Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

Around what time the Hadean ended?

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

Which of the following statement is true?

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

The category Tribe can only be found in...

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram? Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

We live in which era?

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

Acme zone is best described as...

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram? Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian. What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom? Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

The following is a representation of what type of organism? Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian. What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian? Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian. Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

The following is a representation of what type of organism? Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.