Notice
If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. This will open up hints and explanations(if available) with additional information.My personal advice: Since the exams are written, if you score less than 90% on the following MC questions, seriously reconsider your study strategies for this class.
Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, no guarantees for the currency or accuracy of information are made. It takes several proof readings and rewrites to bring the quiz to an exceptional level. If you find an error, please contact me as soon as possible. Please provide a description of the question because server may randomize the questions and answers.
Go to: Midterm II | Final
Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I
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Question 1 |
A | mudstone |
B | sandstone |
C | limestone |
D | dolostone |
E | gypsum |
Question 2 |
A | Fluctuating velocity currents. |
B | Low velocity currents. |
C | Medium velocity currents. |
D | High velocity currents. |
Question 3 |
A | A |
B | Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction. |
C | Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction. |
D | B |
Question 4 |
A | Classification of the trace fossils. |
B | Study of behavior. |
C | Study of the mode of preservation. |
D | Description of the identifiable parts. |
Question 5 |
A | Gravity |
B | Flow separation |
C | Potential energy |
D | Sediment load |
E | Flow velocity |
Question 6 |
A | turbulent flow |
B | low viscous forces in the folow |
C | laminar flow |
D | gravity driven flow |
Question 7 |
A | ~ 90 degrees |
B | ~ 10 degrees |
C | ~ 30 degrees |
D | ~ 50 degrees |
E | ~ 100 degrees |
Question 8 |
A | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers. |
B | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil. |
C | False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering. |
D | True |
Question 9 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 10 |
A | Trough cross-lamination |
B | Turbulent sweeps |
C | Planar cross-lamination |
D | Climbing ripples |
E | Starved ripples |
Question 11 |
A | Long contacts |
B | Subrounded contacts |
C | Concavo-convex contacts |
D | Sutured contacts |
E | Point contacts |
Question 12 |
A | Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata. |
B | Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
C | Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
D | Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment. |
Question 13 |
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s2
u = 33 m/s
A | 2.37 |
B | 1.42 |
C | 0.6116 |
D | 0.06116 |
E | 1.95 |
Question 14 |
A | decreasing , decreasing |
B | increasing , increasing |
C | decreasing , increasing |
D | None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH. |
E | increasing , decreasing |
Question 15 |
A | a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments. |
B | a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks. |
C | a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent. |
D | a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials. |
E | a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments. |
Question 16 |
A | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
B | Bathyal zone |
C | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
D | Abyssal zone |
E | Above the normal sea level |
Question 17 |
A | The rock is composed of just one clast type. |
B | The rock is composed of just two or three clast types. |
C | The rock is composed of highly angular clasts. |
D | The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts. |
Question 18 |
A | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
B | It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis. |
C | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
D | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity. |
Question 19 |
A | evaporates |
B | carbonates |
C | precipitates |
D | clastic sediments |
E | organic deposits |
Question 20 |
A | Resting |
B | Feeding |
C | Grazing |
D | Dewlling |
E | Crawling |
F | Escape |
Question 21 |
A | A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive. |
B | A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics. |
C | An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment. |
D | A type of trace fossils created by echinoids. |
E | A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures. |
Question 22 |
A | Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume. |
B | Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase. |
C | Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease. |
D | Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume. |
E | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume. |
F | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume. |
Question 23 |
A | super-normal stress |
B | sub-normal stress |
C | normal stress |
D | tangential stress |
E | shear stress |
Question 24 |
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)
A | Turbidity flow |
B | Debris flow |
C | Grain flow |
D | Liquified flow |
Question 25 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 26 |
A | High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow. |
B | Deltaic environment with high sediment influx. |
C | Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface. |
D | Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures. |
Question 27 |
A | Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities. |
B | They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English) |
C | Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
D | Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
Question 28 |
A | Settling velocity of particles in a fluid. |
B | Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity. |
C | Depositional sequences in very high energy environments. |
D | How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows. |
Question 29 |
A | chemical weathering |
B | denudation |
C | erosion |
D | physical weathering |
Question 30 |
A | 1. is a dune 2. is an antidune |
B | 1. is an antidune 2. is a dune |
C | 1. is a dune 2. is a dune |
D | 1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune |
Question 31 |
A | None of the answers are correct. |
B | I. higher II. laminar |
C | I. lower II. turbulent |
D | I. lower II. laminar |
E | I. zero II. turbulent |
Question 32 |
A | smooth current velocity model |
B | rough bed velocity model |
C | turbulent velocity model |
D | laminar velocity model |
Question 33 |
A | A |
B | B |
C | C |
Question 34 |
A | Uniformitarianism |
B | lowerposition |
C | parsimony |
D | superposition |
E | original horizontality |
Question 35 |
A | It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition |
B | It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks |
C | It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks |
D | It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius |
E | It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks |
Question 36 |
A | bed surface of the velocity profile. |
B | (around) middle of the velocity profile. |
C | highest velocity point of the velocity profile. |
D | surface of the fluid. |
Question 37 |
A | Geostatic pressure |
B | Salt Diapirs |
C | Pressure dissolution |
D | Pore waters |
Question 38 |
A | Slumps |
B | Turbidity currents |
C | Glacial breakups |
D | Debris flows |
E | Rock falls |
Question 39 |
A | Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents |
B | Within oxbow lakes |
C | Under current ripples |
D | Under high-density turbidity currents |
E | Within river deltas |
Question 40 |
A | pedogenesis |
B | sedimentation |
C | paleosols |
D | erosion |
Question 41 |
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces
A | A |
B | It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient. |
C | B |
D | Neither |
Question 42 |
A | depth in m |
B | flow velocity in cm/s |
C | flow velocity in m/s |
D | grain size in mm |
E | grain size in um |
Question 43 |
A | Low energy and high sedimentation environments. |
B | High energy and high sedimentation environments. |
C | Low energy and low sedimentation environments. |
D | High energy and low sedimentation environments. |
Question 44 |
A | Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures. |
B | Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials. |
C | Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals. |
D | Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate. |
Question 45 |
A | Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth. |
B | Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity. |
C | Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity. |
D | At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero. |
E | In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero. |
Question 46 |
A | Calcium Feldspars |
B | Kaolinite |
C | Muscovite mica |
D | Pyroxene |
E | Olivine |
Question 47 |
A | At the base of the sourced region (very bottom) |
B | None of the answers are correct |
C | Below hemipelagic mud |
D | Below massive/rapid deposition |
E | Within the upper flow regime |
Question 48 |
A | ore deposits |
B | clastic deposits |
C | chemical deposits |
D | carbonates |
E | evaporites |
Question 49 |
A | Slump |
B | Sheet wash |
C | Turbidity current |
D | Debris flow |
E | Rock fall |
Question 50 |
A | Physical |
B | Hydration/dehydration |
C | Chemical |
D | Simple solution |
Question 51 |
A | The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines. |
B | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point). |
C | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point). |
D | The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed. |
E | The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments. |
Question 52 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 53 |
A | 5% |
B | 90% |
C | 75% |
D | 50% |
E | 98% |
Question 54 |
A | Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters. |
B | Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not. |
C | Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples. |
D | Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments. |
Question 55 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 56 |
A | 98% quartz
1 % lithics
1% feldspar |
B | 60% quartz
1 % lithics
90% feldspar |
C | 98% lithics
1 % feldspar
1% quartz |
D | 50% lithics
40 % feldspar
10% quartz |
Question 57 |
A | Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow. |
B | Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials. |
C | Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water. |
D | Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation. |
E | Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering. |
Question 58 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 59 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 60 |
A | Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation |
B | Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering |
C | Hard organic parts from invertebrates |
D | Transported rock fragments |
E | Magmas rich in calcium carbonates |
Question 61 |
A | NE to SE |
B | S to N |
C | SE to NW |
D | N to S |
E | NW to SE |
Question 62 |
A | Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side. |
B | Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side. |
C | Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side. |
D | All statements are incorrect. |
E | Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side. |
Question 63 |
A | temporal acceleration |
B | upwards acceleration |
C | gravitational acceleration |
D | spatial acceleration |
E | inertial acceleration |
Question 64 |
A | artificial weathering |
B | biological weathering |
C | chemical weathering |
D | physical weathering |
Question 65 |
A | A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks |
B | A. silicates B. carbonates |
C | A. carbonates B. silicates |
D | A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks |
Question 66 |
A | C |
B | F |
C | E |
D | D |
E | No such thing on the diagram above. |
Question 67 |
A | I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about. |
B | Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
C | Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
D | Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils. |
E | Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically. |
F | Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils. |
Question 68 |
A | A. suspended load B. bed load |
B | A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load |
C | A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load |
D | A. bed load B. suspended load |
Question 69 |
A | Bathyal zone |
B | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
C | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
D | Abyssal zone |
E | Above the normal sea level |
Question 70 |
A | Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. |
B | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
C | Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity. |
D | The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. |
Question 71 |
A | Position II just above the ripple |
B | Position V between two ripples |
C | Position I in the stoss side of the ripple |
D | Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth |
E | Position IV in the lee side of the ripple |
Question 72 |
A | Liquified flow |
B | Debris flow |
C | Turbidity current |
D | Grain flow |
Question 73 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 74 |
A | metamorphic |
B | native |
C | authigenic |
D | detrital |
E | sedimentary |
Question 75 |
A | Shallow marine environments |
B | Deep marine environments |
C | None of the answers posted here are correct. |
D | Warm and tropical wet environments |
E | River bed environments |
Question 76 |
A | olivine |
B | biotite |
C | quartz |
D | amphibole |
Question 77 |
A | Critical flow |
B | Gradient change |
C | Hydraulic jump |
D | Change in flow regime |
E | Change in normality |
Question 78 |
A | Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking). |
B | Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking) |
C | Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling) |
D | Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling). |
E | Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling). |
Question 79 |
A | extractions(pooping) |
B | feeding |
C | dwelling |
D | crawling |
E | fighting |
Question 80 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 81 |
A | Between dunes |
B | Stoss side of ripples |
C | At the mouth of rivers |
D | Within channels |
E | Lee side of ripples |
Question 82 |
A | The lowest velocity is at the bed. |
B | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
C | Velocity decreases as the depth increases. |
D | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
E | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity. |
Question 83 |
A | F |
B | D |
C | C |
D | G |
E | E |
Question 84 |
A | Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments. |
B | High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes. |
C | Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts. |
D | Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth. |
E | Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions. |
Question 85 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 86 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 87 |
A | Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell? |
B | Ichnology |
C | Paleogeology |
D | Genology |
Question 88 |
A | rolling |
B | paleoflow |
C | sliding |
D | saltation |
E | suspension traction |
Question 89 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 90 |
A | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material. |
B | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material. |
C | Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
D | Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
Question 91 |
A | False |
B | True |
Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.
Question 92 |
A | Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter |
B | Dry climates with long periods of droughts |
C | Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers |
D | Dry climates with year-round permafrost |
E | Humid climates |
Question 93 |
A | Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments |
B | Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments |
C | Significant density contrast |
D | High volume sediment loads |
Question 94 |
A | Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct |
B | A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation |
C | Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct |
D | Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation |
E | Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct |
F | Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding
is barely detectable |
Question 95 |
A | Acids |
B | Base |
C | Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions |
D | High pH solutions |
E | Base solutions in high temperature environment |
Question 96 |
A | C |
B | B |
C | A |
Question 97 |
A | True |
B | False-it should be other way around. |
Question 98 |
A | A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals |
B | A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals |
C | A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals |
D | A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals |
E | A. oceanic crust B. continental crust |
Question 99 |
A | period of the wave |
B | amplitude of the wave |
C | viscosity of the fluid |
D | type of fluid |
Question 100 |
A | Yep |
B | False |
Question 101 |
A | A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc |
B | A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin |
C | A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc |
D | A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin |
E | A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar |
F | A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments |
Question 102 |
A | A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical |
B | A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical |
C | A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical |
D | A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical |
E | A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical |
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.
Question 103 |
A | D |
B | A |
C | B |
D | E |
E | C |
F | F |
G | G |
Question 104 |
A | G |
B | B |
C | F |
D | C |
E | A |
F | D |
Question 105 |
A | E |
B | A |
C | C |
D | B |
E | D |
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End |
Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
FAQ | Report an Error
Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here
Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I
Important!
↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!
-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.
Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief