When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

Which of the following statement is true?

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

The category Tribe can only be found in...

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram? Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram? Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

We live in which era?

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

Around what time the Hadean ended?

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

Acme zone is best described as...

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom? Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian. What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian? Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

The following is a representation of what type of organism? Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian. What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

The following is a representation of what type of organism? Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian. Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?