D | Concavo-convex contacts |
E | Long contacts |
Question 52 |
A | fighting |
B | dwelling |
C | extractions(pooping) |
D | feeding |
E | crawling |
Question 53 |
A | Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters. |
B | Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments. |
C | Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not. |
D | Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples. |
Question 54 |
A | Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions |
B | Base solutions in high temperature environment |
C | Acids |
D | High pH solutions |
E | Base |
Question 55 |
A | Position V between two ripples |
B | Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth |
C | Position IV in the lee side of the ripple |
D | Position II just above the ripple |
E | Position I in the stoss side of the ripple |
Question 56 |
A | Turbidity current |
B | Liquified flow |
C | Grain flow |
D | Debris flow |
Question 57 |
A | Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
B | Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
C | Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils. |
D | Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically. |
E | Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils. |
F | I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about. |
Question 58 |
A | Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials. |
B | Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals. |
C | Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate. |
D | Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures. |
Question 59 |
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces
A | Neither |
B | A |
C | It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient. |
D | B |
Question 60 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 61 |
A | Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease. |
B | Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume. |
C | Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase. |
D | Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume. |
E | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume. |
F | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume. |
Question 62 |
A | B |
B | A |
C | C |
Question 63 |
A | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
B | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity. |
C | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
D | The lowest velocity is at the bed. |
E | Velocity decreases as the depth increases. |
Question 64 |
A | It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks |
B | It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius |
C | It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks |
D | It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks |
E | It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition |
Question 65 |
A | Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side. |
B | All statements are incorrect. |
C | Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side. |
D | Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side. |
E | Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side. |
Question 66 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 67 |
A | D |
B | B |
C | G |
D | F |
E | A |
F | C |
Question 68 |
A | Crawling |
B | Feeding |
C | Dewlling |
D | Resting |
E | Escape |
F | Grazing |
Question 69 |
A | A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics. |
B | A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures. |
C | An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment. |
D | A type of trace fossils created by echinoids. |
E | A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive. |
Question 70 |
A | Medium velocity currents. |
B | Fluctuating velocity currents. |
C | High velocity currents. |
D | Low velocity currents. |
Question 71 |
A | detrital |
B | sedimentary |
C | authigenic |
D | native |
E | metamorphic |
Question 72 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 73 |
A | Transported rock fragments |
B | Magmas rich in calcium carbonates |
C | Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation |
D | Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering |
E | Hard organic parts from invertebrates |
Question 74 |
A | NE to SE |
B | NW to SE |
C | N to S |
D | SE to NW |
E | S to N |
Question 75 |
A | None of the answers are correct |
B | At the base of the sourced region (very bottom) |
C | Within the upper flow regime |
D | Below massive/rapid deposition |
E | Below hemipelagic mud |
Question 76 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 77 |
A | The rock is composed of highly angular clasts. |
B | The rock is composed of just one clast type. |
C | The rock is composed of just two or three clast types. |
D | The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts. |
Question 78 |
A | Within river deltas |
B | Within oxbow lakes |
C | Under high-density turbidity currents |
D | Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents |
E | Under current ripples |
Question 79 |
A | High volume sediment loads |
B | Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments |
C | Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments |
D | Significant density contrast |
Question 80 |
A | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
B | It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis. |
C | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity. |
D | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
Question 81 |
A | bed surface of the velocity profile. |
B | highest velocity point of the velocity profile. |
C | (around) middle of the velocity profile. |
D | surface of the fluid. |
Question 82 |
A | A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical |
B | A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical |
C | A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical |
D | A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical |
E | A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical |
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.
Question 83 |
A | C |
B | F |
C | E |
D | B |
E | A |
F | G |
G | D |
Question 84 |
A | C |
B | A |
C | B |
Question 85 |
A | laminar flow |
B | turbulent flow |
C | low viscous forces in the folow |
D | gravity driven flow |
Question 86 |
A | B |
B | C |
C | A |
D | D |
E | E |
Question 87 |
A | A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks |
B | A. carbonates B. silicates |
C | A. silicates B. carbonates |
D | A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks |
Question 88 |
A | depth in m |
B | grain size in um |
C | flow velocity in cm/s |
D | flow velocity in m/s |
E | grain size in mm |
Question 89 |
A | 50% lithics
40 % feldspar
10% quartz |
B | 60% quartz
1 % lithics
90% feldspar |
C | 98% lithics
1 % feldspar
1% quartz |
D | 98% quartz
1 % lithics
1% feldspar |
Question 90 |
A | decreasing , decreasing |
B | decreasing , increasing |
C | None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH. |
D | increasing , decreasing |
E | increasing , increasing |
Question 91 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 92 |
A | Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth. |
B | Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions. |
C | Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments. |
D | High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes. |
E | Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts. |
Question 93 |
A | Salt Diapirs |
B | Pressure dissolution |
C | Geostatic pressure |
D | Pore waters |
Question 94 |
A | Olivine |
B | Pyroxene |
C | Calcium Feldspars |
D | Muscovite mica |
E | Kaolinite |
Question 95 |
A | parsimony |
B | superposition |
C | lowerposition |
D | original horizontality |
E | Uniformitarianism |
Question 96 |
A | mudstone |
B | dolostone |
C | sandstone |
D | gypsum |
E | limestone |
Question 97 |
A | E |
B | D |
C | C |
D | G |
E | F |
Question 98 |
A | Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction. |
B | Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction. |
C | A |
D | B |
Question 99 |
A | shear stress |
B | sub-normal stress |
C | tangential stress |
D | normal stress |
E | super-normal stress |
Question 100 |
A | clastic deposits |
B | chemical deposits |
C | carbonates |
D | ore deposits |
E | evaporites |
Question 101 |
A | Simple solution |
B | Hydration/dehydration |
C | Physical |
D | Chemical |
Question 102 |
A | Debris flow |
B | Rock fall |
C | Slump |
D | Turbidity current |
E | Sheet wash |
Question 103 |
A | No such thing on the diagram above. |
B | E |
C | F |
D | D |
E | C |
Question 104 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 105 |
A | precipitates |
B | evaporates |
C | organic deposits |
D | clastic sediments |
E | carbonates |
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End |
Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here
Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I
Important!
↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!
-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.
Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief