Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	4030 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	4560 Ma
D	66.0 Ma

Question 2

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	True
B	False

Question 3

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	differentiation between growth stages.
B	sexual dimorphism.
C	ecological conditions.
D	sudden changes in genetic variation.

Question 4

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	False
B	True

Question 5

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Ordovician
B	Devonian
C	Pennsylvanian
D	Jurassic

Question 6

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Porocytes
B	Archaeocytes
C	Scierocytes
D	Amblyprocts

Question 7

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Brachiopoda
B	Phylum Porifera
C	Phylum Cnidaria
D	Phylum Helmichordata

Question 8

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	True
B	False

Question 8 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 9

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Lower Silurian
B	Early Lower Permian
C	Early middle Cambrian
D	Middle Ordovician

Question 10

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	taxa.
B	taxonomy.
C	biostratigraphy.
D	evolutionary biology.

Question 11

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Paleozoic
B	Proterozoic and Archean
C	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
D	Phanerozoic and Precambrian

Question 12

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	under development.
B	old.
C	young.
D	mature.

Question 13

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. isometric II. anisometric
B	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical
C	I. anisometric II. isometric
D	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical

Question 14

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Pentameral
B	Radial
C	Spherical
D	Circular

Question 15

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Carbonization
B	Permineralization
C	Permineralization
D	Impressions

Question 16

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	two
B	one
C	infinite
D	three

Question 16 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 17

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Phylum
B	Kingdom
C	Order
D	Superclass

Question 18

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
B	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian
C	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
D	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian

Question 19

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	test
B	frustule
C	cells
D	opaline silica

Question 20

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Impregnation
B	Recrystallization
C	Moldic fossilization
D	Canonization

Question 21

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Permian
B	Paleogene
C	Quaternary
D	Cretaceous

Question 22

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Cruziana
B	Ammonite
C	Trilobite
D	Brachiopod

Question 23

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
D	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.

Question 24

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Pentameral
B	Not enough information is given.
C	Radial
D	Bilateral

Question 25

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Neogene
B	I. Permian II. Devonian

Question 26

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	ecologic.
B	platonic.
C	biocherms.
D	reefs.

Question 27

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	True
B	False

Question 28

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	euryproct
B	stenoproct
C	platyproct
D	amblyproct

Question 29

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	False
B	True

Question 30

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.
B	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.
C	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
D	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.

Question 31

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Triassic
B	Devonian
C	Jurassic
D	Mississippian

Question 32

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Diatoms
B	Bivalves
C	Insects
D	Gastropods

Question 32 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 33

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Hexactinellida
B	Class Demospongea
C	Class Germaphobia
D	Class Calcarea

Question 34

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Spherical symmetry
B	Biradial symmetry
C	Bilateral symmetry
D	Radial symmetry

Question 35

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Eoarchean
B	Cretaceous
C	Ediacaran
D	Holocene

Question 35 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 36

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 37

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Addition
B	Accretion
C	Modification
D	Molting

Question 38

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	False
B	True

Question 39

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Cretaceous - Paleogene
B	Carboniferous - Permian
C	Devonian - Silurian
D	Permian - Triassic
E	Devonian - Carboniferous

Question 40

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
B	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
C	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
D	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.

Question 41

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Phylum and Family
B	Genus and Species
C	Class and Species
D	Order and Family

Question 42

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	characteristic fossil
B	trace fossils
C	most abundant fossils
D	index fossils
E	identity fossil

Question 43

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	basal ring
B	feet
C	central cavity
D	holdfast

Question 44

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Choanocytes
B	Sclerocytes
C	Archaeocytes
D	Pinacocytes

Question 45

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Congealment
B	Fossilization in Amber
C	Impregnation
D	Moldic fossilization

Question 46

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Hexagonaria
B	Cnidaria
C	Cristata
D	Animalia

Question 47

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 47 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 48

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	True
B	False

Question 49

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Leucon
B	Sycon
C	Hyperdemia
D	Rhagon
E	Ascon

Question 50

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	False
B	True

Question 51

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Chemical
B	Genetic
C	Morphological
D	Stratigraphic

Question 52

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	slilicoflagellate.
B	tasmanitid.
C	not enough data to distinguish.
D	coccolithophorid.
E	diatom.

Question 52 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 53

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	living environments
B	genetic variation
C	growth stages.
D	genetic structures

Question 54

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	True
B	False

Question 54 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 55

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Morphological Trajectory
B	Nongenetic Trajectory
C	Genetic Trajectory
D	Ontogeneric Trajectory

Question 56

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Chemical compositional studies
B	Morphological studies
C	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
D	Genetic studies

Question 57

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	True
B	False

Question 57 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Lingula
B	Pentremites
C	Archaeocyathid
D	Inoceramus

Question 58 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 59

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Paleozoic
B	Neogene
C	Carboniferous
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 59 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 60

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Jurassic; 3D
B	Jurassic; 3E
C	Carboniferous; 3B
D	Carboniferous; 3H

Question 61

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Molting
B	Addition
C	Modification
D	Accretion

Question 62

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	True
B	False

Question 62 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 63

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	two
B	three
C	five
D	four

Question 64

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	PTD
B	LAD
C	Evolutionary Occurrence
D	Acme Zone

Question 65

Acme zone is best described as...

A	The first appearance of an organism/group.
B	The last appearance of an organism/group.
C	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
D	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.

Question 66

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	dinosaurs.
B	insects.
C	coprolites (poops).
D	mammals.

Question 67

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	2
B	1
C	5
D	7

Question 68

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
B	Improved Linnaean hierarchy
C	Original Linnaean hierarchy

Question 69

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	They are planktonic organisms.
B	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
C	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.
D	They have well specialized organs.

Question 70

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	4560 Ma
B	2500 Ma
C	4030 Ma
D	541 Ma

Question 71

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Subtribe
B	Subspecies
C	Suborder
D	Subfamily
E	Tribe

Question 72

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	False
B	True

Question 73

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	humans.
B	bivalves.
C	echinoids.
D	trilobite.

Question 74

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	0.0117 millions of years ago
B	541 millions of years ago
C	66 millions of years ago
D	13 millions of years ago

Question 75

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	choanocytes
B	archaeocytes
C	pinacocytes
D	sclerocytes

Question 76

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Archean
D	Permian

Question 77

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Impressions
B	Congealment
C	Impregnation
D	Carbonization

Question 78

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Cambrian to Mississippian
B	Ordovician-Devonian
C	Cretaceous to Neogene
D	Ordovician to Permian

Question 79

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Ordovician
B	Devonian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ediacaran
E	Neoproterozoic

Question 80

We live in which era?

A	Miocence
B	Cenozoic
C	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.
D	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.

Question 81

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	541 Ma
B	66.0 Ma
C	0.011710 Ma
D	252.17 Ma

Question 82

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	8,000 years
B	50,000 years
C	22,000 years
D	6000 years
E	11,700 years

Question 83

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	classes
B	phyla
C	orders
D	families
E	genera

Question 84

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Interval Zones
B	Assemblage Zones
C	Acme Zones
D	Morphological Zones

Question 85

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Precambrian
B	Mesozoic
C	Cenozoic
D	Paleozoic
E	Carboniferous

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	True
B	False

Question 2

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
B	True
C	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.
D	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.

Question 3

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	True
B	False

Question 3 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 4

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	False
B	True

Question 5

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	Y
B	X
C	W
D	Z

Question 5 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 6

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Diatoms
B	Archaeocyatha
C	Profiera
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 7

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	False
B	True

Question 7 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 8

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Thorax
B	Abdomen
C	Aperture
D	Cephalon

Question 9

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Cephalon
B	Abdomen
C	Aperture
D	Thorax

Question 10

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is six bars.
B	True
C	False; it is four bars.

Question 11

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Hypotheca
B	Epicingulum
C	Epitheca
D	Epiproferia

Question 12

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	True
B	False

Question 13

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Basal ring
B	Bars
C	Spines
D	Apical ring

Question 14

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
B	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)
C	Cambrian to Miocene
D	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)

Question 15

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Albaillaria
B	Foraminifera
C	Sponges
D	Spumellaria

Question 16

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	organic reefs and clastic rocks
B	in organic shale
C	chalks and calcareous oozes
D	coccolithoids

Question 17

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Sponges
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Radiolarian

Question 17 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 18

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	cortical shell
C	basal ring
D	medullar shell

Question 19

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Upper Silurian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Upper Devonian
D	Lower Jurassic

Question 20

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 21

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
B	They are typically benthic form of organisms.
C	They are closely related to Radiolarians.
D	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
E	They have animal-type metabolism.

Question 22

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Basal ring
B	Aperture
C	Cephalon
D	Sagittal ring

Question 23

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Tasmanitids
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Diatoms
D	Nassellaria

Question 24

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Coccolithophorids
B	Diatoms
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Tasmanitids
E	Radiolarians

Question 24 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 25

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)
B	Jurassic to Cretaceous
C	Ediacaran to Cretaceous
D	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)

Question 26

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	central spines
B	polar spines
C	cortical spines
D	byspines

Question 27

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	20 - 200 microns.
B	300 - 900 microns.
C	50 - 900 microns.
D	1000 - 5000 microns.

Question 28

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	Active
B	Passive; like people high on weed.
C	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
D	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.

Question 29

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Upper Devonian
B	Middle Jurassic
C	Lower Cretaceous
D	Upper Cambrian

Question 30

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Diatoms
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Tasmanitids
D	Radiolarians

Question 31

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	no symmetry; primitive.
B	radial
C	bilateral
D	co-axial

Question 32

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	basal ring
B	cortical shell
C	medullar shell
D	microsphere

Question 33

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Spumellaria
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Forminifera
D	Nassellaria

Question 34

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 1%
B	Anything above 5%
C	Anything above 40%
D	Anything above 10%

Question 35

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Ediacaran
B	Ordovician
C	Late Triassic
D	Holocene

Question 36

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Charles Robert Darwin
B	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
C	Joseph Dalton Hooker
D	Ernst Haeckel

Question 36 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 37

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Apical ring
B	Basal ring
C	Bars
D	Spines (larger)

Question 38

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Forminifera
B	Spumellaria
C	Diatom
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 39

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Carbon
B	Silicon
C	Oxygen
D	Nitrogen

Question 40

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Middle part in red.
B	Outer most part in green.
C	Central part in blue.
D	Black lines indicating the spines.

Question 40 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 41

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	oil shales
B	inorganic reefs
C	clay
D	chalks and calcareous oozes

Question 42

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epitheca
B	Epicingulum
C	Hypotheca
D	Epiproferia

Question 43

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Foraminifera
D	Diatoms

Question 44

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

A	Z
B	X
C	W
D	Y

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Mobile Users: Best view in landscape mode when mobile version is active.

EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants