Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	feet
B	holdfast
C	central cavity
D	basal ring

Question 2

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	True
B	False

Question 2 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 3

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	three
B	infinite
C	two
D	one

Question 3 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 4

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	reefs.
B	ecologic.
C	platonic.
D	biocherms.

Question 5

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Impressions
B	Permineralization
C	Carbonization
D	Permineralization

Question 6

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Permian
C	Silurian
D	Archean

Question 7

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	66.0 Ma
B	541 Ma
C	0.011710 Ma
D	252.17 Ma

Question 8

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 8 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 9

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	pinacocytes
B	choanocytes
C	archaeocytes
D	sclerocytes

Question 10

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Porifera
B	Phylum Helmichordata
C	Phylum Brachiopoda
D	Phylum Cnidaria

Question 11

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Jurassic; 3D
B	Carboniferous; 3H
C	Carboniferous; 3B
D	Jurassic; 3E

Question 12

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Canonization
B	Recrystallization
C	Moldic fossilization
D	Impregnation

Question 13

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Sycon
B	Hyperdemia
C	Ascon
D	Leucon
E	Rhagon

Question 14

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Mississippian
B	Devonian
C	Triassic
D	Jurassic

Question 15

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Ediacaran
B	Cretaceous
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Ordovician
E	Devonian

Question 16

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	frustule
B	cells
C	test
D	opaline silica

Question 17

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Biradial symmetry
B	Spherical symmetry
C	Radial symmetry
D	Bilateral symmetry

Question 18

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Paleozoic
B	Carboniferous
C	Neogene
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 18 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 19

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	False
B	True

Question 20

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Devonian
B	Ordovician
C	Jurassic
D	Pennsylvanian

Question 21

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Mesozoic
B	Paleozoic
C	Cenozoic
D	Carboniferous
E	Precambrian

Question 22

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Devonian - Carboniferous
B	Cretaceous - Paleogene
C	Permian - Triassic
D	Devonian - Silurian
E	Carboniferous - Permian

Question 23

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Paleogene
B	Permian
C	Quaternary
D	Cretaceous

Question 24

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	most abundant fossils
B	characteristic fossil
C	index fossils
D	identity fossil
E	trace fossils

Question 25

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	66.0 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	4030 Ma
D	4560 Ma

Question 26

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	trilobite.
B	bivalves.
C	humans.
D	echinoids.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Pentremites
B	Inoceramus
C	Archaeocyathid
D	Lingula

Question 27 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 28

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	True
B	False

Question 28 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 29

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	mature.
B	young.
C	under development.
D	old.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	euryproct
B	amblyproct
C	stenoproct
D	platyproct

Question 31

We live in which era?

A	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.
B	Miocence
C	Cenozoic
D	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.

Question 32

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	genetic structures
B	living environments
C	growth stages.
D	genetic variation

Question 33

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Subtribe
B	Subfamily
C	Suborder
D	Tribe
E	Subspecies

Question 34

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Devonian
B	I. Permian II. Neogene

Question 35

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	False
B	True

Question 35 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 36

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Cretaceous to Neogene
C	Cambrian to Mississippian
D	Ordovician-Devonian

Question 37

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	False
B	True

Question 38

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Paleozoic
B	Phanerozoic and Precambrian
C	Proterozoic and Archean
D	Cenozoic and Mesozoic

Question 39

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	five
B	three
C	two
D	four

Question 40

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	genera
B	families
C	classes
D	phyla
E	orders

Question 41

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Molting
B	Modification
C	Accretion
D	Addition

Question 42

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Carbonization
B	Impressions
C	Impregnation
D	Congealment

Question 43

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	True
B	False

Question 44

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	50,000 years
B	8,000 years
C	22,000 years
D	6000 years
E	11,700 years

Question 45

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Interval Zones
B	Acme Zones
C	Assemblage Zones
D	Morphological Zones

Question 46

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.
B	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
C	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.
D	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.

Question 47

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	False
B	True

Question 47 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 48

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian
B	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
C	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
D	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian

Question 49

Acme zone is best described as...

A	The first appearance of an organism/group.
B	The last appearance of an organism/group.
C	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
D	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.

Question 50

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Phylum
B	Superclass
C	Order
D	Kingdom

Question 51

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Nongenetic Trajectory
B	Genetic Trajectory
C	Morphological Trajectory
D	Ontogeneric Trajectory

Question 52

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical
B	I. isometric II. anisometric
C	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical
D	I. anisometric II. isometric

Question 53

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	False
B	True

Question 54

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	PTD
B	Acme Zone
C	LAD
D	Evolutionary Occurrence

Question 55

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Radial
B	Spherical
C	Pentameral
D	Circular

Question 56

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
B	They are planktonic organisms.
C	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.
D	They have well specialized organs.

Question 57

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	True
B	False

Question 58

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.
D	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.

Question 59

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	ecological conditions.
B	differentiation between growth stages.
C	sudden changes in genetic variation.
D	sexual dimorphism.

Question 60

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	False
B	True

Question 61

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Original Linnaean hierarchy
B	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
C	Improved Linnaean hierarchy

Question 62

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	not enough data to distinguish.
B	tasmanitid.
C	coccolithophorid.
D	slilicoflagellate.
E	diatom.

Question 62 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 63

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	5
B	7
C	1
D	2

Question 64

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Addition
B	Modification
C	Molting
D	Accretion

Question 65

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Not enough information is given.
B	Bilateral
C	Radial
D	Pentameral

Question 66

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Amblyprocts
B	Porocytes
C	Archaeocytes
D	Scierocytes

Question 67

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Choanocytes
B	Pinacocytes
C	Archaeocytes
D	Sclerocytes

Question 68

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	541 millions of years ago
B	0.0117 millions of years ago
C	66 millions of years ago
D	13 millions of years ago

Question 69

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Trilobite
B	Ammonite
C	Brachiopod
D	Cruziana

Question 70

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Animalia
B	Hexagonaria
C	Cnidaria
D	Cristata

Question 71

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 72

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Congealment
B	Impregnation
C	Fossilization in Amber
D	Moldic fossilization

Question 73

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Morphological studies
B	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
C	Genetic studies
D	Chemical compositional studies

Question 74

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
B	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
C	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
D	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.

Question 75

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Phylum and Family
B	Class and Species
C	Genus and Species
D	Order and Family

Question 76

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	coprolites (poops).
B	dinosaurs.
C	mammals.
D	insects.

Question 77

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Chemical
B	Genetic
C	Morphological
D	Stratigraphic

Question 78

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Diatoms
B	Bivalves
C	Insects
D	Gastropods

Question 78 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 79

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	True
B	False

Question 80

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Middle Ordovician
B	Early Lower Permian
C	Early middle Cambrian
D	Lower Silurian

Question 81

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Eoarchean
B	Holocene
C	Ediacaran
D	Cretaceous

Question 81 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 82

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	541 Ma
B	2500 Ma
C	4560 Ma
D	4030 Ma

Question 83

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	True
B	False

Question 84

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	biostratigraphy.
B	taxonomy.
C	taxa.
D	evolutionary biology.

Question 85

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Germaphobia
B	Class Demospongea
C	Class Calcarea
D	Class Hexactinellida

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Tasmanitids
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Diatoms
E	Radiolarians

Question 1 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 2

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Jurassic to Cretaceous
B	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
C	Ediacaran to Cretaceous
D	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)

Question 3

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Cephalon
B	Abdomen
C	Thorax
D	Aperture

Question 4

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Epitheca
B	Hypotheca
C	Epicingulum
D	Epiproferia

Question 5

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
B	Active
C	Passive; like people high on weed.
D	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.

Question 6

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	True
B	False

Question 6 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 7

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
B	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
C	They are typically benthic form of organisms.
D	They have animal-type metabolism.
E	They are closely related to Radiolarians.

Question 8

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 9

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Diatoms
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Radiolarians
D	Tasmanitids

Question 10

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	True
B	False

Question 11

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	Y
B	Z
C	W
D	X

Question 12

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	polar spines
B	cortical spines
C	central spines
D	byspines

Question 13

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Basal ring
B	Aperture
C	Sagittal ring
D	Cephalon

Question 14

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Ordovician
B	Ediacaran
C	Holocene
D	Late Triassic

Question 15

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	basal ring
B	cortical shell
C	microsphere
D	medullar shell

Question 16

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Upper Devonian
B	Middle Jurassic
C	Lower Cretaceous
D	Upper Cambrian

Question 17

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Cephalon
B	Thorax
C	Abdomen
D	Aperture

Question 18

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Forminifera
B	Nassellaria
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Spumellaria

Question 19

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
B	True
C	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.
D	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.

Question 20

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Spumellaria
B	Forminifera
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Diatom

Question 21

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	chalks and calcareous oozes
B	oil shales
C	clay
D	inorganic reefs

Question 22

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Nitrogen
B	Silicon
C	Oxygen
D	Carbon

Question 23

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Joseph Dalton Hooker
B	Charles Robert Darwin
C	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
D	Ernst Haeckel

Question 23 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 24

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Upper Silurian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Lower Jurassic
D	Upper Devonian

Question 25

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Diatoms
C	Nassellaria
D	Tasmanitids

Question 26

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is four bars.
B	True
C	False; it is six bars.

Question 27

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
B	Cambrian to Miocene
C	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
D	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)

Question 28

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	cortical shell
C	medullar shell
D	basal ring

Question 29

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Sponges
B	Foraminifera
C	Albaillaria
D	Spumellaria

Question 30

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	False
B	True

Question 31

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	300 - 900 microns.
B	50 - 900 microns.
C	20 - 200 microns.
D	1000 - 5000 microns.

Question 32

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epicingulum
B	Epitheca
C	Epiproferia
D	Hypotheca

Question 33

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Coccolithophorids
B	Radiolarian
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Sponges

Question 33 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 34

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	True
B	False

Question 35

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	no symmetry; primitive.
B	bilateral
C	radial
D	co-axial

Question 36

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	False
B	True

Question 36 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 37

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Outer most part in green.
B	Central part in blue.
C	Middle part in red.
D	Black lines indicating the spines.

Question 37 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 38

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	chalks and calcareous oozes
B	in organic shale
C	coccolithoids
D	organic reefs and clastic rocks

Question 39

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Profiera
B	Archaeocyatha
C	Diatoms
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 40

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

A	X
B	Z
C	W
D	Y

Question 40 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 41

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 1%
B	Anything above 10%
C	Anything above 5%
D	Anything above 40%

Question 42

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Diatoms
B	Foraminifera
C	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 43

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Spines
B	Bars
C	Basal ring
D	Apical ring

Question 44

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Basal ring
B	Apical ring
C	Spines (larger)
D	Bars

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Mobile Users: Best view in landscape mode when mobile version is active.

EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants