Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	8,000 years
B	50,000 years
C	22,000 years
D	11,700 years
E	6000 years

Question 2

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Bilateral
B	Not enough information is given.
C	Pentameral
D	Radial

Question 3

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Superclass
B	Kingdom
C	Phylum
D	Order

Question 4

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Cnidaria
B	Phylum Porifera
C	Phylum Helmichordata
D	Phylum Brachiopoda

Question 5

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	echinoids.
B	bivalves.
C	humans.
D	trilobite.

Question 6

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
B	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
C	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
D	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.

Question 7

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	False
B	True

Question 8

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Morphological Trajectory
B	Ontogeneric Trajectory
C	Nongenetic Trajectory
D	Genetic Trajectory

Question 9

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	True
B	False

Question 10

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Leucon
B	Ascon
C	Hyperdemia
D	Rhagon
E	Sycon

Question 11

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	platonic.
B	biocherms.
C	reefs.
D	ecologic.

Question 12

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	0.0117 millions of years ago
B	13 millions of years ago
C	541 millions of years ago
D	66 millions of years ago

Question 13

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	True
B	False

Question 14

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	young.
B	old.
C	mature.
D	under development.

Question 15

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Cambrian to Mississippian
B	Cretaceous to Neogene
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Ordovician-Devonian

Question 16

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	basal ring
B	feet
C	central cavity
D	holdfast

Question 17

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.
B	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
C	They are planktonic organisms.
D	They have well specialized organs.

Question 18

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	True
B	False

Question 19

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	4030 Ma
B	4560 Ma
C	541 Ma
D	2500 Ma

Question 20

Acme zone is best described as...

A	The first appearance of an organism/group.
B	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
C	The last appearance of an organism/group.
D	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.

Question 21

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Carboniferous
B	Paleozoic
C	Cenozoic
D	Mesozoic
E	Precambrian

Question 22

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
B	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.
C	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.
D	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.

Question 23

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Carbonization
B	Impressions
C	Impregnation
D	Congealment

Question 24

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Carboniferous; 3B
B	Carboniferous; 3H
C	Jurassic; 3D
D	Jurassic; 3E

Question 25

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	taxonomy.
B	biostratigraphy.
C	taxa.
D	evolutionary biology.

Question 26

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	three
B	two
C	infinite
D	one

Question 26 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 27

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	False
B	True

Question 28

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Paleozoic
B	Neogene
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Carboniferous

Question 28 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 29

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Archaeocytes
B	Porocytes
C	Scierocytes
D	Amblyprocts

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Pentremites
B	Archaeocyathid
C	Inoceramus
D	Lingula

Question 30 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 31

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Bivalves
B	Insects
C	Gastropods
D	Diatoms

Question 31 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 32

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Trilobite
B	Ammonite
C	Brachiopod
D	Cruziana

Question 33

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Quaternary
B	Paleogene
C	Cretaceous
D	Permian

Question 34

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Acme Zones
B	Assemblage Zones
C	Interval Zones
D	Morphological Zones

Question 35

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Molting
B	Addition
C	Accretion
D	Modification

Question 36

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Pennsylvanian
B	Ordovician
C	Devonian
D	Jurassic

Question 37

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	Evolutionary Occurrence
B	PTD
C	Acme Zone
D	LAD

Question 38

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Spherical symmetry
B	Bilateral symmetry
C	Radial symmetry
D	Biradial symmetry

Question 39

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	sudden changes in genetic variation.
B	ecological conditions.
C	sexual dimorphism.
D	differentiation between growth stages.

Question 40

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Devonian
B	Cretaceous
C	Ordovician
D	Ediacaran
E	Neoproterozoic

Question 41

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	coprolites (poops).
B	dinosaurs.
C	insects.
D	mammals.

Question 42

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	5
B	7
C	1
D	2

Question 43

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	66.0 Ma
B	4560 Ma
C	252.17 Ma
D	4030 Ma

Question 44

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	orders
B	classes
C	phyla
D	genera
E	families

Question 45

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 46

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Cretaceous
B	Ediacaran
C	Eoarchean
D	Holocene

Question 46 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 47

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	66.0 Ma
B	541 Ma
C	0.011710 Ma
D	252.17 Ma

Question 48

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Calcarea
B	Class Germaphobia
C	Class Hexactinellida
D	Class Demospongea

Question 49

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 49 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 50

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	most abundant fossils
B	trace fossils
C	characteristic fossil
D	index fossils
E	identity fossil

Question 51

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	False
B	True

Question 51 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 52

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. isometric II. anisometric
B	I. anisometric II. isometric
C	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical
D	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical

Question 53

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.
B	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.
C	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
D	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.

Question 54

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Morphological studies
B	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
C	Chemical compositional studies
D	Genetic studies

Question 55

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	False
B	True

Question 56

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	True
B	False

Question 57

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Paleozoic
B	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
C	Proterozoic and Archean
D	Phanerozoic and Precambrian

Question 58

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian
B	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
C	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
D	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian

Question 59

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Archean
C	Silurian
D	Permian

Question 60

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	coccolithophorid.
B	not enough data to distinguish.
C	slilicoflagellate.
D	diatom.
E	tasmanitid.

Question 60 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 61

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Permineralization
B	Permineralization
C	Carbonization
D	Impressions

Question 62

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	True
B	False

Question 62 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 63

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	two
B	three
C	four
D	five

Question 64

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Radial
B	Spherical
C	Pentameral
D	Circular

Question 65

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Original Linnaean hierarchy
B	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
C	Improved Linnaean hierarchy

Question 66

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Jurassic
B	Triassic
C	Mississippian
D	Devonian

Question 67

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	choanocytes
B	pinacocytes
C	sclerocytes
D	archaeocytes

Question 68

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Recrystallization
B	Canonization
C	Impregnation
D	Moldic fossilization

Question 69

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	True
B	False

Question 69 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 70

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Genetic
B	Morphological
C	Chemical
D	Stratigraphic

Question 71

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Tribe
B	Subspecies
C	Subfamily
D	Subtribe
E	Suborder

Question 72

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	growth stages.
B	genetic structures
C	living environments
D	genetic variation

Question 73

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Addition
B	Accretion
C	Molting
D	Modification

Question 74

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Devonian - Silurian
B	Cretaceous - Paleogene
C	Carboniferous - Permian
D	Permian - Triassic
E	Devonian - Carboniferous

Question 75

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	False
B	True

Question 76

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Cristata
B	Hexagonaria
C	Cnidaria
D	Animalia

Question 77

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	amblyproct
B	platyproct
C	stenoproct
D	euryproct

Question 78

We live in which era?

A	Miocence
B	Cenozoic
C	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.
D	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.

Question 79

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Impregnation
B	Moldic fossilization
C	Fossilization in Amber
D	Congealment

Question 80

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	False
B	True

Question 80 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 81

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Early Lower Permian
B	Early middle Cambrian
C	Lower Silurian
D	Middle Ordovician

Question 82

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Pinacocytes
B	Choanocytes
C	Sclerocytes
D	Archaeocytes

Question 83

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Neogene
B	I. Permian II. Devonian

Question 84

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Genus and Species
B	Order and Family
C	Class and Species
D	Phylum and Family

Question 85

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	cells
B	test
C	frustule
D	opaline silica

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
B	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)
C	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
D	Cambrian to Miocene

Question 2

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	20 - 200 microns.
B	300 - 900 microns.
C	1000 - 5000 microns.
D	50 - 900 microns.

Question 3

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Forminifera
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Diatom
D	Spumellaria

Question 4

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Aperture
B	Cephalon
C	Basal ring
D	Sagittal ring

Question 5

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 6

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Joseph Dalton Hooker
B	Charles Robert Darwin
C	Ernst Haeckel
D	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu

Question 6 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 7

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Aperture
B	Thorax
C	Cephalon
D	Abdomen

Question 8

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	False
B	True

Question 9

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Bars
B	Apical ring
C	Basal ring
D	Spines (larger)

Question 10

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Lower Jurassic
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Upper Devonian
D	Upper Silurian

Question 11

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Bars
B	Basal ring
C	Apical ring
D	Spines

Question 12

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	True
B	False

Question 13

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Ediacaran
B	Late Triassic
C	Ordovician
D	Holocene

Question 14

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Diatoms
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Archaeocyatha
D	Profiera

Question 15

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	Y
B	Z
C	W
D	X

Question 15 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 16

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Black lines indicating the spines.
B	Central part in blue.
C	Outer most part in green.
D	Middle part in red.

Question 16 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 17

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Sponges
B	Foraminifera
C	Albaillaria
D	Spumellaria

Question 18

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	clay
B	chalks and calcareous oozes
C	oil shales
D	inorganic reefs

Question 19

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
B	They have animal-type metabolism.
C	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
D	They are closely related to Radiolarians.
E	They are typically benthic form of organisms.

Question 20

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	cortical shell
C	medullar shell
D	basal ring

Question 21

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Lower Cretaceous
B	Upper Devonian
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Middle Jurassic

Question 22

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Radiolarian
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Sponges

Question 22 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 23

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	coccolithoids
B	in organic shale
C	chalks and calcareous oozes
D	organic reefs and clastic rocks

Question 24

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Radiolarians
B	Diatoms
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Tasmanitids
E	Silicoflagellates

Question 24 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 25

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 10%
B	Anything above 5%
C	Anything above 40%
D	Anything above 1%

Question 26

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Diatoms
B	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Foraminifera

Question 27

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Radiolarians
B	Diatoms
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Tasmanitids

Question 28

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Tasmanitids
B	Diatoms
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Nassellaria

Question 29

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is four bars.
B	True
C	False; it is six bars.

Question 30

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	bilateral
B	co-axial
C	no symmetry; primitive.
D	radial

Question 31

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	True
B	False

Question 31 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 32

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
B	Active
C	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.
D	Passive; like people high on weed.

Question 33

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Hypotheca
B	Epitheca
C	Epicingulum
D	Epiproferia

Question 34

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Nitrogen
B	Silicon
C	Oxygen
D	Carbon

Question 35

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

A	Y
B	W
C	Z
D	X

Question 36

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	True
B	False

Question 36 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 37

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Nassellaria
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Forminifera
D	Spumellaria

Question 38

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epiproferia
B	Epitheca
C	Epicingulum
D	Hypotheca

Question 39

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.
B	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
C	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.
D	True

Question 40

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)
B	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
C	Jurassic to Cretaceous
D	Ediacaran to Cretaceous

Question 41

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	medullar shell
B	basal ring
C	microsphere
D	cortical shell

Question 42

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	False
B	True

Question 43

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Aperture
B	Abdomen
C	Cephalon
D	Thorax

Question 44

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	byspines
B	cortical spines
C	polar spines
D	central spines

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants