Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Brachiopoda
B	Phylum Porifera
C	Phylum Helmichordata
D	Phylum Cnidaria

Question 2

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Ordovician
B	Pennsylvanian
C	Jurassic
D	Devonian

Question 3

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	two
B	infinite
C	one
D	three

Question 3 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 4

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Trilobite
B	Cruziana
C	Brachiopod
D	Ammonite

Question 5

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Ediacaran
B	Eoarchean
C	Cretaceous
D	Holocene

Question 5 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 6

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Porocytes
B	Scierocytes
C	Amblyprocts
D	Archaeocytes

Question 7

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
B	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
C	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
D	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.

Question 8

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Neogene
B	I. Permian II. Devonian

Question 9

We live in which era?

A	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.
B	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.
C	Cenozoic
D	Miocence

Question 10

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	opaline silica
B	frustule
C	cells
D	test

Question 11

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	True
B	False

Question 12

Acme zone is best described as...

A	The first appearance of an organism/group.
B	The last appearance of an organism/group.
C	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.
D	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.

Question 13

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	541 millions of years ago
B	0.0117 millions of years ago
C	13 millions of years ago
D	66 millions of years ago

Question 14

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Permineralization
B	Permineralization
C	Impressions
D	Carbonization

Question 15

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Subtribe
B	Subspecies
C	Tribe
D	Suborder
E	Subfamily

Question 16

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	False
B	True

Question 17

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	True
B	False

Question 17 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 18

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Accretion
B	Modification
C	Addition
D	Molting

Question 19

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	541 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	66.0 Ma
D	0.011710 Ma

Question 20

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	genetic variation
B	growth stages.
C	living environments
D	genetic structures

Question 21

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	541 Ma
B	4560 Ma
C	2500 Ma
D	4030 Ma

Question 22

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Silurian
B	Permian
C	Archean
D	Devonian

Question 23

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	6000 years
B	8,000 years
C	22,000 years
D	11,700 years
E	50,000 years

Question 24

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Ordovician
C	Ediacaran
D	Cretaceous
E	Devonian

Question 25

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Sclerocytes
B	Pinacocytes
C	Choanocytes
D	Archaeocytes

Question 26

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Devonian - Silurian
B	Cretaceous - Paleogene
C	Carboniferous - Permian
D	Devonian - Carboniferous
E	Permian - Triassic

Question 27

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	True
B	False

Question 28

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Carboniferous
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neogene
D	Paleozoic

Question 28 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 29

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	amblyproct
B	platyproct
C	euryproct
D	stenoproct

Question 30

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	archaeocytes
B	sclerocytes
C	pinacocytes
D	choanocytes

Question 31

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Acme Zones
B	Interval Zones
C	Assemblage Zones
D	Morphological Zones

Question 32

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 33

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Proterozoic and Archean
B	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
C	Phanerozoic and Precambrian
D	Cenozoic and Paleozoic

Question 34

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	True
B	False

Question 34 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 35

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Spherical symmetry
B	Bilateral symmetry
C	Biradial symmetry
D	Radial symmetry

Question 36

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	sudden changes in genetic variation.
B	differentiation between growth stages.
C	sexual dimorphism.
D	ecological conditions.

Question 37

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Impressions
B	Carbonization
C	Congealment
D	Impregnation

Question 38

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Triassic
B	Jurassic
C	Mississippian
D	Devonian

Question 39

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
B	Morphological studies
C	Chemical compositional studies
D	Genetic studies

Question 40

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	66.0 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	4030 Ma
D	4560 Ma

Question 41

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	identity fossil
B	trace fossils
C	most abundant fossils
D	characteristic fossil
E	index fossils

Question 42

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Genetic Trajectory
B	Nongenetic Trajectory
C	Morphological Trajectory
D	Ontogeneric Trajectory

Question 43

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	5
B	7
C	1
D	2

Question 44

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 44 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 45

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	False
B	True

Question 45 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 46

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Superclass
B	Order
C	Kingdom
D	Phylum

Question 47

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	dinosaurs.
B	insects.
C	mammals.
D	coprolites (poops).

Question 48

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	families
B	orders
C	phyla
D	classes
E	genera

Question 49

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	True
B	False

Question 50

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Demospongea
B	Class Hexactinellida
C	Class Calcarea
D	Class Germaphobia

Question 51

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical
B	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical
C	I. anisometric II. isometric
D	I. isometric II. anisometric

Question 52

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Cnidaria
B	Cristata
C	Hexagonaria
D	Animalia

Question 53

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Congealment
B	Fossilization in Amber
C	Moldic fossilization
D	Impregnation

Question 54

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Circular
B	Spherical
C	Pentameral
D	Radial

Question 55

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Accretion
B	Molting
C	Modification
D	Addition

Question 56

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	LAD
B	Evolutionary Occurrence
C	PTD
D	Acme Zone

Question 57

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.
D	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.

Question 58

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	under development.
B	old.
C	young.
D	mature.

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Lingula
B	Archaeocyathid
C	Inoceramus
D	Pentremites

Question 59 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 60

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Genus and Species
B	Order and Family
C	Phylum and Family
D	Class and Species

Question 61

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Carboniferous; 3H
B	Jurassic; 3E
C	Jurassic; 3D
D	Carboniferous; 3B

Question 62

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	False
B	True

Question 62 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 63

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	False
B	True

Question 64

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	biostratigraphy.
B	taxa.
C	taxonomy.
D	evolutionary biology.

Question 65

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Gastropods
B	Insects
C	Bivalves
D	Diatoms

Question 65 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 66

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	True
B	False

Question 67

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	False
B	True

Question 68

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Rhagon
B	Hyperdemia
C	Ascon
D	Sycon
E	Leucon

Question 69

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Recrystallization
B	Impregnation
C	Moldic fossilization
D	Canonization

Question 70

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian
B	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
C	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
D	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian

Question 71

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	central cavity
B	basal ring
C	holdfast
D	feet

Question 72

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Not enough information is given.
B	Radial
C	Pentameral
D	Bilateral

Question 73

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	False
B	True

Question 74

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.
B	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.
C	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
D	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.

Question 75

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Cretaceous to Neogene
B	Cambrian to Mississippian
C	Ordovician-Devonian
D	Ordovician to Permian

Question 76

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
B	Improved Linnaean hierarchy
C	Original Linnaean hierarchy

Question 77

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Lower Silurian
B	Middle Ordovician
C	Early Lower Permian
D	Early middle Cambrian

Question 78

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	humans.
B	echinoids.
C	bivalves.
D	trilobite.

Question 79

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	four
B	five
C	three
D	two

Question 80

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	coccolithophorid.
B	slilicoflagellate.
C	diatom.
D	tasmanitid.
E	not enough data to distinguish.

Question 80 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 81

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	ecologic.
B	reefs.
C	platonic.
D	biocherms.

Question 82

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Stratigraphic
B	Chemical
C	Morphological
D	Genetic

Question 83

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Mesozoic
B	Carboniferous
C	Cenozoic
D	Precambrian
E	Paleozoic

Question 84

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	They are planktonic organisms.
B	They have well specialized organs.
C	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
D	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.

Question 85

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Quaternary
D	Paleogene

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
B	Jurassic to Cretaceous
C	Ediacaran to Cretaceous
D	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)

Question 2

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Coccolithophorids
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Radiolarian
D	Sponges

Question 2 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 3

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	True
B	False

Question 4

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	False
B	True

Question 5

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	True
B	False

Question 6

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	cortical shell
B	microsphere
C	medullar shell
D	basal ring

Question 7

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	cortical spines
B	byspines
C	central spines
D	polar spines

Question 8

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Diatoms
B	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Foraminifera

Question 9

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Upper Silurian
B	Lower Jurassic
C	Upper Devonian
D	Middle Cambrian

Question 10

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Tasmanitids
C	Diatoms
D	Radiolarians

Question 11

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	chalks and calcareous oozes
B	clay
C	inorganic reefs
D	oil shales

Question 12

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Nassellaria
B	Forminifera
C	Spumellaria
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 13

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 14

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is four bars.
B	True
C	False; it is six bars.

Question 15

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
B	They are typically benthic form of organisms.
C	They have animal-type metabolism.
D	They are closely related to Radiolarians.
E	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.

Question 16

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	False
B	True

Question 16 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 17

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Forminifera
B	Diatom
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Spumellaria

Question 18

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	Passive; like people high on weed.
B	Active
C	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
D	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.

Question 19

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	bilateral
B	no symmetry; primitive.
C	radial
D	co-axial

Question 20

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Bars
B	Spines
C	Apical ring
D	Basal ring

Question 21

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epicingulum
B	Epitheca
C	Epiproferia
D	Hypotheca

Question 22

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Aperture
B	Thorax
C	Abdomen
D	Cephalon

Question 23

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Foraminifera
B	Sponges
C	Spumellaria
D	Albaillaria

Question 24

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	coccolithoids
B	organic reefs and clastic rocks
C	in organic shale
D	chalks and calcareous oozes

Question 25

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	1000 - 5000 microns.
B	50 - 900 microns.
C	20 - 200 microns.
D	300 - 900 microns.

Question 26

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	Z
B	W
C	Y
D	X

Question 27

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Profiera
B	Archaeocyatha
C	Diatoms
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 28

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Nassellaria
B	Diatoms
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Tasmanitids

Question 29

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Upper Devonian
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Lower Cretaceous

Question 30

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Tasmanitids
C	Diatoms
D	Coccolithophorids
E	Radiolarians

Question 30 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 31

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Epitheca
B	Hypotheca
C	Epiproferia
D	Epicingulum

Question 32

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)
B	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
C	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
D	Cambrian to Miocene

Question 33

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.
B	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.
C	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
D	True

Question 34

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Black lines indicating the spines.
B	Middle part in red.
C	Outer most part in green.
D	Central part in blue.

Question 34 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 35

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	cortical shell
B	medullar shell
C	microsphere
D	basal ring

Question 36

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Spines (larger)
B	Basal ring
C	Bars
D	Apical ring

Question 37

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Aperture
B	Abdomen
C	Cephalon
D	Thorax

Question 38

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Oxygen
B	Silicon
C	Nitrogen
D	Carbon

Question 39

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Sagittal ring
B	Aperture
C	Cephalon
D	Basal ring

Question 40

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Ernst Haeckel
B	Joseph Dalton Hooker
C	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
D	Charles Robert Darwin

Question 40 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 41

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Ediacaran
B	Ordovician
C	Holocene
D	Late Triassic

Question 42

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	True
B	False

Question 42 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 43

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 10%
B	Anything above 5%
C	Anything above 1%
D	Anything above 40%

Question 44

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

A	Y
B	X
C	W
D	Z

Question 44 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Mobile Users: Best view in landscape mode when mobile version is active.

EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants