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Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	choanocytes
B	sclerocytes
C	archaeocytes
D	pinacocytes

Question 2

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	False
B	True

Question 3

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Cambrian to Mississippian
C	Cretaceous to Neogene
D	Ordovician-Devonian

Question 4

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Archaeocytes
B	Sclerocytes
C	Choanocytes
D	Pinacocytes

Question 5

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	families
B	phyla
C	classes
D	orders
E	genera

Question 6

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Acme Zones
B	Interval Zones
C	Morphological Zones
D	Assemblage Zones

Question 7

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Not enough information is given.
B	Radial
C	Pentameral
D	Bilateral

Question 8

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	ecological conditions.
B	sudden changes in genetic variation.
C	differentiation between growth stages.
D	sexual dimorphism.

Question 9

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Order and Family
B	Genus and Species
C	Class and Species
D	Phylum and Family

Question 10

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Addition
B	Modification
C	Molting
D	Accretion

Question 11

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	False
B	True

Question 11 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 12

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Nongenetic Trajectory
B	Morphological Trajectory
C	Ontogeneric Trajectory
D	Genetic Trajectory

Question 13

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	False
B	True

Question 13 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 14

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	three
B	five
C	two
D	four

Question 15

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	Evolutionary Occurrence
B	Acme Zone
C	LAD
D	PTD

Question 16

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	False
B	True

Question 17

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	characteristic fossil
B	index fossils
C	most abundant fossils
D	identity fossil
E	trace fossils

Question 18

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Impressions
B	Carbonization
C	Congealment
D	Impregnation

Question 19

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Modern Linnaean hierarchy
B	Improved Linnaean hierarchy
C	Original Linnaean hierarchy

Question 20

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Biradial symmetry
B	Bilateral symmetry
C	Spherical symmetry
D	Radial symmetry

Question 21

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Accretion
B	Modification
C	Addition
D	Molting

Question 22

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	True
B	False

Question 23

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	False
B	True

Question 23 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 24

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	test
B	frustule
C	cells
D	opaline silica

Question 25

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Canonization
B	Impregnation
C	Recrystallization
D	Moldic fossilization

Question 26

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	True
B	False

Question 27

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	slilicoflagellate.
B	tasmanitid.
C	diatom.
D	coccolithophorid.
E	not enough data to distinguish.

Question 27 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 28

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	bivalves.
B	humans.
C	echinoids.
D	trilobite.

Question 29

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Hexactinellida
B	Class Demospongea
C	Class Calcarea
D	Class Germaphobia

Question 30

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	True
B	False

Question 31

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Carboniferous - Permian
B	Cretaceous - Paleogene
C	Devonian - Carboniferous
D	Devonian - Silurian
E	Permian - Triassic

Question 32

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Chemical
B	Stratigraphic
C	Morphological
D	Genetic

Question 33

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian
B	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian
C	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian
D	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian

Question 34

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Paleogene
B	Permian
C	Cretaceous
D	Quaternary

Question 35

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Superclass
B	Kingdom
C	Phylum
D	Order

Question 36

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Amblyprocts
B	Archaeocytes
C	Porocytes
D	Scierocytes

Question 37

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Paleozoic
C	Carboniferous
D	Neogene

Question 37 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 38

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	False
B	True

Question 39

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
B	Genetic studies
C	Morphological studies
D	Chemical compositional studies

Question 40

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
B	Proterozoic and Archean
C	Phanerozoic and Precambrian
D	Cenozoic and Paleozoic

Question 41

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Pennsylvanian
B	Ordovician
C	Jurassic
D	Devonian

Question 42

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Cristata
B	Hexagonaria
C	Animalia
D	Cnidaria

Question 43

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Jurassic; 3E
B	Jurassic; 3D
C	Carboniferous; 3H
D	Carboniferous; 3B

Question 44

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	reefs.
B	biocherms.
C	ecologic.
D	platonic.

Question 45

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Helmichordata
B	Phylum Brachiopoda
C	Phylum Porifera
D	Phylum Cnidaria

Question 46

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	euryproct
B	platyproct
C	amblyproct
D	stenoproct

Question 47

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Rhagon
B	Leucon
C	Sycon
D	Ascon
E	Hyperdemia

Question 48

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Fossilization in Amber
B	Moldic fossilization
C	Impregnation
D	Congealment

Question 49

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	True
B	False

Question 50

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	central cavity
B	feet
C	basal ring
D	holdfast

Question 51

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Spherical
B	Circular
C	Radial
D	Pentameral

Question 52

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.
B	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.
C	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.
D	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.

Question 53

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	True
B	False

Question 54

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	1
B	7
C	5
D	2

Question 55

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	66 millions of years ago
B	13 millions of years ago
C	0.0117 millions of years ago
D	541 millions of years ago

Question 56

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	False
B	True

Question 57

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	2500 Ma
B	4560 Ma
C	541 Ma
D	4030 Ma

Question 58

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Archean
D	Permian

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Lingula
B	Archaeocyathid
C	Inoceramus
D	Pentremites

Question 59 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 60

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Subspecies
B	Subfamily
C	Subtribe
D	Tribe
E	Suborder

Question 61

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Jurassic
B	Triassic
C	Devonian
D	Mississippian

Question 62

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
B	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
C	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
D	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.

Question 63

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 63 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 64

We live in which era?

A	Cenozoic
B	Miocence
C	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.
D	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.

Question 65

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	biostratigraphy.
B	taxonomy.
C	evolutionary biology.
D	taxa.

Question 66

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	mature.
B	old.
C	young.
D	under development.

Question 67

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	False
B	True

Question 67 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 68

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Early middle Cambrian
B	Middle Ordovician
C	Lower Silurian
D	Early Lower Permian

Question 69

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	growth stages.
B	living environments
C	genetic structures
D	genetic variation

Question 70

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. anisometric II. isometric
B	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical
C	I. isometric II. anisometric
D	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical

Question 71

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Neogene
B	I. Permian II. Devonian

Question 72

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Cruziana
B	Trilobite
C	Brachiopod
D	Ammonite

Question 73

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Insects
B	Gastropods
C	Bivalves
D	Diatoms

Question 73 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 74

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.
D	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.

Question 75

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	They have well specialized organs.
B	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.
C	They are planktonic organisms.
D	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.

Question 76

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Eoarchean
B	Ediacaran
C	Cretaceous
D	Holocene

Question 76 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 77

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	insects.
B	mammals.
C	coprolites (poops).
D	dinosaurs.

Question 78

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	two
B	three
C	infinite
D	one

Question 78 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 79

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Permineralization
B	Carbonization
C	Permineralization
D	Impressions

Question 80

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Carboniferous
B	Cenozoic
C	Precambrian
D	Mesozoic
E	Paleozoic

Question 81

Acme zone is best described as...

A	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.
B	The last appearance of an organism/group.
C	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
D	The first appearance of an organism/group.

Question 82

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	541 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	66.0 Ma
D	0.011710 Ma

Question 83

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	4030 Ma
B	252.17 Ma
C	66.0 Ma
D	4560 Ma

Question 84

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Devonian
B	Cretaceous
C	Ordovician
D	Ediacaran
E	Neoproterozoic

Question 85

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	50,000 years
B	6000 years
C	8,000 years
D	11,700 years
E	22,000 years

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Holocene
B	Late Triassic
C	Ordovician
D	Ediacaran

Question 2

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	20 - 200 microns.
B	1000 - 5000 microns.
C	50 - 900 microns.
D	300 - 900 microns.

Question 3

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	cortical shell
C	basal ring
D	medullar shell

Question 4

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	cortical shell
C	basal ring
D	medullar shell

Question 5

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Tasmanitids
C	Radiolarians
D	Diatoms

Question 6

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Sagittal ring
B	Aperture
C	Basal ring
D	Cephalon

Question 7

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
B	True
C	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.
D	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.

Question 8

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	False
B	True

Question 9

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epitheca
B	Epicingulum
C	Hypotheca
D	Epiproferia

Question 10

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	False
B	True

Question 10 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 11

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Nassellaria
B	Tasmanitids
C	Diatoms
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 12

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Sponges
B	Foraminifera
C	Spumellaria
D	Albaillaria

Question 13

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	Z
B	Y
C	X
D	W

Question 13 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 14

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	True
B	False

Question 14 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 15

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Black lines indicating the spines.
B	Central part in blue.
C	Outer most part in green.
D	Middle part in red.

Question 15 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 16

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	False; it is six bars.
B	True
C	False; it is four bars.

Question 17

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Coccolithophorids
B	Spumellaria
C	Forminifera
D	Nassellaria

Question 18

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Aperture
B	Cephalon
C	Thorax
D	Abdomen

Question 19

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	polar spines
B	byspines
C	central spines
D	cortical spines

Question 20

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 10%
B	Anything above 40%
C	Anything above 5%
D	Anything above 1%

Question 21

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	True
B	False

Question 22

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Upper Devonian
B	Upper Silurian
C	Lower Jurassic
D	Middle Cambrian

Question 23

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Ediacaran to Cretaceous
B	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
C	Jurassic to Cretaceous
D	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)

Question 24

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Diatom
B	Forminifera
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Spumellaria

Question 25

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

A	Y
B	X
C	Z
D	W

Question 26

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	clay
B	inorganic reefs
C	chalks and calcareous oozes
D	oil shales

Question 27

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.
B	They have animal-type metabolism.
C	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
D	They are typically benthic form of organisms.
E	They are closely related to Radiolarians.

Question 28

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Thorax
B	Cephalon
C	Aperture
D	Abdomen

Question 29

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	co-axial
B	bilateral
C	radial
D	no symmetry; primitive.

Question 30

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 31

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	True
B	False

Question 32

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Joseph Dalton Hooker
B	Ernst Haeckel
C	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
D	Charles Robert Darwin

Question 32 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 33

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Coccolithophorids
B	Radiolarian
C	Sponges
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 33 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 34

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Silicoflagellates
B	Tasmanitids
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Radiolarians
E	Diatoms

Question 34 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 35

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
B	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.
C	Passive; like people high on weed.
D	Active

Question 36

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Epiproferia
B	Epitheca
C	Epicingulum
D	Hypotheca

Question 37

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
B	Cambrian to Miocene
C	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)
D	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)

Question 38

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Carbon
B	Nitrogen
C	Oxygen
D	Silicon

Question 39

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Diatoms
B	Archaeocyatha
C	Profiera
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 40

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Spines (larger)
B	Bars
C	Apical ring
D	Basal ring

Question 41

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Bars
B	Apical ring
C	Basal ring
D	Spines

Question 42

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Diatoms
B	Silicoflagellates
C	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
D	Foraminifera

Question 43

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Upper Devonian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Lower Cretaceous

Question 44

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	organic reefs and clastic rocks
B	in organic shale
C	chalks and calcareous oozes
D	coccolithoids

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants