Geology 381-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

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Question 1

Minerals that grow as crystals in a depositional environment are called ______ minerals. (ID-SSM1-81)

A	detrital
B	native
C	sedimentary
D	metamorphic
E	authigenic

Question 2

Pedogenesis is the process of creating sedimentary rocks from different types of materials. (ID-SSM1-07)

A	False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering.
B	True
C	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers.
D	False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil.

Question 3

What is the difference between a matrix and a cement? (ID-SSM1-84)

A	Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate.
B	Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals.
C	Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials.
D	Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures.

Question 4

Which of the following statement describe diagenesis? (ID-SSM1-101)

A	It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks
B	It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks
C	It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius
D	It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks
E	It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition

Question 5

What flow direction(indicated in purple) can be deduced from the following velocity diagram? (ID-SSM1-47)

A	N to S
B	S to N
C	SE to NW
D	NW to SE
E	NE to SE

Question 6

During current ripples formation, what is the typical maximum critical slope angle for sand? (ID-SSM1-86)

A	~ 10 degrees
B	~ 90 degrees
C	~ 100 degrees
D	~ 50 degrees
E	~ 30 degrees

Question 7

Bouma sequence usually deposit under what kind of environment? (ID-SSM1-93)

A	Within river deltas
B	Under current ripples
C	Under high-density turbidity currents
D	Within oxbow lakes
E	Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents

Question 7 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 8

What type of sediments get deposited as a result of chemical reactions? (ID-SSM1-06)

A	chemical deposits
B	evaporites
C	ore deposits
D	clastic deposits
E	carbonates

Question 9

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave. (ID-SSM1-44)

A	False
B	True

Question 9 Explanation:

Dunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition out of phase to the surface water wave.

Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.

Question 10

_____ is a geomorphological process in which a thin, mobile sheet of water flows over the surface of a hill-slope and may transport the surface regolith. (ID-SSM1-74)

A	Rock fall
B	Slump
C	Sheet wash
D	Turbidity current
E	Debris flow

Question 11

There are six major categories of trace fossils. Select all that apply. Not all six appears on the list. (ID-SSM1-41)

A	crawling
B	dwelling
C	fighting
D	feeding
E	extractions(pooping)

Question 12

In gravity-driven transport systems, which of the following could occur without the addition of water? (ID-SSM1-73)

A	Debris flows
B	Rock falls
C	Glacial breakups
D	Turbidity currents
E	Slumps

Question 13

What are the two types of trace fossils that produce full-relief structures? Choose all possible answers. (ID-SSM1-69)

A	Dewlling
B	Resting
C	Escape
D	Grazing
E	Crawling
F	Feeding

Question 14

Th term oligomict is used to describe conglomerates with which of the following properties? (ID-SSM1-79)

A	The rock is composed of just one clast type.
B	The rock is composed of highly angular clasts.
C	The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts.
D	The rock is composed of just two or three clast types.

Question 15

Low regime zone includes every area except these two... (ID-SSM1-29)

A	D
B	A
C	B
D	F
E	E
F	G
G	C

Question 16

This type of sediment gravity flow create a reverse-graded beds causing find grained materials to deposit in the lower part of the strata. (ID-SSM1-64)

A	Grain flow
B	Liquified flow
C	Debris flow
D	Turbidity current

Question 17

The velocity profile is based on this idealized model. (ID-SSM1-20)

A	laminar velocity model
B	rough bed velocity model
C	smooth current velocity model
D	turbulent velocity model

Question 18

In geology, ______ is the long-term sum of processes that cause the wearing away of the Earth's surface by moving water, ice, wind and waves, leading to a reduction in elevation and relief of landforms and landscapes. (ID-SSM1-75)

A	denudation
B	physical weathering
C	chemical weathering
D	erosion

Question 18 Explanation:

Denudation is a combination of chemical and physical weathering processes.

Question 19

What is the principle behind the phrase "younger one is always on top"? (ID-SSM1-03)

A	Uniformitarianism
B	superposition
C	lowerposition
D	parsimony
E	original horizontality

Question 19 Explanation:

Sediments deposit in order from older to younger; always on top of each other. The layer at the very top is most likely the youngest layer, except when there is(are) a geologic event(s) such as a trust fault in the area.

Question 20

What type of gravity flow can be described by the following definition; (ID-SSM1-63)
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)

A	Liquified flow
B	Grain flow
C	Turbidity flow
D	Debris flow

Question 21

Where would you expect bar forms to develop? (ID-SSM1-91)

A	At the mouth of rivers
B	Within channels
C	Lee side of ripples
D	Between dunes
E	Stoss side of ripples

Question 22

What is the difference between sedimentary rocks and sediment? (ID-SSM1-33)

A	Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.
B	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material.
C	Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials.
D	Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material.

Question 23

Which mineral has the highest resistance to chemical weathering? (ID-SSM1-72)

A	Olivine
B	Calcium Feldspars
C	Muscovite mica
D	Pyroxene
E	Kaolinite

Question 24

Hydration and dehydration process involve addition or removal of water and this processes often create new minerals. (ID-SSM1-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 24 Explanation:

True; while hydration increase the volume of the mineral, it is often result in changing the chemical composition of the rock. (same goes for dehydration, except it will result in volume decrease.)

Question 25

The Q-F-L diagram is an arbitrary classification defined by convention. (ID-SSM1-56)

A	True
B	False

Question 26

What controls the wave base in oscillating flow? (ID-SSM1-61)

A	period of the wave
B	type of fluid
C	viscosity of the fluid
D	amplitude of the wave

Question 26 Explanation:

Some of the other answers are also possible, but in multiple choice exams you must choose the best answer out of all options.

Question 27

What does the Stokes Law explain? (ID-SSM1-85)

A	How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows.
B	Depositional sequences in very high energy environments.
C	Settling velocity of particles in a fluid.
D	Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity.

Question 28

The following diagram is a representation of the lift force. Which of the following is true about the lift force based on the diagram above(select all that apply). (ID-SSM1-21)

A	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point).
B	The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed.
C	The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines.
D	The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point).
E	The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments.

Question 29

What is the primary driving mechanism of salt tectonics or salt diapirism? (ID-SSM1-100)

A	High volume sediment loads
B	Significant density contrast
C	Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments
D	Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments

Question 30

The study of traces known as.... (ID-SSM1-39)

A	Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell?
B	Genology
C	Ichnology
D	Paleogeology

Question 31

According to bioturbation index (bioturbation intensity index), the BI Grade 5 would be assigned to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-95)

A	Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation
B	A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation
C	Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct
D	Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct
E	Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding is barely detectable
F	Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct

Question 32

In physics, __I__ the Reynolds number(Re), higher the possibility of a __II__ flow. (ID-SSM1-10)

A	I. lower II. turbulent
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	I. higher II. laminar
D	I. zero II. turbulent
E	I. lower II. laminar

Question 32 Explanation:

Re = velocity_flow (l/viscosity_fluid)

Question 33

How much of the Earth's surface is covered by sedimentary rocks? (ID-SSM1-02)

A	90%
B	50%
C	75%
D	5%
E	98%

Question 33 Explanation:

Sedimentary layer is rarely get thicker than ~10 km, hence it is found predominantly on the surface. It is the type of rocks that keep records of Earth's history.

Question 34

During the crystallization of magma which mineral (out of the following) is most likely to undergo crystallization first? (ID-SSM1-12)

A	olivine
B	amphibole
C	biotite
D	quartz

Question 34 Explanation:

Usually mafic minerals such as olivine, pyroxene crystallize first in magmas.

Question 35

______ are indicators of rapid sedimentation. (ID-SSM1-88)

A	Climbing ripples
B	Planar cross-lamination
C	Trough cross-lamination
D	Turbulent sweeps
E	Starved ripples

Question 36

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be lower. (ID-SSM1-18)

A	True
B	False

Question 36 Explanation:

If the density of the fluid is considerably higher than the viscosity, the Reynold's number will be higher since density is in the numerator.

Question 37

During pressure dissolution diagenetic process, the chemical and physical changes occurs primarily due to which of the following? (ID-SSM1-102)

A	Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts.
B	Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth.
C	Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments.
D	Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions.
E	High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes.

Question 38

Burrows are different from boring because... (ID-SSM1-40)

A	I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about.
B	Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically.
C	Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils.
D	Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
E	Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains.
F	Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils.

Question 39

Meniscus cement fabric is associated with which of the following? (ID-SSM1-105)

A	Salt Diapirs
B	Pore waters
C	Geostatic pressure
D	Pressure dissolution

Question 40

In Newtonian Physics, Newton's First Law of Motion state... (ID-SSM1-50)

A	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
B	The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
C	Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity.
D	Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

Question 41

Ethology is one of the four steps of analyzing trace. What is ethology? (ID-SSM1-54)

A	Study of behavior.
B	Classification of the trace fossils.
C	Description of the identifiable parts.
D	Study of the mode of preservation.

Question 42

When is the turbulent flow is most like to occur? (ID-SSM1-15)

A	High velocity currents.
B	Medium velocity currents.
C	Fluctuating velocity currents.
D	Low velocity currents.

Question 43

Skolithos assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-99)

A	Abyssal zone
B	Sandy shore (littoral zone)
C	Shelf (sublittoral zone)
D	Bathyal zone
E	Above the normal sea level

Question 44

Viscosity is the ability of a fluid to flow. (ID-SSM1-51)

A	False
B	True

Question 45

The term "meniscae" is used to describe the back-fill build up within a structure caused by sediments and fecal matter. (ID-SSM1-53)

A	True
B	False

Question 46

The following Regime Diagram, the sand waves are indicated with what letter(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-42)

A	C
B	D
C	G
D	F
E	E

Question 47

The hydrolysis weathering process can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-70)

A	a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent.
B	a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments.
C	a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks.
D	a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials.
E	a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments.

Question 48

Laterites are red soil compounds mainly composed of iron oxides and aluminum oxides. This type of soils mostly form in which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-76)

A	Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter
B	Dry climates with year-round permafrost
C	Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers
D	Humid climates
E	Dry climates with long periods of droughts

Question 49

Acids dissolve __A__ (low pH at low temperature) and bases dissolve __B__ (high pH at high temperature). (ID-SSM1-36)

A	A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks
B	A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks
C	A. silicates B. carbonates
D	A. carbonates B. silicates

Question 50

Following is a description of one of the models in the diagram below. Which diagram is described in the description? (ID-SSM1-66)
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces

A	Neither
B	B
C	A
D	It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient.

Question 51

What type of environment preferentially support imbrication of clastic sediments? (ID-SSM1-80)

A	Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures.
B	Deltaic environment with high sediment influx.
C	Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface.
D	High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow.

Question 52

Choose all carbonates rocks from the following list. More than one answer is possible. (ID-SSM1-01)

A	dolostone
B	mudstone
C	sandstone
D	limestone
E	gypsum

Question 53

A weathering process that does not change the composition of materials known as... (ID-SSM1-05)

A	artificial weathering
B	physical weathering
C	chemical weathering
D	biological weathering

Question 54

According the the diagram; what is on the left side of the A and what is on the right side of the A? (ID-SSM1-24)

A	Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side.
B	Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side.
C	All statements are incorrect.
D	Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side.
E	Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side.

Question 55

In natural flows a sudden change in the height of the surface of the flow can be best described by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-92)

A	Gradient change
B	Change in flow regime
C	Critical flow
D	Hydraulic jump
E	Change in normality

Question 56

Escape burrows are typically formed under what type of environment? (ID-SSM1-97)

A	Low energy and low sedimentation environments.
B	High energy and low sedimentation environments.
C	Low energy and high sedimentation environments.
D	High energy and high sedimentation environments.

Question 57

What is the difference between dunes and ripples? (ID-SSM1-89)

A	Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments.
B	Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not.
C	Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters.
D	Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples.

Question 58

Sediment gravity flows composed of a mixture of fluids and sediments that has a velocity in response to gravity. (ID-SSM1-62)

A	True
B	False

Question 59

Biogenic fragments found commonly in sandstones are most commonly deposit under which of the following environments? (ID-SSM1-82)

A	Shallow marine environments
B	River bed environments
C	Warm and tropical wet environments
D	Deep marine environments
E	None of the answers posted here are correct.

Question 60

Cross beds are one of the best way to determine the original horizontal or way up direction. (ID-SSM1-31)

A	Yep
B	False

Question 61

Cruziana assemblage is most commonly found in which of the following marine realm? (ID-SSM1-98)

A	Abyssal zone
B	Sandy shore (littoral zone)
C	Shelf (sublittoral zone)
D	Bathyal zone
E	Above the normal sea level

Question 62

The viscous sublayer occur at this point on the following diagram. (ID-SSM1-48)

A	B
B	C
C	A

Question 63

In order to move fluids from point A to point B the internal forces must overcome the forces of viscous forces. (ID-SSM1-11)

A	True
B	False-it should be other way around.

Question 64

What are ichnofacies? (ID-SSM1-96)

A	A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics.
B	A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive.
C	A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures.
D	An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment.
E	A type of trace fossils created by echinoids.

Question 65

The the following Q-F-L diagram, what are the genetic classifications regions represented by A, B and C(red letters)? (ID-SSM1-55)

A	A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc
B	A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments
C	A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar
D	A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc
E	A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin
F	A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin

Question 66

Antidunes occur in low velocity flows. (ID-SSM1-25)

A	True
B	False

Question 66 Explanation:

Antidunes are found in the upper regime where the flow velocity could be between 150 to 200 cm/s, which is a very high rate of flow.

Question 67

The a specific type of Q-F-L diagram similar to the one below, what type of rock would plot in the "Arkose" region? (ID-SSM1-58)

A	60% quartz 1 % lithics 90% feldspar
B	98% lithics 1 % feldspar 1% quartz
C	98% quartz 1 % lithics 1% feldspar
D	50% lithics 40 % feldspar 10% quartz

Question 68

The coals and oil shales can be best described as... (ID-SSM1-78)

A	organic deposits
B	carbonates
C	evaporates
D	clastic sediments
E	precipitates

Question 69

Where would you expect Eddy currents or roller vortex on the following diagram of a typical river profile? (ID-SSM1-87)

A	Position I in the stoss side of the ripple
B	Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth
C	Position V between two ripples
D	Position II just above the ripple
E	Position IV in the lee side of the ripple

Question 70

What is the difference between Bioturbation and Bioerosion? (ID-SSM1-68)

A	Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
B	They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English)
C	Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms.
D	Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities.

Question 70 Explanation:

For example, borrows which pushes the grains to the sides cause Bioturbation while borings mechanically or chemically cuts the grains causing erosion.

Question 71

How is the velocity profile change with the increase of depth? (ID-SSM1-14)

A	Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity.
B	At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero.
C	In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero.
D	Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity.
E	Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth.

Question 72

It is the slope of the bed determines the flow and the flow rarely(or not at all) shape the bed in nature. (ID-SSM1-22)

A	True
B	False

Question 73

The __A__ are least resistant to weathering and __B__ are most resistant to weathering. (ID-SSM1-13)

A	A. oceanic crust B. continental crust
B	A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals
C	A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals
D	A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals
E	A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals

Question 74

According to the following diagram, the ripples that are around mm to cm in thinness occur at(choose an area indicated by a red letter), (ID-SSM1-27)

A	A
B	E
C	B
D	D
E	C

Question 75

Roller vortexes are driven by which of the following? (ID-SSM1-90)

A	Sediment load
B	Potential energy
C	Flow separation
D	Flow velocity
E	Gravity

Question 76

What can cause the dissolution of the carbonate sediments and rocks? (ID-SSM1-04)

A	Base solutions in high temperature environment
B	Base
C	High pH solutions
D	Acids
E	Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions

Question 77

Stresses applied tangential to a rock unit is known as.... (ID-SSM1-08)

A	sub-normal stress
B	tangential stress
C	normal stress
D	super-normal stress
E	shear stress

Question 77 Explanation:

and the stresses applied perpendicular to a rock unit is known as normal stress.

Question 78

A Geologist at the top of the Mt. Yamnuska(Mt. John Laurie) recorded in her field book a distinct weathering pattern. It is most likely to be this type of weathering. (ID-SSM1-35)

A	Chemical
B	Hydration/dehydration
C	Physical
D	Simple solution

Question 79

What is the principle source of calcium carbonates found within majority of carbonate rocks? (ID-SSM1-77)

A	Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation
B	Magmas rich in calcium carbonates
C	Hard organic parts from invertebrates
D	Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering
E	Transported rock fragments

Question 80

A researcher found four different types of grain contacts while studying several thin sections from four regions of the study area. Which of the following contact type is indicative of the highest degree of pressure dissolution? (ID-SSM1-103)

A	Point contacts
B	Concavo-convex contacts
C	Long contacts
D	Subrounded contacts
E	Sutured contacts

Question 81

Saltation in water is a __A__ and in air it is a __B__. (ID-SSM1-67)

A	A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load
B	A. suspended load B. bed load
C	A. bed load B. suspended load
D	A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load

Question 82

If you have a moving current with lower Reynold's number and very low velocity, you can say that the flow is most likely a... (ID-SSM1-16)

A	low viscous forces in the folow
B	laminar flow
C	gravity driven flow
D	turbulent flow

Question 83

Steady flow and unsteady flow is associated with what type of acceleration? (ID-SSM1-60)

A	temporal acceleration
B	inertial acceleration
C	gravitational acceleration
D	upwards acceleration
E	spatial acceleration

Question 83 Explanation:

...and uniform and non-uniform flow is associated with spatial acceleration.

Question 84

__A__ is when Froude number is higher than one, __B__ os when Froude number is equal to one and __C__ is when Froude number is lower than one. (ID-SSM1-19)

A	A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical
B	A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical
C	A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical
D	A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical
E	A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical

Question 84 Explanation:

critical = Fr = 1 and the velocity of the stream is equal to the velocity of the surface wave.
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.

Question 85

Viscous sublayer has "flattened" streamlines(laminar) and occurs at the... (ID-SSM1-45)

A	surface of the fluid.
B	bed surface of the velocity profile.
C	(around) middle of the velocity profile.
D	highest velocity point of the velocity profile.

Question 86

If a grain bounces off the bed as it gets transported, it is known as... (ID-SSM1-57)

A	paleoflow
B	saltation
C	rolling
D	sliding
E	suspension traction

Question 87

A Geology 381 student wrote on an exam that at point C(diagram below), the velocity of the flow is at the highest because it is in the middle of the flow. (ID-SSM1-49)

A	False
B	True

Question 87 Explanation:

The highest velocity is observed near the point A on this particular diagram.

Question 88

What causes exfoliation? (ID-SSM1-34)

A	Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease.
B	Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume.
C	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume.
D	Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume.
E	Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase.
F	Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume.

Question 89

What process causes the "swelling and shrinking clays"? (ID-SSM1-37)

A	Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling).
B	Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling).
C	Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking)
D	Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking).
E	Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling)

Question 90

At this section of the diagram, it is possible to have low angle cross beds with upstream dips. (ID-SSM1-28)

A	B
B	F
C	A
D	C
E	G
F	D

Question 90 Explanation:

They are known as antidunes and caused by fast moving flow in the upper regime.

Question 91

The diagram below, one can label letter____ as "no movement on movement on flat bed but ripples could occur if the bed is rough". (ID-SSM1-43)

A	C
B	D
C	No such thing on the diagram above.
D	E
E	F

Question 92

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (ID-SSM1-71)

A	The highest velocity is at the bed.
B	It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis.
C	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
D	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity.

Question 93

In the Bouma sequence, what is the relative location of the laminated slit deposition? (ID-SSM1-94)

A	Within the upper flow regime
B	None of the answers are correct
C	Below hemipelagic mud
D	At the base of the sourced region (very bottom)
E	Below massive/rapid deposition

Question 93 Explanation:

More questions on Bouma sequence is posted under GLGY 381 Midterm II

Question 94

Refer to the following diagram; the highest velocity is at point...(green letters) (ID-SSM1-46)

A	C
B	B
C	A

Question 95

According to velocity profile of a moving river, which of the followings statements are true? (more than one answer) (ID-SSM1-09)

A	The lowest velocity is at the bed.
B	Velocity increases as the depth increases.
C	Velocity decreases as the depth increases.
D	The highest velocity is at the bed.
E	At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity.

Question 96

Based on the following diagram, A is a __1__ and B is a __2__. (ID-SSM1-23)

A	1. is a dune 2. is an antidune
B	1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune
C	1. is an antidune 2. is a dune
D	1. is a dune 2. is a dune

Question 96 Explanation:

The antidunes are caused by very fast moving flows causing the cross beds to dip upstream. Very usual and often not recorded on sedimentary record due to high velocity flows result in high rate of erosion.

Question 97

In toponomy, what is the difference between full relief and semi-relief structures? (ID-SSM1-52)

A	Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata.
B	Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment.
C	Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.
D	Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata.

Question 98

What are placer minerals? (ID-SSM1-83)

A	Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering.
B	Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation.
C	Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow.
D	Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water.
E	Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials.

Question 99

On the following diagram, what should be the units for y-axis? (ID-SSM1-26)

A	depth in m
B	flow velocity in m/s
C	grain size in um
D	flow velocity in cm/s
E	grain size in mm

Question 100

Carbonate solubility increases with ______ temperature and ______ acidity. Answers are in respective order. (ID-SSM1-104)

A	decreasing , decreasing
B	None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH.
C	increasing , increasing
D	decreasing , increasing
E	increasing , decreasing

Question 101

Give the following, calculate the Froude number; (ID-SSM1-17)
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s²
u = 33 m/s

A	1.42
B	0.6116
C	0.06116
D	2.37
E	1.95

Question 101 Explanation:

Equation to use is; Fr = u/sqrt(gh)... therefore, Fr = (33)/sqrt(9.81*55) = 1.42

Question 102

Paleosols can be used to interpret past depositional environments(aka zones). (ID-SSM1-38)

A	False
B	True

Question 102 Explanation:

Paleosols and soil in general have no bedding surfaces, often fine-grained and could record trace fossils.

Question 103

Soil was created as a by product of what process? (ID-SSM1-32)

A	paleosols
B	pedogenesis
C	sedimentation
D	erosion

Question 103 Explanation:

While erosion "creates" the soil, the process of creating soil is known as pedogenesis.

Question 104

Referring to the following diagram, which diagram(blue letters) indicate low velocity and low Reynold's number? (ID-SSM1-59)

A	Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction.
B	B
C	A
D	Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction.

Question 105

Ripples are most likely to be 2D and dunes are most likely to be 3D. (ID-SSM1-30)

A	False
B	True

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Important!

↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!

-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.

Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 381-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I

Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I

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Standing on the shoulders of giants