Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Jurassic
B	Devonian
C	Pennsylvanian
D	Ordovician

Question 2

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	living environments
B	genetic structures
C	growth stages.
D	genetic variation

Question 3

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Helmichordata
B	Phylum Brachiopoda
C	Phylum Porifera
D	Phylum Cnidaria

Question 4

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Animalia
B	Hexagonaria
C	Cristata
D	Cnidaria

Question 5

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Carboniferous; 3H
B	Carboniferous; 3B
C	Jurassic; 3E
D	Jurassic; 3D

Question 6

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Ordovician-Devonian
B	Cretaceous to Neogene
C	Cambrian to Mississippian
D	Ordovician to Permian

Question 7

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	True
B	False

Question 7 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 8

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	tasmanitid.
B	diatom.
C	slilicoflagellate.
D	not enough data to distinguish.
E	coccolithophorid.

Question 8 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 9

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Carboniferous - Permian
B	Permian - Triassic
C	Devonian - Carboniferous
D	Cretaceous - Paleogene
E	Devonian - Silurian

Question 10

Acme zone is best described as...

A	The last appearance of an organism/group.
B	The first appearance of an organism/group.
C	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
D	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.

Question 11

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Carboniferous
B	Neogene
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Paleozoic

Question 11 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 12

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	True
B	False

Question 13

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	index fossils
B	identity fossil
C	trace fossils
D	characteristic fossil
E	most abundant fossils

Question 14

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	young.
B	mature.
C	under development.
D	old.

Question 15

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
B	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
C	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
D	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.

Question 16

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	2500 Ma
B	4560 Ma
C	4030 Ma
D	541 Ma

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Pentremites
B	Lingula
C	Archaeocyathid
D	Inoceramus

Question 17 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 18

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	four
B	five
C	two
D	three

Question 19

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	False
B	True

Question 19 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 20

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Early middle Cambrian
B	Early Lower Permian
C	Middle Ordovician
D	Lower Silurian

Question 21

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Genetic studies
B	Morphological studies
C	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
D	Chemical compositional studies

Question 22

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	False
B	True

Question 23

We live in which era?

A	Miocence
B	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.
C	Cenozoic
D	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.

Question 24

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Mesozoic
B	Paleozoic
C	Cenozoic
D	Precambrian
E	Carboniferous

Question 25

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
B	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.
C	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.
D	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.

Question 26

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	feet
B	central cavity
C	holdfast
D	basal ring

Question 27

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Sycon
B	Leucon
C	Rhagon
D	Hyperdemia
E	Ascon

Question 28

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	True
B	False

Question 29

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Impregnation
B	Canonization
C	Recrystallization
D	Moldic fossilization

Question 30

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	True
B	False

Question 31

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	66.0 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	4030 Ma
D	4560 Ma

Question 32

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Insects
B	Gastropods
C	Diatoms
D	Bivalves

Question 32 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 33

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	coprolites (poops).
B	insects.
C	mammals.
D	dinosaurs.

Question 34

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Spherical
B	Circular
C	Radial
D	Pentameral

Question 35

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Genetic
B	Stratigraphic
C	Chemical
D	Morphological

Question 36

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	True
B	False

Question 36 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 37

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	taxonomy.
B	biostratigraphy.
C	evolutionary biology.
D	taxa.

Question 38

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	True
B	False

Question 39

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Radial symmetry
B	Bilateral symmetry
C	Biradial symmetry
D	Spherical symmetry

Question 40

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Devonian
B	I. Permian II. Neogene

Question 41

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	two
B	one
C	three
D	infinite

Question 41 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 42

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	biocherms.
B	ecologic.
C	reefs.
D	platonic.

Question 43

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical
B	I. anisometric II. isometric
C	I. isometric II. anisometric
D	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical

Question 44

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	trilobite.
B	humans.
C	bivalves.
D	echinoids.

Question 45

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
B	They are planktonic organisms.
C	They have well specialized organs.
D	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.

Question 46

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	False
B	True

Question 46 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 47

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	classes
B	phyla
C	genera
D	families
E	orders

Question 48

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	euryproct
B	platyproct
C	amblyproct
D	stenoproct

Question 49

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	False
B	True

Question 50

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	False
B	True

Question 51

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	541 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	0.011710 Ma
D	66.0 Ma

Question 52

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	1
B	7
C	5
D	2

Question 53

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Molting
B	Modification
C	Accretion
D	Addition

Question 54

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Brachiopod
B	Trilobite
C	Cruziana
D	Ammonite

Question 55

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	6000 years
B	22,000 years
C	8,000 years
D	11,700 years
E	50,000 years

Question 56

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Holocene
B	Ediacaran
C	Cretaceous
D	Eoarchean

Question 56 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 57

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Superclass
B	Kingdom
C	Phylum
D	Order

Question 58

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Germaphobia
B	Class Calcarea
C	Class Hexactinellida
D	Class Demospongea

Question 59

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	opaline silica
B	test
C	cells
D	frustule

Question 60

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Pentameral
B	Not enough information is given.
C	Radial
D	Bilateral

Question 61

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Morphological Trajectory
B	Ontogeneric Trajectory
C	Nongenetic Trajectory
D	Genetic Trajectory

Question 62

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Choanocytes
B	Sclerocytes
C	Pinacocytes
D	Archaeocytes

Question 63

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 63 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 64

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Acme Zones
B	Assemblage Zones
C	Morphological Zones
D	Interval Zones

Question 65

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	True
B	False

Question 66

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
B	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian
C	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
D	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian

Question 67

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Archean
B	Permian
C	Silurian
D	Devonian

Question 68

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Genus and Species
B	Class and Species
C	Order and Family
D	Phylum and Family

Question 69

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Archaeocytes
B	Amblyprocts
C	Porocytes
D	Scierocytes

Question 70

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	PTD
B	Acme Zone
C	Evolutionary Occurrence
D	LAD

Question 71

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	archaeocytes
B	choanocytes
C	pinacocytes
D	sclerocytes

Question 72

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 73

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Quaternary
B	Paleogene
C	Permian
D	Cretaceous

Question 74

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Impregnation
B	Congealment
C	Impressions
D	Carbonization

Question 75

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Triassic
B	Mississippian
C	Jurassic
D	Devonian

Question 76

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	0.0117 millions of years ago
B	13 millions of years ago
C	66 millions of years ago
D	541 millions of years ago

Question 77

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Impressions
B	Permineralization
C	Permineralization
D	Carbonization

Question 78

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
B	Improved Linnaean hierarchy
C	Original Linnaean hierarchy

Question 79

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.
D	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.

Question 80

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	differentiation between growth stages.
B	ecological conditions.
C	sudden changes in genetic variation.
D	sexual dimorphism.

Question 81

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Paleozoic
B	Phanerozoic and Precambrian
C	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
D	Proterozoic and Archean

Question 82

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Fossilization in Amber
B	Moldic fossilization
C	Congealment
D	Impregnation

Question 83

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Ordovician
B	Cretaceous
C	Ediacaran
D	Neoproterozoic
E	Devonian

Question 84

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Accretion
B	Molting
C	Modification
D	Addition

Question 85

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Suborder
B	Subfamily
C	Subtribe
D	Tribe
E	Subspecies

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%.

Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	W
B	Y
C	Z
D	X

Question 1 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 2

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
B	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
C	Cambrian to Miocene
D	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)

Question 3

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Diatoms
B	Archaeocyatha
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Profiera

Question 4

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Aperture
B	Cephalon
C	Basal ring
D	Sagittal ring

Question 5

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Cephalon
B	Aperture
C	Abdomen
D	Thorax

Question 6

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Sponges
C	Radiolarian
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 6 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 7

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Lower Jurassic
B	Upper Silurian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Upper Devonian

Question 8

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	True
B	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
C	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.
D	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.

Question 9

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	cortical shell
C	medullar shell
D	basal ring

Question 10

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Lower Cretaceous
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Upper Devonian

Question 11

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Radiolarians
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Diatoms
D	Silicoflagellates
E	Tasmanitids

Question 11 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 12

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Tasmanitids
B	Diatoms
C	Nassellaria
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 13

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 14

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Black lines indicating the spines.
B	Middle part in red.
C	Outer most part in green.
D	Central part in blue.

Question 14 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 15

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Foraminifera
B	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
C	Diatoms
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 16

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Epicingulum
B	Epitheca
C	Hypotheca
D	Epiproferia

Question 17

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Aperture
B	Thorax
C	Abdomen
D	Cephalon

Question 18

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Carbon
B	Silicon
C	Nitrogen
D	Oxygen

Question 19

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

A	W
B	X
C	Y
D	Z

Question 20

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 40%
B	Anything above 5%
C	Anything above 1%
D	Anything above 10%

Question 21

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Tasmanitids
B	Radiolarians
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Diatoms

Question 22

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Albaillaria
B	Sponges
C	Spumellaria
D	Foraminifera

Question 23

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Jurassic to Cretaceous
B	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)
C	Ediacaran to Cretaceous
D	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)

Question 24

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	basal ring
C	cortical shell
D	medullar shell

Question 25

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	byspines
B	cortical spines
C	central spines
D	polar spines

Question 26

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
B	They have animal-type metabolism.
C	They are typically benthic form of organisms.
D	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
E	They are closely related to Radiolarians.

Question 27

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epitheca
B	Epiproferia
C	Epicingulum
D	Hypotheca

Question 28

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	co-axial
B	radial
C	no symmetry; primitive.
D	bilateral

Question 29

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Diatom
B	Spumellaria
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Forminifera

Question 30

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	20 - 200 microns.
B	1000 - 5000 microns.
C	50 - 900 microns.
D	300 - 900 microns.

Question 31

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Spines (larger)
B	Basal ring
C	Apical ring
D	Bars

Question 32

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	True
B	False

Question 32 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 33

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	True
B	False

Question 33 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 34

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	True
B	False

Question 35

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Coccolithophorids
B	Forminifera
C	Nassellaria
D	Spumellaria

Question 36

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Charles Robert Darwin
B	Joseph Dalton Hooker
C	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
D	Ernst Haeckel

Question 36 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 37

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Spines
B	Basal ring
C	Apical ring
D	Bars

Question 38

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	inorganic reefs
B	chalks and calcareous oozes
C	oil shales
D	clay

Question 39

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Ordovician
B	Ediacaran
C	Late Triassic
D	Holocene

Question 40

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	False
B	True

Question 41

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is four bars.
B	True
C	False; it is six bars.

Question 42

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	chalks and calcareous oozes
B	in organic shale
C	organic reefs and clastic rocks
D	coccolithoids

Question 43

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.
B	Active
C	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
D	Passive; like people high on weed.

Question 44

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	False
B	True

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants