Geology 381-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

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Question 1

______ are indicators of rapid sedimentation. (ID-SSM1-88)

A	Planar cross-lamination
B	Trough cross-lamination
C	Starved ripples
D	Turbulent sweeps
E	Climbing ripples

Question 2

The term "meniscae" is used to describe the back-fill build up within a structure caused by sediments and fecal matter. (ID-SSM1-53)

A	False
B	True

Question 3

How much of the Earth's surface is covered by sedimentary rocks? (ID-SSM1-02)

A	5%
B	90%
C	50%
D	75%
E	98%

Question 3 Explanation:

Sedimentary layer is rarely get thicker than ~10 km, hence it is found predominantly on the surface. It is the type of rocks that keep records of Earth's history.

Question 4

Burrows are different from boring because... (ID-SSM1-40)

A	Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
B	Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically.
C	Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
D	Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils.
E	I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about.
F	Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils.

Question 5

Choose all carbonates rocks from the following list. More than one answer is possible. (ID-SSM1-01)

A	dolostone
B	sandstone
C	mudstone
D	limestone
E	gypsum

Question 6

The hydrolysis weathering process can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-70)

A	a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments.
B	a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials.
C	a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments.
D	a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent.
E	a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks.

Question 7

Biogenic fragments found commonly in sandstones are most commonly deposit under which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-82)

A	Warm and tropical wet environments
B	Deep marine environments
C	Shallow marine environments
D	None of the answers posted here are correct.
E	River bed environments

Question 8

Referring to the following diagram, which diagram(blue letters) indicate low velocity and low Reynold's number? (ID-SSM1-59)

A	Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction.
B	Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction.
C	A
D	B

Question 9

In the Bouma sequence, what is the relative location of the laminated slit deposition? (ID-SSM1-94)

A	None of the answers are correct
B	At the base of the sourced region (very bottom)
C	Within the upper flow regime
D	Below massive/rapid deposition
E	Below hemipelagic mud

Question 9 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 10

During the crystallization of magma which mineral (out of the following) is most likely to undergo crystallization first? (ID-SSM1-12)

A	quartz
B	amphibole
C	olivine
D	biotite

Question 10 Explanation:

Usually mafic minerals such as olivine, pyroxene crystallize first in magmas.

Question 11

At this section of the diagram, it is possible to have low angle cross beds with upstream dips. (ID-SSM1-28)

A	B
B	C
C	D
D	A
E	F
F	G

Question 11 Explanation:

They are known as antidunes and caused by fast moving flow in the upper regime.

Question 12

In order to move fluids from point A to point B the internal forces must overcome the forces of viscous forces. (ID-SSM1-11)

A	False-it should be other way around.
B	True

Question 13

What causes exfoliation? (ID-SSM1-34)

A	Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease.
B	Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase.
C	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume.
D	Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume.
E	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume.
F	Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume.

Question 14

What is the principle behind the phrase "younger one is always on top"? (ID-SSM1-03)

A	lowerposition
B	parsimony
C	original horizontality
D	superposition
E	Uniformitarianism

Question 14 Explanation:

Sediments deposit in order from older to younger; always on top of each other. The layer at the very top is most likely the youngest layer, except when there is(are) a geologic event(s) such as a trust fault in the area.

Question 15

It is the slope of the bed determines the flow and the flow rarely(or not at all) shape the bed in nature. (ID-SSM1-22)

A	True
B	False

Question 16

Cruziana assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-98)

A	Sandy shore (littoral zone)
B	Bathyal zone
C	Above the normal sea level
D	Abyssal zone
E	Shelf (sublittoral zone)

Question 17

What is the difference between sedimentary rocks and sediment? (ID-SSM1-33)

A	Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.
B	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material.
C	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material.
D	Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.

Question 18

Based on the following diagram, A is a __1__ and B is a __2__. (ID-SSM1-23)

A	1. is an antidune 2. is a dune
B	1. is a dune 2. is a dune
C	1. is a dune 2. is an antidune
D	1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune

Question 18 Explanation:

The antidunes are caused by very fast moving flows causing the cross beds to dip upstream. Very usual and often not recorded on sedimentary record due to high velocity flows result in high rate of erosion.

Question 19

Paleosols can be used to interpret past depositional environments(aka zones). (ID-SSM1-38)

A	False
B	True

Question 19 Explanation:

Paleosols and soil in general have no bedding surfaces, often fine-grained and could record trace fossils.

Question 20

A Geologist at the top of the Mt. Yamnuska(Mt. John Laurie) recorded in her field book a distinct weathering pattern. It is most likely to be this type of weathering. (ID-SSM1-35)

A	Hydration/dehydration
B	Physical
C	Simple solution
D	Chemical

Question 21

During current ripples formation, what is the typical maximum critical slope angle for sand? (ID-SSM1-86)

A	~ 10 degrees
B	~ 100 degrees
C	~ 30 degrees
D	~ 50 degrees
E	~ 90 degrees

Question 22

In physics, __I__ the Reynolds number(Re), higher the possibility of a __II__ flow. (ID-SSM1-10)

A	I. higher II. laminar
B	I. zero II. turbulent
C	I. lower II. turbulent
D	I. lower II. laminar
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 22 Explanation:

Re = velocity_flow (l/viscosity_fluid)

Question 23

What is the difference between dunes and ripples? (ID-SSM1-89)

A	Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments.
B	Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples.
C	Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not.
D	Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters.

Question 24

Minerals that grow as crystals in a depositional environment are called ______ minerals. (ID-SSM1-81)

A	detrital
B	authigenic
C	sedimentary
D	native
E	metamorphic

Question 25

In Newtonian Physics, Newton's First Law of Motion state... (ID-SSM1-50)

A	Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity.
B	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
C	Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
D	The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.

Question 26

The __A__ are least resistant to weathering and __B__ are most resistant to weathering. (ID-SSM1-13)

A	A. oceanic crust B. continental crust
B	A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals
C	A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals
D	A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals
E	A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals

Question 27

Soil was created as a by product of what process? (ID-SSM1-32)

A	erosion
B	sedimentation
C	pedogenesis
D	paleosols

Question 27 Explanation:

While erosion "creates" the soil, the process of creating soil is known as pedogenesis.

Question 28

What is the principle source of calcium carbonates found within majority of carbonate rocks? (ID-SSM1-77)

A	Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering
B	Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation
C	Transported rock fragments
D	Magmas rich in calcium carbonates
E	Hard organic parts from invertebrates

Question 29

There are six major categories of trace fossils. Select all that apply. Not all six appears on the list. (ID-SSM1-41)

A	crawling
B	fighting
C	dwelling
D	feeding
E	extractions(pooping)

Question 30

The coals and oil shales can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-78)

A	organic deposits
B	evaporates
C	precipitates
D	clastic sediments
E	carbonates

Question 31

Antidunes occur in low velocity flows. (ID-SSM1-25)

A	False
B	True

Question 31 Explanation:

Antidunes are found in the upper regime where the flow velocity could be between 150 to 200 cm/s, which is a very high rate of flow.

Question 32

__A__ is when Froude number is higher than one, __B__ os when Froude number is equal to one and __C__ is when Froude number is lower than one. (ID-SSM1-19)

A	A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical
B	A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical
C	A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical
D	A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical
E	A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical

Question 32 Explanation:

critical = Fr = 1 and the velocity of the stream is equal to the velocity of the surface wave.
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.

Question 33

On the following diagram, what should be the units for y-axis? (ID-SSM1-26)

A	depth in m
B	grain size in um
C	flow velocity in cm/s
D	flow velocity in m/s
E	grain size in mm

Question 34

During pressure dissolution diagenetic process, the chemical and physical changes occurs primarily due to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-102)

A	High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes.
B	Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts.
C	Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments.
D	Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions.
E	Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth.

Question 35

Give the following, calculate the Froude number; (ID-SSM1-17)
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s²
u = 33 m/s

A	2.37
B	0.06116
C	1.95
D	1.42
E	0.6116

Question 35 Explanation:

Equation to use is; Fr = u/sqrt(gh)... therefore, Fr = (33)/sqrt(9.81*55) = 1.42

Question 36

Cross beds are one of the best way to determine the original horizontal or way up direction. (ID-SSM1-31)

A	False
B	Yep

Question 37

Where would you expect Eddy currents or roller vortex on the following diagram of a typical river profile? (ID-SSM1-87)

A	Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth
B	Position IV in the lee side of the ripple
C	Position I in the stoss side of the ripple
D	Position II just above the ripple
E	Position V between two ripples

Question 38

What are ichnofacies? (ID-SSM1-96)

A	A type of trace fossils created by echinoids.
B	A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive.
C	A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures.
D	An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment.
E	A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics.

Question 39

According to bioturbation index (bioturbation intensity index), the BI Grade 5 would be assigned to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-95)

A	Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation
B	Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct
C	Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct
D	Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct
E	A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation
F	Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding is barely detectable

Question 40

This type of sediment gravity flow create a reverse-graded beds causing find grained materials to deposit in the lower part of the strata. (ID-SSM1-64)

A	Turbidity current
B	Liquified flow
C	Grain flow
D	Debris flow

Question 41

According the the diagram; what is on the left side of the A and what is on the right side of the A? (ID-SSM1-24)

A	Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side.
B	All statements are incorrect.
C	Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side.
D	Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side.
E	Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side.

Question 42

The a specific type of Q-F-L diagram similar to the one below, what type of rock would plot in the "Arkose" region? (ID-SSM1-58)

A	50% lithics 40 % feldspar 10% quartz
B	98% quartz 1 % lithics 1% feldspar
C	98% lithics 1 % feldspar 1% quartz
D	60% quartz 1 % lithics 90% feldspar

Question 43

Steady flow and unsteady flow is associated with what type of acceleration? (ID-SSM1-60)

A	upwards acceleration
B	inertial acceleration
C	gravitational acceleration
D	temporal acceleration
E	spatial acceleration

Question 43 Explanation:

...and uniform and non-uniform flow is associated with spatial acceleration.

Question 44

Bouma sequence usually deposit under what kind of environment? (ID-SSM1-93)

A	Within oxbow lakes
B	Under high-density turbidity currents
C	Within river deltas
D	Under current ripples
E	Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents

Question 44 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 45

Ethology is one of the four steps of analyzing trace. What is ethology? (ID-SSM1-54)

A	Study of the mode of preservation.
B	Classification of the trace fossils.
C	Description of the identifiable parts.
D	Study of behavior.

Question 46

Acids dissolve __A__ (low pH at low temperature) and bases dissolve __B__ (high pH at high temperature). (ID-SSM1-36)

A	A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks
B	A. silicates B. carbonates
C	A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks
D	A. carbonates B. silicates

Question 47

A Geology 381 student wrote on an exam that at point C(diagram below), the velocity of the flow is at the highest because it is in the middle of the flow. (ID-SSM1-49)

A	False
B	True

Question 47 Explanation:

The highest velocity is observed near the point A on this particular diagram.

Question 48

What can cause the dissolution of the carbonate sediments and rocks? (ID-SSM1-04)

A	Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions
B	High pH solutions
C	Base solutions in high temperature environment
D	Acids
E	Base

Question 49

The velocity profile is based on this idealized model. (ID-SSM1-20)

A	rough bed velocity model
B	turbulent velocity model
C	laminar velocity model
D	smooth current velocity model

Question 50

Where would you expect bar forms to develop? (ID-SSM1-91)

A	Between dunes
B	At the mouth of rivers
C	Within channels
D	Stoss side of ripples
E	Lee side of ripples

Question 51

The Q-F-L diagram is an arbitrary classification defined by convention. (ID-SSM1-56)

A	False
B	True

Question 52

Carbonate solubility increases with ______ temperature and ______ acidity. Answers are in respective order. (ID-SSM1-104)

A	decreasing , decreasing
B	None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH.
C	decreasing , increasing
D	increasing , decreasing
E	increasing , increasing

Question 53

Sediment gravity flows composed of a mixture of fluids and sediments that has a velocity in response to gravity. (ID-SSM1-62)

A	True
B	False

Question 54

What does the Stokes Law explain? (ID-SSM1-85)

A	Depositional sequences in very high energy environments.
B	How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows.
C	Settling velocity of particles in a fluid.
D	Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity.

Question 55

The following diagram is a representation of the lift force. Which of the following is true about the lift force based on the diagram above(select all that apply). (ID-SSM1-21)

A	The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed.
B	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point).
C	The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments.
D	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point).
E	The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines.

Question 56

Refer to the following diagram; the highest velocity is at point...(green letters) (ID-SSM1-46)

A	C
B	B
C	A

Question 57

What controls the wave base in oscillating flow? (ID-SSM1-61)

A	type of fluid
B	viscosity of the fluid
C	amplitude of the wave
D	period of the wave

Question 57 Explanation:

Some of the other answers are also possible, but in multiple choice exams you must choose the best answer out of all options.

Question 58

Th term oligomict is used to describe conglomerates with which of the following properties? (ID-SSM1-79)

A	The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts.
B	The rock is composed of highly angular clasts.
C	The rock is composed of just two or three clast types.
D	The rock is composed of just one clast type.

Question 59

If a grain bounces off the bed as it gets transported, it is known as... (ID-SSM1-57)

A	suspension traction
B	sliding
C	paleoflow
D	rolling
E	saltation

Question 60

In toponomy, what is the difference between full relief and semi-relief structures? (ID-SSM1-52)

A	Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.
B	Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.
C	Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment.
D	Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata.

Question 61

According to the following diagram, the ripples that are around mm to cm in thinness occur at(choose an area indicated by a red letter), (ID-SSM1-27)

A	A
B	C
C	E
D	B
E	D

Question 62

Laterites are red soil compounds mainly composed of iron oxides and aluminum oxides. This type of soils mostly form in which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-76)

A	Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter
B	Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers
C	Humid climates
D	Dry climates with year-round permafrost
E	Dry climates with long periods of droughts

Question 63

In geology, ______ is the long-term sum of processes that cause the wearing away of the Earth's surface by moving water, ice, wind and waves, leading to a reduction in elevation and relief of landforms and landscapes. (ID-SSM1-75)

A	physical weathering
B	chemical weathering
C	denudation
D	erosion

Question 63 Explanation:

Denudation is a combination of chemical and physical weathering processes.

Question 64

Escape burrows are typically formed under what type of environment? (ID-SSM1-97)

A	Low energy and low sedimentation environments.
B	Low energy and high sedimentation environments.
C	High energy and low sedimentation environments.
D	High energy and high sedimentation environments.

Question 65

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be lower. (ID-SSM1-18)

A	False
B	True

Question 65 Explanation:

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be higher since density is in the numerator.

Question 66

Viscosity is the ability of a fluid to flow. (ID-SSM1-51)

A	True
B	False

Question 67

Viscous sublayer has "flattened" streamlines(laminar) and occurs at the... (ID-SSM1-45)

A	(around) middle of the velocity profile.
B	highest velocity point of the velocity profile.
C	bed surface of the velocity profile.
D	surface of the fluid.

Question 68

What flow direction(indicated in purple) can be deduced from the following velocity diagram? (ID-SSM1-47)

A	NW to SE
B	SE to NW
C	N to S
D	S to N
E	NE to SE

Question 69

Pedogenesis is the process of creating sedimentary rocks from different types of materials. (ID-SSM1-07)

A	True
B	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers.
C	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil.
D	False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering.

Question 70

What is the primary driving mechanism of salt tectonics or salt diapirism? (ID-SSM1-100)

A	Significant density contrast
B	Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments
C	High volume sediment loads
D	Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments

Question 71

Saltation in water is a __A__ and in air it is a __B__. (ID-SSM1-67)

A	A. bed load B. suspended load
B	A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load
C	A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load
D	A. suspended load B. bed load

Question 72

The viscous sublayer occur at this point on the following diagram. (ID-SSM1-48)

A	C
B	A
C	B

Question 73

How is the velocity profile change with the increase of depth? (ID-SSM1-14)

A	At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero.
B	In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero.
C	Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth.
D	Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity.
E	Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity.

Question 74

What process causes the "swelling and shrinking clays"? (ID-SSM1-37)

A	Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling).
B	Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking).
C	Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling)
D	Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling).
E	Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking)

Question 75

The study of traces known as.... (ID-SSM1-39)

A	Genology
B	Ichnology
C	Paleogeology
D	Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell?

Question 76

Ripples are most likely to be 2D and dunes are most likely to be 3D. (ID-SSM1-30)

A	False
B	True

Question 77

Hydration and dehydration process involve addition or removal of water and this processes often create new minerals. (ID-SSM1-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 77 Explanation:

True; while hydration increase the volume of the mineral, it is often result in changing the chemical composition of the rock. (same goes for dehydration, except it will result in volume decrease.)

Question 78

Which mineral has the highest resistance to chemical weathering? (ID-SSM1-72)

A	Kaolinite
B	Pyroxene
C	Muscovite mica
D	Calcium Feldspars
E	Olivine

Question 79

Stresses applied tangential to a rock unit is known as.... (ID-SSM1-08)

A	tangential stress
B	normal stress
C	sub-normal stress
D	super-normal stress
E	shear stress

Question 79 Explanation:

and the stresses applied perpendicular to a rock unit is known as normal stress.

Question 80

What is the difference between a matrix and a cement? (ID-SSM1-84)

A	Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures.
B	Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate.
C	Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials.
D	Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals.

Question 81

Following is a description of one of the models in the diagram below. Which diagram is described in the description? (ID-SSM1-66)
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces

A	B
B	Neither
C	A
D	It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient.

Question 82

What are the two types of trace fossils that produce full-relief structures? Choose all possible answers. (ID-SSM1-69)

A	Dewlling
B	Grazing
C	Resting
D	Feeding
E	Crawling
F	Escape

Question 83

Roller vortexes are driven by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-90)

A	Flow velocity
B	Flow separation
C	Gravity
D	Potential energy
E	Sediment load

Question 84

When is the turbulent flow is most like to occur? (ID-SSM1-15)

A	Fluctuating velocity currents.
B	Medium velocity currents.
C	High velocity currents.
D	Low velocity currents.

Question 85

What are placer minerals? (ID-SSM1-83)

A	Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials.
B	Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering.
C	Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water.
D	Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow.
E	Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation.

Question 86

Skolithos assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-99)

A	Shelf (sublittoral zone)
B	Sandy shore (littoral zone)
C	Above the normal sea level
D	Abyssal zone
E	Bathyal zone

Question 87

_____ is a geomorphological process in which a thin, mobile sheet of water flows over the surface of a hill-slope and may transport the surface regolith. (ID-SSM1-74)

A	Debris flow
B	Sheet wash
C	Rock fall
D	Turbidity current
E	Slump

Question 88

In gravity-driven transport systems, which of the following could occur without the addition of water? (ID-SSM1-73)

A	Slumps
B	Turbidity currents
C	Debris flows
D	Rock falls
E	Glacial breakups

Question 89

Low regime zone includes every area except these two... (ID-SSM1-29)

A	A
B	F
C	C
D	E
E	D
F	B
G	G

Question 90

Meniscus cement fabric is associated with which of the following? (ID-SSM1-105)

A	Pore waters
B	Pressure dissolution
C	Geostatic pressure
D	Salt Diapirs

Question 91

What type of sediments get deposited as a result of chemical reactions? (ID-SSM1-06)

A	clastic deposits
B	carbonates
C	chemical deposits
D	ore deposits
E	evaporites

Question 92

A weathering process that does not change the composition of materials known as... (ID-SSM1-05)

A	artificial weathering
B	biological weathering
C	chemical weathering
D	physical weathering

Question 93

Which of the following statement describe diagenesis? (ID-SSM1-101)

A	It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition
B	It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks
C	It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks
D	It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks
E	It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius

Question 94

A researcher found four different types of grain contacts while studying several thin sections from four regions of the study area. Which of the following contact type is indicative of the highest degree of pressure dissolution? (ID-SSM1-103)

A	Point contacts
B	Concavo-convex contacts
C	Sutured contacts
D	Long contacts
E	Subrounded contacts

Question 95

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave. (ID-SSM1-44)

A	True
B	False

Question 95 Explanation:

Dunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave.

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.

Question 96

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (more than one answer) (ID-SSM1-09)

A	Velocity decreases as the depth increases.
B	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity.
C	The lowest velocity is at the bed.
D	The highest velocity is at the bed.
E	Velocity increases as the depth increases.

Question 97

The following Regime Diagram, the sand waves are indicated with what letter(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-42)

A	E
B	F
C	C
D	G
E	D

Question 98

The diagram below, one can label letter____ as "no movement on movement on flat bed but ripples could occur if the bed is rough". (ID-SSM1-43)

A	C
B	No such thing on the diagram above.
C	E
D	F
E	D

Question 99

If you have a moving current with lower Reynold's number and very low velocity, you can say that the flow is most likely a... (ID-SSM1-16)

A	turbulent flow
B	low viscous forces in the folow
C	gravity driven flow
D	laminar flow

Question 100

The the following Q-F-L diagram, what are the genetic classifications regions represented by A, B and C(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-55)

A	A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments
B	A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc
C	A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin
D	A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin
E	A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar
F	A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc

Question 101

What is the difference between Bioturbation and Bioerosion? (ID-SSM1-68)

A	Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
B	Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities.
C	Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
D	They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English)

Question 101 Explanation:

For example, borrows which pushes the grains to the sides cause Bioturbation while borings mechanically or chemically cuts the grains causing erosion.

Question 102

What type of environment preferentially support imbrication of clastic sediments? (ID-SSM1-80)

A	Deltaic environment with high sediment influx.
B	Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures.
C	Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface.
D	High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow.

Question 103

In natural flows a sudden change in the height of the surface of the flow can be best described by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-92)

A	Change in flow regime
B	Critical flow
C	Hydraulic jump
D	Change in normality
E	Gradient change

Question 104

What type of gravity flow can be described by the following definition; (ID-SSM1-63)
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)

A	Turbidity flow
B	Debris flow
C	Grain flow
D	Liquified flow

Question 105

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (ID-SSM1-71)

A	It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis.
B	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
C	The highest velocity is at the bed.
D	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Important!

↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!

-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.

Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 381-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

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Standing on the shoulders of giants