Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neogene
D	Carboniferous

Question 1 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 2

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	genetic variation
B	genetic structures
C	living environments
D	growth stages.

Question 3

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Paleozoic
B	Phanerozoic and Precambrian
C	Proterozoic and Archean
D	Cenozoic and Mesozoic

Question 4

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Gastropods
B	Insects
C	Diatoms
D	Bivalves

Question 4 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 5

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Archaeocytes
B	Choanocytes
C	Sclerocytes
D	Pinacocytes

Question 6

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Impressions
B	Impregnation
C	Carbonization
D	Congealment

Question 7

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Carbonization
B	Impressions
C	Permineralization
D	Permineralization

Question 8

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	True
B	False

Question 9

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Neogene
B	I. Permian II. Devonian

Question 10

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	three
B	two
C	four
D	five

Question 11

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Moldic fossilization
B	Impregnation
C	Fossilization in Amber
D	Congealment

Question 12

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	reefs.
B	ecologic.
C	platonic.
D	biocherms.

Question 13

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	frustule
B	test
C	opaline silica
D	cells

Question 14

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	holdfast
B	central cavity
C	feet
D	basal ring

Question 15

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	2
B	1
C	5
D	7

Question 16

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical
B	I. isometric II. anisometric
C	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical
D	I. anisometric II. isometric

Question 17

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Genetic
B	Stratigraphic
C	Chemical
D	Morphological

Question 18

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Calcarea
B	Class Hexactinellida
C	Class Demospongea
D	Class Germaphobia

Question 19

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	sclerocytes
B	choanocytes
C	pinacocytes
D	archaeocytes

Question 20

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Nongenetic Trajectory
B	Morphological Trajectory
C	Genetic Trajectory
D	Ontogeneric Trajectory

Question 21

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	252.17 Ma
B	4560 Ma
C	66.0 Ma
D	4030 Ma

Question 22

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	taxonomy.
B	evolutionary biology.
C	biostratigraphy.
D	taxa.

Question 23

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Cruziana
B	Ammonite
C	Brachiopod
D	Trilobite

Question 24

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Chemical compositional studies
B	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
C	Morphological studies
D	Genetic studies

Question 25

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	False
B	True

Question 26

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Devonian
B	Pennsylvanian
C	Ordovician
D	Jurassic

Question 27

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	False
B	True

Question 28

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Radial
B	Not enough information is given.
C	Pentameral
D	Bilateral

Question 29

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Ordovician
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Ediacaran
D	Devonian
E	Cretaceous

Question 30

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cretaceous
B	Paleogene
C	Permian
D	Quaternary

Question 31

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Morphological Zones
B	Interval Zones
C	Assemblage Zones
D	Acme Zones

Question 32

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	True
B	False

Question 33

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Mississippian
C	Triassic
D	Jurassic

Question 34

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	True
B	False

Question 34 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 35

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Genus and Species
B	Class and Species
C	Phylum and Family
D	Order and Family

Question 36

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	three
B	infinite
C	one
D	two

Question 36 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 37

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	phyla
B	genera
C	orders
D	families
E	classes

Question 38

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	541 millions of years ago
B	66 millions of years ago
C	0.0117 millions of years ago
D	13 millions of years ago

Question 39

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Amblyprocts
B	Porocytes
C	Archaeocytes
D	Scierocytes

Question 40

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Ascon
B	Hyperdemia
C	Sycon
D	Leucon
E	Rhagon

Question 41

We live in which era?

A	Cenozoic
B	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.
C	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.
D	Miocence

Question 42

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	False
B	True

Question 43

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 44

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	False
B	True

Question 44 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 45

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	False
B	True

Question 45 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 46

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Jurassic; 3D
B	Carboniferous; 3B
C	Jurassic; 3E
D	Carboniferous; 3H

Question 47

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.
B	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.
C	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
D	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.

Question 48

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	old.
B	mature.
C	under development.
D	young.

Question 49

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
B	Improved Linnaean hierarchy
C	Original Linnaean hierarchy

Question 50

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
D	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.

Question 51

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Addition
B	Molting
C	Accretion
D	Modification

Question 52

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	stenoproct
B	euryproct
C	platyproct
D	amblyproct

Question 53

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	ecological conditions.
B	sexual dimorphism.
C	differentiation between growth stages.
D	sudden changes in genetic variation.

Question 54

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Brachiopoda
B	Phylum Cnidaria
C	Phylum Helmichordata
D	Phylum Porifera

Question 55

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	False
B	True

Question 56

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	4560 Ma
B	4030 Ma
C	2500 Ma
D	541 Ma

Question 57

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	echinoids.
B	trilobite.
C	bivalves.
D	humans.

Question 58

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Mesozoic
B	Paleozoic
C	Cenozoic
D	Precambrian
E	Carboniferous

Question 59

Acme zone is best described as...

A	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
B	The last appearance of an organism/group.
C	The first appearance of an organism/group.
D	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.

Question 60

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Cretaceous
B	Holocene
C	Ediacaran
D	Eoarchean

Question 60 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 61

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Early Lower Permian
B	Middle Ordovician
C	Lower Silurian
D	Early middle Cambrian

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Lingula
B	Inoceramus
C	Pentremites
D	Archaeocyathid

Question 62 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 63

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Cretaceous to Neogene
C	Cambrian to Mississippian
D	Ordovician-Devonian

Question 64

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	trace fossils
B	identity fossil
C	index fossils
D	characteristic fossil
E	most abundant fossils

Question 65

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	coprolites (poops).
B	mammals.
C	insects.
D	dinosaurs.

Question 66

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Archean
B	Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Permian

Question 67

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	0.011710 Ma
B	541 Ma
C	66.0 Ma
D	252.17 Ma

Question 68

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Pentameral
B	Spherical
C	Radial
D	Circular

Question 69

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
B	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
C	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
D	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.

Question 70

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	LAD
B	Evolutionary Occurrence
C	Acme Zone
D	PTD

Question 71

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Impregnation
B	Moldic fossilization
C	Recrystallization
D	Canonization

Question 72

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Addition
B	Accretion
C	Molting
D	Modification

Question 73

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Carboniferous - Permian
B	Permian - Triassic
C	Devonian - Silurian
D	Cretaceous - Paleogene
E	Devonian - Carboniferous

Question 74

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Spherical symmetry
B	Bilateral symmetry
C	Biradial symmetry
D	Radial symmetry

Question 75

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	False
B	True

Question 76

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	True
B	False

Question 77

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
B	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian
C	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
D	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian

Question 78

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	22,000 years
B	6000 years
C	11,700 years
D	50,000 years
E	8,000 years

Question 79

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 79 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 80

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	diatom.
B	slilicoflagellate.
C	tasmanitid.
D	coccolithophorid.
E	not enough data to distinguish.

Question 80 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 81

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Animalia
B	Hexagonaria
C	Cnidaria
D	Cristata

Question 82

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Suborder
B	Tribe
C	Subspecies
D	Subfamily
E	Subtribe

Question 83

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	True
B	False

Question 83 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 84

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Phylum
B	Superclass
C	Kingdom
D	Order

Question 85

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
B	They have well specialized organs.
C	They are planktonic organisms.
D	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	coccolithoids
B	organic reefs and clastic rocks
C	in organic shale
D	chalks and calcareous oozes

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They have animal-type metabolism.
B	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
C	They are closely related to Radiolarians.
D	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
E	They are typically benthic form of organisms.

Question 3

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	True
B	False

Question 4

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Foraminifera
C	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
D	Diatoms

Question 5

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	20 - 200 microns.
B	300 - 900 microns.
C	1000 - 5000 microns.
D	50 - 900 microns.

Question 6

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Basal ring
B	Spines (larger)
C	Apical ring
D	Bars

Question 7

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	X
B	Z
C	W
D	Y

Question 8

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Bars
B	Basal ring
C	Spines
D	Apical ring

Question 9

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

A	X
B	Z
C	Y
D	W

Question 9 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 10

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Thorax
B	Abdomen
C	Cephalon
D	Aperture

Question 11

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is four bars.
B	True
C	False; it is six bars.

Question 12

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Aperture
B	Thorax
C	Cephalon
D	Abdomen

Question 13

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Charles Robert Darwin
B	Joseph Dalton Hooker
C	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
D	Ernst Haeckel

Question 13 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 14

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	bilateral
B	radial
C	no symmetry; primitive.
D	co-axial

Question 15

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Outer most part in green.
B	Black lines indicating the spines.
C	Central part in blue.
D	Middle part in red.

Question 15 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 16

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Tasmanitids
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Diatoms
D	Radiolarians

Question 17

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	True
B	False

Question 18

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Middle Jurassic
B	Lower Cretaceous
C	Upper Devonian
D	Upper Cambrian

Question 19

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Radiolarians
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Diatoms
E	Tasmanitids

Question 19 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 20

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	central spines
B	cortical spines
C	polar spines
D	byspines

Question 21

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	False
B	True

Question 21 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 22

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	basal ring
C	cortical shell
D	medullar shell

Question 23

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Diatom
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Forminifera
D	Spumellaria

Question 24

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	True
B	False

Question 25

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	chalks and calcareous oozes
B	clay
C	inorganic reefs
D	oil shales

Question 26

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Oxygen
B	Carbon
C	Silicon
D	Nitrogen

Question 27

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Cephalon
B	Aperture
C	Basal ring
D	Sagittal ring

Question 28

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Ediacaran to Cretaceous
B	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
C	Jurassic to Cretaceous
D	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)

Question 29

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	Passive; like people high on weed.
B	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.
C	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
D	Active

Question 30

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
B	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
C	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)
D	Cambrian to Miocene

Question 31

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	medullar shell
B	microsphere
C	cortical shell
D	basal ring

Question 32

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 10%
B	Anything above 1%
C	Anything above 5%
D	Anything above 40%

Question 33

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Epiproferia
B	Epitheca
C	Hypotheca
D	Epicingulum

Question 34

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Holocene
B	Late Triassic
C	Ediacaran
D	Ordovician

Question 35

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
B	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.
C	True
D	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.

Question 36

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Tasmanitids
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Nassellaria
D	Diatoms

Question 37

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Diatoms
B	Archaeocyatha
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Profiera

Question 38

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Foraminifera
B	Spumellaria
C	Albaillaria
D	Sponges

Question 39

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Spumellaria
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Nassellaria
D	Forminifera

Question 40

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Sponges
B	Radiolarian
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 40 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 41

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epiproferia
B	Hypotheca
C	Epitheca
D	Epicingulum

Question 42

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	True
B	False

Question 42 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 43

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 44

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Upper Devonian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Upper Silurian
D	Lower Jurassic

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Mobile Users: Best view in landscape mode when mobile version is active.

EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants