Notice
If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. This will open up hints and explanations(if available) with additional information.My personal advice: Since the exams are written, if you score less than 90% on the following MC questions, seriously reconsider your study strategies for this class.
Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, no guarantees for the currency or accuracy of information are made. It takes several proof readings and rewrites to bring the quiz to an exceptional level. If you find an error, please contact me as soon as possible. Please provide a description of the question because server may randomize the questions and answers.
Go to: Midterm II | Final
Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I
Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I.
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Question 1 |
A | physical weathering |
B | chemical weathering |
C | denudation |
D | erosion |
Question 2 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 3 |
A | River bed environments |
B | Shallow marine environments |
C | Warm and tropical wet environments |
D | Deep marine environments |
E | None of the answers posted here are correct. |
Question 4 |
A | carbonates |
B | chemical deposits |
C | ore deposits |
D | evaporites |
E | clastic deposits |
Question 5 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 6 |
A | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
B | The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. |
C | Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. |
D | Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity. |
Question 7 |
A | B |
B | C |
C | E |
D | D |
E | A |
Question 8 |
A | dwelling |
B | fighting |
C | extractions(pooping) |
D | crawling |
E | feeding |
Question 9 |
A | A |
B | Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction. |
C | Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction. |
D | B |
Question 10 |
A | Kaolinite |
B | Pyroxene |
C | Muscovite mica |
D | Olivine |
E | Calcium Feldspars |
Question 11 |
A | A. suspended load B. bed load |
B | A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load |
C | A. bed load B. suspended load |
D | A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load |
Question 12 |
A | A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical |
B | A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical |
C | A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical |
D | A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical |
E | A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical |
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.
Question 13 |
A | None of the answers are correct |
B | Below massive/rapid deposition |
C | Below hemipelagic mud |
D | At the base of the sourced region (very bottom) |
E | Within the upper flow regime |
Question 14 |
A | 1. is a dune 2. is a dune |
B | 1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune |
C | 1. is a dune 2. is an antidune |
D | 1. is an antidune 2. is a dune |
Question 15 |
A | Slump |
B | Debris flow |
C | Rock fall |
D | Sheet wash |
E | Turbidity current |
Question 16 |
A | rolling |
B | paleoflow |
C | sliding |
D | suspension traction |
E | saltation |
Question 17 |
A | Velocity decreases as the depth increases. |
B | The lowest velocity is at the bed. |
C | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
D | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
E | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity. |
Question 18 |
A | Magmas rich in calcium carbonates |
B | Hard organic parts from invertebrates |
C | Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering |
D | Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation |
E | Transported rock fragments |
Question 19 |
A | A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks |
B | A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks |
C | A. carbonates B. silicates |
D | A. silicates B. carbonates |
Question 20 |
A | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers. |
B | True |
C | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil. |
D | False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering. |
Question 21 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 22 |
A | authigenic |
B | sedimentary |
C | detrital |
D | native |
E | metamorphic |
Question 23 |
A | A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals |
B | A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals |
C | A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals |
D | A. oceanic crust B. continental crust |
E | A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals |
Question 24 |
A | Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment. |
B | Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
C | Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
D | Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata. |
Question 25 |
A | NE to SE |
B | SE to NW |
C | NW to SE |
D | S to N |
E | N to S |
Question 26 |
A | Acids |
B | Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions |
C | Base solutions in high temperature environment |
D | Base |
E | High pH solutions |
Question 27 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 28 |
A | I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about. |
B | Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils. |
C | Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
D | Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically. |
E | Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils. |
F | Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
Question 29 |
A | G |
B | A |
C | B |
D | D |
E | F |
F | C |
Question 30 |
A | Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments |
B | High volume sediment loads |
C | Significant density contrast |
D | Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments |
Question 31 |
A | It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius |
B | It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition |
C | It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks |
D | It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks |
E | It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks |
Question 32 |
A | B |
B | C |
C | A |
Question 33 |
A | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
B | It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis. |
C | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
D | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity. |
Question 34 |
A | Crawling |
B | Feeding |
C | Dewlling |
D | Grazing |
E | Escape |
F | Resting |
Question 35 |
A | B |
B | A |
C | C |
Question 36 |
A | Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct |
B | Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding
is barely detectable |
C | Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation |
D | Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct |
E | A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation |
F | Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct |
Question 37 |
A | sedimentation |
B | erosion |
C | pedogenesis |
D | paleosols |
Question 38 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 39 |
A | True |
B | False-it should be other way around. |
Question 40 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 41 |
A | gravity driven flow |
B | laminar flow |
C | low viscous forces in the folow |
D | turbulent flow |
Question 42 |
A | artificial weathering |
B | chemical weathering |
C | physical weathering |
D | biological weathering |
Question 43 |
A | The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments. |
B | The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines. |
C | The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed. |
D | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point). |
E | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point). |
Question 44 |
A | Subrounded contacts |
B | Sutured contacts |
C | Long contacts |
D | Point contacts |
E | Concavo-convex contacts |
Question 45 |
A | Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments. |
B | Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions. |
C | Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth. |
D | Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts. |
E | High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes. |
Question 46 |
A | amplitude of the wave |
B | viscosity of the fluid |
C | type of fluid |
D | period of the wave |
Question 47 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 48 |
A | Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity. |
B | In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero. |
C | Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth. |
D | At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero. |
E | Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity. |
Question 49 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 50 |
A | limestone |
B | mudstone |
C | dolostone |
D | sandstone |
E | gypsum |
Question 51 |
A | Low velocity currents. |
B | Medium velocity currents. |
C | High velocity currents. |
D | Fluctuating velocity currents. |
Question 52 |
A | 60% quartz
1 % lithics
90% feldspar |
B | 98% quartz
1 % lithics
1% feldspar |
C | 50% lithics
40 % feldspar
10% quartz |
D | 98% lithics
1 % feldspar
1% quartz |
Question 53 |
A | superposition |
B | parsimony |
C | original horizontality |
D | Uniformitarianism |
E | lowerposition |
Question 54 |
A | increasing , decreasing |
B | None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH. |
C | increasing , increasing |
D | decreasing , decreasing |
E | decreasing , increasing |
Question 55 |
A | laminar velocity model |
B | smooth current velocity model |
C | turbulent velocity model |
D | rough bed velocity model |
Question 56 |
A | None of the answers are correct. |
B | I. lower II. laminar |
C | I. zero II. turbulent |
D | I. lower II. turbulent |
E | I. higher II. laminar |
Question 57 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 58 |
A | Yep |
B | False |
Question 59 |
A | Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side. |
B | All statements are incorrect. |
C | Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side. |
D | Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side. |
E | Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side. |
Question 60 |
A | Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering. |
B | Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation. |
C | Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials. |
D | Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow. |
E | Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water. |
Question 61 |
A | Deltaic environment with high sediment influx. |
B | Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures. |
C | Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface. |
D | High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow. |
Question 62 |
A | (around) middle of the velocity profile. |
B | surface of the fluid. |
C | highest velocity point of the velocity profile. |
D | bed surface of the velocity profile. |
Question 63 |
A | False |
B | True |
Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.
Question 64 |
A | The rock is composed of just two or three clast types. |
B | The rock is composed of highly angular clasts. |
C | The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts. |
D | The rock is composed of just one clast type. |
Question 65 |
A | Ichnology |
B | Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell? |
C | Paleogeology |
D | Genology |
Question 66 |
A | A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin |
B | A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments |
C | A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc |
D | A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc |
E | A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar |
F | A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin |
Question 67 |
A | Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth |
B | Position IV in the lee side of the ripple |
C | Position I in the stoss side of the ripple |
D | Position II just above the ripple |
E | Position V between two ripples |
Question 68 |
A | Dry climates with long periods of droughts |
B | Humid climates |
C | Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers |
D | Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter |
E | Dry climates with year-round permafrost |
Question 69 |
A | Within channels |
B | Between dunes |
C | Lee side of ripples |
D | At the mouth of rivers |
E | Stoss side of ripples |
Question 70 |
A | Geostatic pressure |
B | Pressure dissolution |
C | Salt Diapirs |
D | Pore waters |
Question 71 |
A | How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows. |
B | Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity. |
C | Depositional sequences in very high energy environments. |
D | Settling velocity of particles in a fluid. |
Question 72 |
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)
A | Turbidity flow |
B | Liquified flow |
C | Debris flow |
D | Grain flow |
Question 73 |
A | Low energy and low sedimentation environments. |
B | High energy and low sedimentation environments. |
C | High energy and high sedimentation environments. |
D | Low energy and high sedimentation environments. |
Question 74 |
A | Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not. |
B | Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples. |
C | Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments. |
D | Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters. |
Question 75 |
A | flow velocity in m/s |
B | flow velocity in cm/s |
C | grain size in um |
D | depth in m |
E | grain size in mm |
Question 76 |
A | Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities. |
B | Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
C | Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
D | They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English) |
Question 77 |
A | super-normal stress |
B | normal stress |
C | shear stress |
D | tangential stress |
E | sub-normal stress |
Question 78 |
A | Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
B | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material. |
C | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material. |
D | Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
Question 79 |
A | ~ 50 degrees |
B | ~ 30 degrees |
C | ~ 100 degrees |
D | ~ 90 degrees |
E | ~ 10 degrees |
Question 80 |
A | E |
B | B |
C | D |
D | F |
E | A |
F | C |
G | G |
Question 81 |
A | Sediment load |
B | Flow separation |
C | Potential energy |
D | Gravity |
E | Flow velocity |
Question 82 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 83 |
A | Under high-density turbidity currents |
B | Under current ripples |
C | Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents |
D | Within oxbow lakes |
E | Within river deltas |
Question 84 |
A | 98% |
B | 5% |
C | 75% |
D | 90% |
E | 50% |
Question 85 |
A | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
B | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
C | Abyssal zone |
D | Above the normal sea level |
E | Bathyal zone |
Question 86 |
A | D |
B | E |
C | F |
D | No such thing on the diagram above. |
E | C |
Question 87 |
A | C |
B | G |
C | E |
D | D |
E | F |
Question 88 |
A | quartz |
B | olivine |
C | biotite |
D | amphibole |
Question 89 |
A | clastic sediments |
B | precipitates |
C | organic deposits |
D | carbonates |
E | evaporates |
Question 90 |
A | Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume. |
B | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume. |
C | Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease. |
D | Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume. |
E | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume. |
F | Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase. |
Question 91 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 92 |
A | Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials. |
B | Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals. |
C | Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures. |
D | Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate. |
Question 93 |
A | Glacial breakups |
B | Turbidity currents |
C | Debris flows |
D | Rock falls |
E | Slumps |
Question 94 |
A | Description of the identifiable parts. |
B | Classification of the trace fossils. |
C | Study of the mode of preservation. |
D | Study of behavior. |
Question 95 |
A | An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment. |
B | A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures. |
C | A type of trace fossils created by echinoids. |
D | A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics. |
E | A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive. |
Question 96 |
A | Starved ripples |
B | Trough cross-lamination |
C | Turbulent sweeps |
D | Climbing ripples |
E | Planar cross-lamination |
Question 97 |
A | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
B | Above the normal sea level |
C | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
D | Bathyal zone |
E | Abyssal zone |
Question 98 |
A | Chemical |
B | Simple solution |
C | Physical |
D | Hydration/dehydration |
Question 99 |
A | Turbidity current |
B | Debris flow |
C | Grain flow |
D | Liquified flow |
Question 100 |
A | temporal acceleration |
B | inertial acceleration |
C | spatial acceleration |
D | upwards acceleration |
E | gravitational acceleration |
Question 101 |
A | Gradient change |
B | Critical flow |
C | Change in normality |
D | Change in flow regime |
E | Hydraulic jump |
Question 102 |
A | Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling) |
B | Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking) |
C | Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking). |
D | Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling). |
E | Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling). |
Question 103 |
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces
A | A |
B | It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient. |
C | B |
D | Neither |
Question 104 |
A | a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments. |
B | a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments. |
C | a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent. |
D | a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks. |
E | a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials. |
Question 105 |
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s2
u = 33 m/s
A | 1.95 |
B | 2.37 |
C | 1.42 |
D | 0.06116 |
E | 0.6116 |
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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
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Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here
Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I
Important!
↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!
-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.
Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief