Notice
If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. This will open up hints and explanations(if available) with additional information.My personal advice: Since the exams are written, if you score less than 90% on the following MC questions, seriously reconsider your study strategies for this class.
Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, no guarantees for the currency or accuracy of information are made. It takes several proof readings and rewrites to bring the quiz to an exceptional level. If you find an error, please contact me as soon as possible. Please provide a description of the question because server may randomize the questions and answers.
Go to: Midterm II | Final
Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I
Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I.
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Question 1 |
A | Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking) |
B | Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling) |
C | Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking). |
D | Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling). |
E | Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling). |
Question 2 |
A | highest velocity point of the velocity profile. |
B | (around) middle of the velocity profile. |
C | surface of the fluid. |
D | bed surface of the velocity profile. |
Question 3 |
A | artificial weathering |
B | physical weathering |
C | chemical weathering |
D | biological weathering |
Question 4 |
A | sliding |
B | paleoflow |
C | rolling |
D | saltation |
E | suspension traction |
Question 5 |
A | olivine |
B | quartz |
C | amphibole |
D | biotite |
Question 6 |
A | Within channels |
B | Stoss side of ripples |
C | Between dunes |
D | Lee side of ripples |
E | At the mouth of rivers |
Question 7 |
A | Flow velocity |
B | Sediment load |
C | Flow separation |
D | Potential energy |
E | Gravity |
Question 8 |
A | Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface. |
B | Deltaic environment with high sediment influx. |
C | Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures. |
D | High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow. |
Question 9 |
A | metamorphic |
B | authigenic |
C | detrital |
D | native |
E | sedimentary |
Question 10 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 11 |
A | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil. |
B | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers. |
C | True |
D | False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering. |
Question 12 |
A | Hydraulic jump |
B | Critical flow |
C | Change in flow regime |
D | Gradient change |
E | Change in normality |
Question 13 |
A | No such thing on the diagram above. |
B | C |
C | D |
D | E |
E | F |
Question 14 |
A | Yep |
B | False |
Question 15 |
A | Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments |
B | High volume sediment loads |
C | Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments |
D | Significant density contrast |
Question 16 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 17 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 18 |
A | A |
B | B |
C | C |
Question 19 |
A | Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically. |
B | Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
C | Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils. |
D | Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils. |
E | Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
F | I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about. |
Question 20 |
A | A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks |
B | A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks |
C | A. carbonates B. silicates |
D | A. silicates B. carbonates |
Question 21 |
A | 75% |
B | 50% |
C | 98% |
D | 90% |
E | 5% |
Question 22 |
A | B |
B | C |
C | A |
Question 23 |
A | sedimentation |
B | paleosols |
C | erosion |
D | pedogenesis |
Question 24 |
A | turbulent velocity model |
B | rough bed velocity model |
C | laminar velocity model |
D | smooth current velocity model |
Question 25 |
A | spatial acceleration |
B | inertial acceleration |
C | gravitational acceleration |
D | upwards acceleration |
E | temporal acceleration |
Question 26 |
A | G |
B | C |
C | A |
D | D |
E | B |
F | F |
Question 27 |
A | Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side. |
B | Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side. |
C | Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side. |
D | Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side. |
E | All statements are incorrect. |
Question 28 |
A | physical weathering |
B | denudation |
C | erosion |
D | chemical weathering |
Question 29 |
A | A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive. |
B | An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment. |
C | A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics. |
D | A type of trace fossils created by echinoids. |
E | A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures. |
Question 30 |
A | ~ 90 degrees |
B | ~ 10 degrees |
C | ~ 100 degrees |
D | ~ 30 degrees |
E | ~ 50 degrees |
Question 31 |
A | A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar |
B | A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin |
C | A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc |
D | A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc |
E | A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin |
F | A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments |
Question 32 |
A | Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering. |
B | Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation. |
C | Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow. |
D | Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials. |
E | Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water. |
Question 33 |
A | True |
B | False |
Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.
Question 34 |
A | A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load |
B | A. bed load B. suspended load |
C | A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load |
D | A. suspended load B. bed load |
Question 35 |
A | Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity. |
B | Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth. |
C | At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero. |
D | Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity. |
E | In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero. |
Question 36 |
A | Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts. |
B | Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions. |
C | Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth. |
D | Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments. |
E | High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes. |
Question 37 |
A | Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity. |
B | Depositional sequences in very high energy environments. |
C | Settling velocity of particles in a fluid. |
D | How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows. |
Question 38 |
A | Warm and tropical wet environments |
B | Deep marine environments |
C | Shallow marine environments |
D | None of the answers posted here are correct. |
E | River bed environments |
Question 39 |
A | High energy and high sedimentation environments. |
B | Low energy and low sedimentation environments. |
C | High energy and low sedimentation environments. |
D | Low energy and high sedimentation environments. |
Question 40 |
A | Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. |
B | Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity. |
C | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
D | The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. |
Question 41 |
A | Position V between two ripples |
B | Position II just above the ripple |
C | Position I in the stoss side of the ripple |
D | Position IV in the lee side of the ripple |
E | Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth |
Question 42 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 43 |
A | It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks |
B | It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks |
C | It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition |
D | It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks |
E | It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius |
Question 44 |
A | Medium velocity currents. |
B | Low velocity currents. |
C | High velocity currents. |
D | Fluctuating velocity currents. |
Question 45 |
A | sub-normal stress |
B | normal stress |
C | tangential stress |
D | super-normal stress |
E | shear stress |
Question 46 |
A | Crawling |
B | Feeding |
C | Resting |
D | Grazing |
E | Escape |
F | Dewlling |
Question 47 |
A | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
B | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity. |
C | It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis. |
D | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
Question 48 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 49 |
A | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
B | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity. |
C | Velocity decreases as the depth increases. |
D | The lowest velocity is at the bed. |
E | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
Question 50 |
A | Muscovite mica |
B | Pyroxene |
C | Calcium Feldspars |
D | Kaolinite |
E | Olivine |
Question 51 |
A | Hard organic parts from invertebrates |
B | Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation |
C | Transported rock fragments |
D | Magmas rich in calcium carbonates |
E | Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering |
Question 52 |
A | crawling |
B | extractions(pooping) |
C | dwelling |
D | feeding |
E | fighting |
Question 53 |
A | increasing , decreasing |
B | None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH. |
C | decreasing , decreasing |
D | decreasing , increasing |
E | increasing , increasing |
Question 54 |
A | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point). |
B | The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed. |
C | The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments. |
D | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point). |
E | The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines. |
Question 55 |
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s2
u = 33 m/s
A | 0.06116 |
B | 2.37 |
C | 1.42 |
D | 1.95 |
E | 0.6116 |
Question 56 |
A | Dry climates with year-round permafrost |
B | Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers |
C | Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter |
D | Humid climates |
E | Dry climates with long periods of droughts |
Question 57 |
A | Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate. |
B | Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials. |
C | Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals. |
D | Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures. |
Question 58 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 59 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 60 |
A | They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English) |
B | Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
C | Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities. |
D | Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
Question 61 |
A | carbonates |
B | chemical deposits |
C | evaporites |
D | clastic deposits |
E | ore deposits |
Question 62 |
A | Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents |
B | Under high-density turbidity currents |
C | Within river deltas |
D | Under current ripples |
E | Within oxbow lakes |
Question 63 |
A | The rock is composed of just one clast type. |
B | The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts. |
C | The rock is composed of just two or three clast types. |
D | The rock is composed of highly angular clasts. |
Question 64 |
A | amplitude of the wave |
B | period of the wave |
C | type of fluid |
D | viscosity of the fluid |
Question 65 |
A | Concavo-convex contacts |
B | Long contacts |
C | Point contacts |
D | Sutured contacts |
E | Subrounded contacts |
Question 66 |
A | D |
B | E |
C | C |
D | F |
E | G |
Question 67 |
A | a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks. |
B | a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments. |
C | a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments. |
D | a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials. |
E | a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent. |
Question 68 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 69 |
A | parsimony |
B | original horizontality |
C | superposition |
D | Uniformitarianism |
E | lowerposition |
Question 70 |
A | dolostone |
B | limestone |
C | mudstone |
D | sandstone |
E | gypsum |
Question 71 |
A | D |
B | B |
C | C |
D | A |
E | E |
Question 72 |
A | 98% lithics
1 % feldspar
1% quartz |
B | 60% quartz
1 % lithics
90% feldspar |
C | 98% quartz
1 % lithics
1% feldspar |
D | 50% lithics
40 % feldspar
10% quartz |
Question 73 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 74 |
A | A |
B | Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction. |
C | B |
D | Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction. |
Question 75 |
A | G |
B | F |
C | B |
D | E |
E | D |
F | C |
G | A |
Question 76 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 77 |
A | Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
B | Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
C | Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment. |
D | Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata. |
Question 78 |
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces
A | A |
B | Neither |
C | It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient. |
D | B |
Question 79 |
A | Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
B | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material. |
C | Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
D | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material. |
Question 80 |
A | Hydration/dehydration |
B | Physical |
C | Chemical |
D | Simple solution |
Question 81 |
A | Debris flow |
B | Liquified flow |
C | Grain flow |
D | Turbidity current |
Question 82 |
A | A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals |
B | A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals |
C | A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals |
D | A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals |
E | A. oceanic crust B. continental crust |
Question 83 |
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)
A | Grain flow |
B | Liquified flow |
C | Turbidity flow |
D | Debris flow |
Question 84 |
A | Pore waters |
B | Salt Diapirs |
C | Geostatic pressure |
D | Pressure dissolution |
Question 85 |
A | clastic sediments |
B | organic deposits |
C | evaporates |
D | precipitates |
E | carbonates |
Question 86 |
A | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume. |
B | Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase. |
C | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume. |
D | Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease. |
E | Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume. |
F | Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume. |
Question 87 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 88 |
A | Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not. |
B | Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments. |
C | Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters. |
D | Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples. |
Question 89 |
A | I. higher II. laminar |
B | I. lower II. turbulent |
C | I. zero II. turbulent |
D | I. lower II. laminar |
E | None of the answers are correct. |
Question 90 |
A | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
B | Bathyal zone |
C | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
D | Abyssal zone |
E | Above the normal sea level |
Question 91 |
A | flow velocity in cm/s |
B | grain size in mm |
C | flow velocity in m/s |
D | depth in m |
E | grain size in um |
Question 92 |
A | Turbidity currents |
B | Slumps |
C | Rock falls |
D | Glacial breakups |
E | Debris flows |
Question 93 |
A | Ichnology |
B | Paleogeology |
C | Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell? |
D | Genology |
Question 94 |
A | None of the answers are correct |
B | Within the upper flow regime |
C | At the base of the sourced region (very bottom) |
D | Below massive/rapid deposition |
E | Below hemipelagic mud |
Question 95 |
A | low viscous forces in the folow |
B | turbulent flow |
C | laminar flow |
D | gravity driven flow |
Question 96 |
A | True |
B | False-it should be other way around. |
Question 97 |
A | Classification of the trace fossils. |
B | Study of the mode of preservation. |
C | Description of the identifiable parts. |
D | Study of behavior. |
Question 98 |
A | A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical |
B | A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical |
C | A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical |
D | A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical |
E | A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical |
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.
Question 99 |
A | 1. is a dune 2. is an antidune |
B | 1. is a dune 2. is a dune |
C | 1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune |
D | 1. is an antidune 2. is a dune |
Question 100 |
A | Acids |
B | High pH solutions |
C | Base solutions in high temperature environment |
D | Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions |
E | Base |
Question 101 |
A | Turbidity current |
B | Rock fall |
C | Slump |
D | Debris flow |
E | Sheet wash |
Question 102 |
A | NW to SE |
B | NE to SE |
C | SE to NW |
D | S to N |
E | N to S |
Question 103 |
A | Turbulent sweeps |
B | Planar cross-lamination |
C | Trough cross-lamination |
D | Climbing ripples |
E | Starved ripples |
Question 104 |
A | Above the normal sea level |
B | Bathyal zone |
C | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
D | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
E | Abyssal zone |
Question 105 |
A | Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct |
B | Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct |
C | Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding
is barely detectable |
D | Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation |
E | A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation |
F | Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct |
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End |
Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here
Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I
Important!
↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!
-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.
Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief