Go to: Midterm II | Final

Since it is a 400-level class, I assume that you have the prior background in first (and second) year Geology classes. Note that I have separated all Protistans related questions into a separate exam database (second quiz).

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

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Question 1

Sponges are the simplest multicellular organism found in the stratigraphic evidence from Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 1 Explanation:

However, they are the simplest multicellular living organism.

Question 2

Moldic fossilization always results preservation of the entire organic body.

A	False
B	True

Question 3

Subaerial carbonates are used for what type of studies?

A	Behavioral studies (trace fossils)
B	Morphological studies
C	Chemical compositional studies
D	Genetic studies

Question 4

The FAD (First Appearance Datum) and LAD (Last Appearance Datum) is associated with Interval Zones.

A	False
B	True

Question 5

The "Great Dying" is occurred at which boundary?

A	Permian - Triassic
B	Devonian - Carboniferous
C	Carboniferous - Permian
D	Cretaceous - Paleogene
E	Devonian - Silurian

Question 6

Stromatoporoids are important reef builders of what Geologic time period?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Cretaceous to Neogene
C	Cambrian to Mississippian
D	Ordovician-Devonian

Question 7

On the current Geologic Time Scale, this section is further divided due to empirical evidence found in North America.

A	Neogene
B	Paleozoic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Carboniferous

Question 7 Explanation:

They are Pennsylvanian and Mississippian.

Question 8

What type of growth you would expect to find in humans like your grandma?

A	Accretion
B	Modification
C	Molting
D	Addition

Question 9

Which of the two sections are not found in original Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Phylum and Family
B	Class and Species
C	Genus and Species
D	Order and Family

Question 10

Gerotic is equivalent of being...

A	old.
B	young.
C	mature.
D	under development.

Question 11

What is 3L on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Pennsylvanian
B	Jurassic
C	Ordovician
D	Devonian

Question 12

In modern Paleobiology, this type of variability is very useful in identifying species.

A	Stratigraphic
B	Morphological
C	Chemical
D	Genetic

Question 13

We live in which era?

A	Miocence
B	Quaternary Hint: This is the period and NOT the era.
C	Cenozoic
D	Holocene Hint: This is the Epoch and NOT the era.

Question 14

Echinoderms have what type of symmetry?

A	Radial
B	Pentameral
C	Spherical
D	Circular

Question 15

Radiolaria one of the hardest hit due to Great Dying event.

A	True
B	False

Question 15 Explanation:

Almost all of the Radiolarians have died!

Question 16

Most common organisms found in Amber based fossilization process are...

A	insects.
B	coprolites (poops).
C	mammals.
D	dinosaurs.

Question 17

In __I__ growth, the organism shape remains the same while in __II__ growth, the organism shape changes with the development.

A	I. anisometric II. isometric
B	I. symmetrical II. non-symmetrical
C	I. non-symmetrical II. symmetrical
D	I. isometric II. anisometric

Question 18

On the following diagram, around what time 5A ended?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	4560 Ma
B	4030 Ma
C	252.17 Ma
D	66.0 Ma

Question 19

Which of the following is the female reproductive cells of a sponge?

A	sclerocytes
B	choanocytes
C	pinacocytes
D	archaeocytes

Question 20

Both fossils and trace fossils are useful in determining the history of biological cycles.

A	False
B	True

Question 21

What is the most likely type of growth strategy of Radiolarians?

A	Modification
B	Molting
C	Accretion
D	Addition

Question 22

Sponges have solid codes within their spicules.

A	True
B	False

Question 23

Profera and Archaeocyatha are colonial life forms.

A	True
B	False

Question 24

Which of the following is the most flat surface of a sponge?

A	stenoproct
B	amblyproct
C	platyproct
D	euryproct

Question 25

By convention, in order to be a true fossil, the sample must be at least ___ years old.

A	22,000 years
B	50,000 years
C	11,700 years
D	8,000 years
E	6000 years

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a "living fossil"?

A	Inoceramus
B	Pentremites
C	Archaeocyathid
D	Lingula

Question 26 Explanation:

Lingula is one of the oldest living fossils that was found in the fossils records as far as Ordovician. Living fossils are organisms that has survived to this day.

Question 27

During accretion type growth, the organisms continuously grow at a steady (same) rate.

A	False
B	True

Question 27 Explanation:

While they keep increasing in structure at a continuous phase, the growth speeds may varies from time to time.

Question 28

Pentamerism is a sub category of what type of symmetry?

A	Biradial symmetry
B	Bilateral symmetry
C	Radial symmetry
D	Spherical symmetry

Question 29

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 2D?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cretaceous
C	Devonian
D	Ediacaran
E	Ordovician

Question 30

The FAD (first appearance datum) is sometimes refereed as...

A	LAD
B	Evolutionary Occurrence
C	PTD
D	Acme Zone

Question 31

Non-wave resistance organic buildups are often describes as...

A	platonic.
B	reefs.
C	biocherms.
D	ecologic.

Question 32

What number is used for labeling the central cavity on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	5
B	7
C	2
D	1

Question 33

On the following diagram, what is highlighted in 3C?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Paleogene
B	Permian
C	Cretaceous
D	Quaternary

Question 34

Longer the range which the organism existed on fossil record, better the data which it can provide on the interval zone.

A	True
B	False

Question 34 Explanation:

Shorter existed organisms provide the best identifiers known as index fossils.

Question 35

Cretaceous, Jurassic and Teiassic periods are all part of what era?

A	Precambrian
B	Paleozoic
C	Cenozoic
D	Mesozoic
E	Carboniferous

Question 36

Genetic variability only occurs in sexually reproductive species.

A	True
B	False

Question 37

If you have to choose the best possible symmetry of the following diagram, what would that be? (Assume you know nothing about this organism. Just looking at the diagram...)

A	Pentameral
B	Radial
C	Not enough information is given.
D	Bilateral

Question 38

When is the end of the Mesozoic era?

A	252.17 Ma
B	66.0 Ma
C	541 Ma
D	0.011710 Ma

Question 39

As skeleton to human, _____ to diatoms.

A	test
B	frustule
C	opaline silica
D	cells

Question 40

Acme zone is best described as...

A	Sudden fluctuation in morphological features of an organism/group.
B	Abundance of specific organisms in a given time window.
C	The last appearance of an organism/group.
D	The first appearance of an organism/group.

Question 41

The term "Gas Window" which occurs at the temperatures between 120 - 225 degree Celsius associated with what type of fossilization?

A	Impressions
B	Impregnation
C	Congealment
D	Carbonization

Question 42

Which of the following process best describe the fossilization process of woolly mammoth of Siberia?

A	Impregnation
B	Congealment
C	Moldic fossilization
D	Fossilization in Amber

Question 43

What is the best ,morphological definition of a species?

A	Populations that naturally breed together and provide viable offspring.
B	Set of organisms with similar physical characteristics.
C	Grouping of kingdoms which have the height precedence in taxonomy.
D	Diagnosable cluster within which there is a pattern of ancestry.

Question 44

Classification of fossils and modern organisms into groups known as...

A	evolutionary biology.
B	taxonomy.
C	taxa.
D	biostratigraphy.

Question 45

Which of the following cell types are responsible for gathering food in sponges?

A	Pinacocytes
B	Archaeocytes
C	Choanocytes
D	Sclerocytes

Question 46

Which term do we use to describe the fossils that only occurred in certain restricted periods in biostratigraphy? (useful for defining boundaries)

A	identity fossil
B	index fossils
C	characteristic fossil
D	most abundant fossils
E	trace fossils

Question 47

According to paleobiological evidence the world is 6000 years old.

A	True
B	False

Question 48

What do we call a graph that illustrates the the number of chambers with the area of each chamber?

A	Ontogeneric Trajectory
B	Morphological Trajectory
C	Genetic Trajectory
D	Nongenetic Trajectory

Question 49

What structure is labeled with number 7 on the following diagram?

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeocyatha.png

A	holdfast
B	basal ring
C	feet
D	central cavity

Question 50

Which of the following statement is true?

A	Discontinuous genetic variability is less frequent than continuous genetic variability.
B	Discontinuous genetic variability is more frequent than continuous genetic variability.
C	Echinoids great are examples discontinuous genetic variability.
D	Continuous genetic variability occurs in species with large morphological differences between sexes.

Question 51

Which of the following statements are true about Phylum Proifera.

A	They are planktonic organisms.
B	They have well specialized organs.
C	SpongeBob SquarePants can NOT be classified into Phylum Proifera.
D	They lived attached to the substratum with the aid of root-like structures.

Question 52

Choose the odd one out based on the process of fossilization. (Choose the best option!)

Insects
Diatoms
Bivalves
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Gastropods

A	Gastropods
B	Diatoms
C	Insects
D	Bivalves

Question 52 Explanation:

This is a tricky hard question. The Insects are the ONLY one on the list that falls in the category of unaltered fossilization (most of the time, but not all the time).

Question 53

Organisms belongs to Phylum Archaeocyatha have been found in the fossil record as far back as...

A	Lower Silurian
B	Middle Ordovician
C	Early middle Cambrian
D	Early Lower Permian

Question 54

You came across a really really old rock. Your prof said that it is one of the oldest. It is most likely from which period?

A	Ediacaran
B	Cretaceous
C	Eoarchean
D	Holocene

Question 54 Explanation:

Ediacaran probably the best choice since we haven't found any rocks as old as Eoarchean. If you did find one, please give me a call ASAP.

Question 55

Non-genetic variations in species are most likely caused by...

A	sudden changes in genetic variation.
B	ecological conditions.
C	differentiation between growth stages.
D	sexual dimorphism.

Question 56

In the Phylum Porifers (sponges), this particular Class is characterized by spicules that intersects with about 60^o/120^o angles.

A	Class Demospongea
B	Class Calcarea
C	Class Germaphobia
D	Class Hexactinellida

Question 57

What are the Eons represented by 1A and 1B respectively on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Phanerozoic and Precambrian
B	Cenozoic and Paleozoic
C	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
D	Proterozoic and Archean

Question 58

Pinacocytes and what other type of specialized cells make up the outer lining of a Porifera?

A	Amblyprocts
B	Porocytes
C	Scierocytes
D	Archaeocytes

Question 59

__I__ is older than Jurassic and __II__ younger than Cretaceous.

A	I. Permian II. Neogene
B	I. Permian II. Devonian

Question 60

What is the smallest category of Modern Linnaean hierarchy?

A	Tribe
B	Subtribe
C	Suborder
D	Subspecies
E	Subfamily

Question 61

How many kinds of genetic variability do we use in Paleobiological studies?

A	infinite
B	three
C	two
D	one

Question 61 Explanation:

They are; continuous and discontinuous

Question 62

When did the Holocene started (according 2013 Geologic Time Scale convention)?

A	541 millions of years ago
B	66 millions of years ago
C	0.0117 millions of years ago
D	13 millions of years ago

Question 63

How do we know that Trilobites used molting process for growth?

A	Fossils of the organism were found without the exoskeleton. Hint: Impossible due to soft body dissolution.
B	Abundance in organic matter in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.
C	The trace fossils left by the organism during certain growth periods.
D	The lack of exoskeletons in some parts of the stratigraphic windows.

Question 64

On the conventional Geologic Time Scale, which of the following period is not a part of Paleozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Permian
C	Silurian
D	Archean

Question 65

What is the species of Hexagonaria cristata?

A	Cristata
B	Cnidaria
C	Animalia
D	Hexagonaria

Question 66

If large scale shell deformation is observed in a confined region, it is most likely caused by non-genetic variability factors; such as high density of population.

A	True
B	False

Question 66 Explanation:

Although this could eventually lead to genetic variability....

Question 67

During this process of fossilization, the soft body parts of organisms were covered with a hard part. Often the hard section is made of calcium carbonates.

A	Moldic fossilization
B	Canonization
C	Recrystallization
D	Impregnation

Question 68

Which is the smallest morphological feature of a sponge?

A	Sycon
B	Rhagon
C	Leucon
D	Hyperdemia
E	Ascon

Question 69

The following observations were made during an examination of a sample:
- the frustule is composed of organic silica
- radial symmetry
- found in sediment samples throughout Jurassic to Holocene
- is a microfossil
This sample most like be a...

A	tasmanitid.
B	diatom.
C	slilicoflagellate.
D	not enough data to distinguish.
E	coccolithophorid.

Question 69 Explanation:

As soon as you hear "frustule", the "diatoms" should invade your brain cells.

Question 70

Choose the best answer for the following statements.
-underwent rapid burial
-internal structures were often preserved
-most fossils from Ediacaran period were fossilized through this process.

A	Permineralization
B	Impressions
C	Permineralization
D	Carbonization

Question 71

Which of the following has the highest precedence, in relation to each other? (largest group)

A	Superclass
B	Phylum
C	Kingdom
D	Order

Question 72

There are only two sub-Periods (subdivisions) on this diagram. They are represented by 3J and 3K. What are they?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	3J - Silurian 3K - Devonian
B	3J - Pennsylvanian 3K - Mississippian
C	3J - Devonian 3K - Silurian
D	3J - Mississippian 3K - Pennsylvanian

Question 73

Kingdom Protista has produced most advanced forms of organisms.

A	True
B	False

Question 74

Carboniferous period is divided into how many sub periods?

A	three
B	four
C	two
D	five

Question 75

Sometimes we can identify fossils by their physical characteristics. What is the most probable type of fossil in this diagram?

A	Ammonite
B	Brachiopod
C	Cruziana
D	Trilobite

Question 76

What is the oldest period of Mesozoic?

A	Devonian
B	Jurassic
C	Mississippian
D	Triassic

Question 77

This type of zone divisions are commonly used for analyzing biostratigraphy of invertebrates.

A	Interval Zones
B	Acme Zones
C	Assemblage Zones
D	Morphological Zones

Question 78

Around what time the Hadean ended?

A	4030 Ma
B	2500 Ma
C	4560 Ma
D	541 Ma

Question 79

Recrystallization is an unaltered process of fossilization.

A	True
B	False

Question 80

Ontogenetic refers to ____ of organisms.

A	living environments
B	genetic variation
C	growth stages.
D	genetic structures

Question 81

An example of an organism that underwent molting would be...

A	echinoids.
B	bivalves.
C	trilobite.
D	humans.

Question 82

The Sub Class Zoantharia is in what Phylum of Kingdom Animalia?

A	Phylum Porifera
B	Phylum Brachiopoda
C	Phylum Helmichordata
D	Phylum Cnidaria

Question 83

What is the largest division in taxonomical hierarchy?

A	phyla
B	genera
C	orders
D	families
E	classes

Question 84

This particular Period is known for high volumes of coal formations. It is first appears on Geological records around 358.9 Ma. What is the Period and it's location on the following diagram?
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this without using any AIDS.

A	Jurassic; 3E
B	Carboniferous; 3H
C	Carboniferous; 3B
D	Jurassic; 3D

Question 85

The category Tribe can only be found in...

A	Original Linnaean hierarchy
B	Improved Linnaean hierarchy
C	Modern Linnaean hierarchy

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

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Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans.

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Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

Which of the positive elements of Silicoflagellates forms the outer most structure (most important)?

A	Apical ring
B	Spines (larger)
C	Basal ring
D	Bars

Question 2

Which of the following images would most likely represents a Spumellarian?

Images credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolarian.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms.png http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Spumellaria_detail.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Foraminifera_hg.jpg

A	W
B	X
C	Y
D	Z

Question 3

The Diatom's frustule is made of three major components. The largest component is known as...

A	Epitheca
B	Hypotheca
C	Epicingulum
D	Epiproferia

Question 4

Who published the first scientific illustration of Radiolarians?

A	Ernst Haeckel
B	Joseph Dalton Hooker
C	Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu
D	Charles Robert Darwin

Question 4 Explanation:

Haeckel's Plates

Question 5

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Sponges
Foraminifera

A	Sponges
B	Radiolarian
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 5 Explanation:

Sponges are belongs to Porifera!

Question 6

Coccolithophorids are beloved to be the producers of the most chalks based geologic materials in the history of the Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 7

Compared to all other plant-link protistans, this group has the most thickened walls.

A	Radiolarians
B	Silicoflagellates
C	Tasmanitids
D	Diatoms

Question 8

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with A?

A	Abdomen
B	Aperture
C	Thorax
D	Cephalon

Question 9

This type of organisms were made of tests composed of a wide range of chemicals such as calcite, aragonite and silica. They were unicellular organisms with mostly planticks form of life.

A	Spumellaria
B	Albaillaria
C	Foraminifera
D	Sponges

Question 10

Diatoms are known to produce large quantities (compared to their body size) of what substance?

A	Nitrogen
B	Oxygen
C	Carbon
D	Silicon

Question 11

The larger spines on Order Spumellarian (Radiolaria) are known as...

A	polar spines
B	byspines
C	cortical spines
D	central spines

Question 12

What is the stratigraphic time range for Tasmanitids?

A	Cretaceous to Holocene (recent)
B	Cambrian to Miocene
C	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
D	Paleozoic to Holocene (recent)

Question 13

Radiolarians use the process of photosynthesis to produce food.

A	True
B	False

Question 14

Which part of the Silicoflagellates, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Apical ring
B	Bars
C	Spines
D	Basal ring

Question 15

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with green coloured circle?

A	medullar shell
B	microsphere
C	cortical shell
D	basal ring

Question 16

The following is a representation of what type of organism?

Original Image credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radiolaria3434.JPG

A	Spumellaria
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Nassellaria
D	Forminifera

Question 17

A colony of a Radiolarian can be as large as several meters.

A	False
B	True

Question 18

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

Which part of the Spumellarian, would most likely to be lost during fossilization?

A	Outer most part in green.
B	Middle part in red.
C	Central part in blue.
D	Black lines indicating the spines.

Question 18 Explanation:

The central, microsphere is often dissolved during fossilization.

Question 19

What is the evolutionary existence of Silicoflagellates?

A	Middle Jurassic
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Lower Cretaceous
D	Upper Devonian

Question 20

Which of the following organisms group have a frustule made of organic silica?

A	Tasmanitids
B	Diatoms
C	Nassellaria
D	Silicoflagellates

Question 21

What is the stratigraphical time period for Coccolithophorids?

A	Cambrian to Holocene (recent)
B	Jurassic to Holocene (recent)
C	Jurassic to Cretaceous
D	Ediacaran to Cretaceous

Question 22

Tasmanitids are found in what type of sediments?

A	inorganic reefs
B	clay
C	chalks and calcareous oozes
D	oil shales

Question 23

Find the odd one out.

Silicoflagellates
Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophorids
Tasmanitids

A	Radiolarians
B	Coccolithophorids
C	Silicoflagellates
D	Tasmanitids
E	Diatoms

Question 23 Explanation:

Exception to Radiolarians, all the others are plant like.

Question 24

Pennate diatoms are capable of independent movement.

A	False
B	True

Question 24 Explanation:

But never in a straight line.

Question 25

What is the smaller component of Diatom's frustule?

A	Epitheca
B	Hypotheca
C	Epicingulum
D	Epiproferia

Question 26

Radiolarians like to hang out in the deeper (over 100 ft) part of the oceanic water column.

A	False
B	True

Question 26 Explanation:

Upper part of the oceanic water column.

Question 27

Coccolithophorids are found in which type of sediments/rocks?

A	in organic shale
B	chalks and calcareous oozes
C	coccolithoids
D	organic reefs and clastic rocks

Question 28

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with B?

A	Aperture
B	Abdomen
C	Thorax
D	Cephalon

Question 29

Which of the following organisms group have animal-type metabolism?

A	Foraminifera
B	Silicoflagellates
C	None; all of them have plant-like metabolism
D	Diatoms

Question 30

On the following diagram of a Nessellaria, an Order of Radiolarians, what is indicated with E?

A	Basal ring
B	Cephalon
C	Sagittal ring
D	Aperture

Question 31

The following is a representation of what type of organism? none

Image credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg

A	Diatom
B	Forminifera
C	Spumellaria
D	Coccolithophorids

Question 32

Microfossil Silicoflagellates have a size range of...

A	20 - 200 microns.
B	1000 - 5000 microns.
C	50 - 900 microns.
D	300 - 900 microns.

Question 33

This type of organisms have 3 - 15 micron plates made of calcareous chemical compounds.

A	Archaeocyatha
B	Diatoms
C	Coccolithophorids
D	Profiera

Question 34

Centric Diatoms are usually radial in symmetry and the Pervalar axis connects the two values.

A	True
B	False

Question 35

How would you describe the movement of Diatoms?

A	Passive; like people high on weed.
B	At young stage, passive. At adult stage active.
C	Active
D	At young stage, active. At adult stage passive.

Question 36

What kind of symmetry would you expect to find on Coccolithophorids?

A	bilateral
B	radial
C	co-axial
D	no symmetry; primitive.

Question 37

The Silicoflagellates distribution is mostly controlled by the abundance of silica in the oceanic water.

A	False because the availability of other micro-organisms for food supply that dictates the distribution.
B	True
C	False because it is the abundance of oxygen and light.
D	False because it is the temperature of the upper water column.

Question 38

What is the most likely evolutionary occurrence for Order Albailleria in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Ediacaran
B	Holocene
C	Ordovician
D	Late Triassic

Question 39

Albaillellarians have skeletons with three intersecting bars.

A	True
B	False; it is four bars.
C	False; it is six bars.

Question 40

Which of the following statements are true about Coccolithophorids?

A	They started to dissolve well below the CCD of the water column.
B	They have animal-type metabolism.
C	They are closely related to Radiolarians.
D	They are typically benthic form of organisms.
E	They started to dissolve well above the CCD of the water column.

Question 41

In order for a rock to be classified as a Silicoflagellithites, what percentage of the composition must contain Silicoflagellates?

A	Anything above 10%
B	Anything above 40%
C	Anything above 1%
D	Anything above 5%

Question 42

Which of the following images would most likely represents a diatom?

A	Z
B	W
C	Y
D	X

Question 42 Explanation:

While image labeled Z may not look like the images we saw in class, the characteristics of three parts of a diatom is clearly visible. Elementary my dear!

Question 43

This is an outline (diagram) of Spumellarian, an Order of Radiolarian.

What architectural component is highlighted with red coloured circle?

A	microsphere
B	basal ring
C	cortical shell
D	medullar shell

Question 44

What is the evolutionary occurrence for Order Archeospicularia in the Class of Radiolarians?

A	Lower Jurassic
B	Upper Silurian
C	Upper Devonian
D	Middle Cambrian

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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Hierarchy of Life

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Mobile Users: Best view in landscape mode when mobile version is active.

EON		ERA	PERIOD		EPOCH	AGE (Ma)
Phanero- -zoic		Cenozoic (C_z)	Quaternary (Q)		Holocene	0.011710
					Pleistocene (P_s)	2.588
			Neogene (N)		Pliocene (P_O)	5.332
					Miocene (M_I)	23.03
			Paleogene (P_E)		Oligocene(O_G)	33.9
					Eocene (E_O)	56
					Paleocene (P_ε)	66.0
		Mesozoic (M_Z)	Cretaceous (K)			145
			Jurassic (J)			201.3
			Triassic (T_r)			252.17
		Paleozoic (P_z)	Permian (P)			298.9
			Carboni- -ferous (C)	Pennsylvanian (\|P)		323.2
				Mississippian (M)		358.9
			Devonian (D)			419.2
			Silurian (S)			443.8
			Ordovician (O)			485.4
			Cambrian (∈)			541
Pre∈	Pro- -terozoic (Ρ)	Neo (Z)	Ediacaran			635
			Cryogenian			850
		Meso (Y)	1000 Ma			1600
		Paleo (X)				2500
	Archean (A)	Neo				2800
		Meso				3200
		Paleo				3600
		Eo				4030
	Hadean (ρA)					~ 4560

* Symbols are based on reference USGS reference table.

Image version of the above table for those who are still using stone age computers like Fred Flintstone.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 491 Midterm I-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm II | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I General

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm I Protistans

Hierarchy of Life

Click here for specific biological taxonomical divisions.

Geologic Time Scale

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Standing on the shoulders of giants