Introduction to Petroleum Geology

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Geology (GLGY 577-UCAL) Midterm Exam

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Question 1

How would you obtain Rw and So maximum from a Pickett Plot? You may use the following diagram to answer this question. (ID-PGL-57)

A	So maximum is the intersect point between the lower boundary (green line above) and read off the x-values straight down (first brown dash line down). The Rw is the x-value of the upper most point and read off the x-axis (second brown dash line).
B	Rw is obtained from the upper boundary (green line above) and the Sw is obtained from the upper limit of the lower boundary (red line above).
C	Rw is obtained from the upper limit of the lower boundary (red line above) and So maximum is obtained from the upper boundary (green line above).
D	You cannot take these measurements from a Pickett Plot. You must use a well log to determine such properties.
E	Rw is the intersect point between the lower boundary (green line above) and read off the x-values straight down (first brown dash line down). The So maximum is the x-value of the upper most point and read off the x-axis (second brown dash line).

Question 2

Ideal diagenesis of organic matter will result in... (ID-PGL-04)

A	carbon-oxygen chains.
B	traps.
C	reservoir.
D	hydrocarbons.
E	kerogen.

Question 3

Calculate the geothermal gradient given following information. (ID-PGL-33)
BHT (bottom hole temperature) = 255^o F
Surface temperature = 75^o F
Depth which BHT was measured: 11400 ft

A	~ 0.015oF/ft
B	~ 0.016oF/ft
C	~ 0.029oF/ft
D	~ 0.018oF/ft
E	~ 0.028oF/ft

Question 3 Explanation: 

Usually on exams, you will be required to read some of the values from a wireline well log.

Question 4

Which of the following is true? (ID-PGL-44)

A	Typically, as you move closer to mountains, frequency of stratigraphic traps increases.
B	In Alberta, we commonly find oil-wet rocks in the subsurface.
C	Computer algorithms for reservoir characterization models heavily depends on the analytical variables as opposed to empirical variables.
D	In Alberta, lens traps are the most common type of hydrocarbon traps.
E	Typically, as you move closer to mountains, frequency of structural traps increases.

Question 5

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-PGL-06)

A	Anticline trap
B	Fault trap
C	Pinchout trap
D	Lens trap
E	Unconformity trap
F	Salt dome trap

Question 6

As a Petroleum Geologist, you often have to make decisions based on limited access to samples and data. Your boss sent you the following image of a core from an unknown location at an unknown depth. Just by looking at the image, which of the following statements would you submit to your boss? (ID-PGL-34)

A	This part of the core is most likely concentrated with bitumen.
B	This part of the core is most likely have a very high permeability.
C	This part of the core is most likely saturated with organic materials.
D	This part of the core is most likely have a very low permeability.
E	This part of the core is most likely harder and stronger relative to other areas of the core.
F	This part of the core is most likely saturated with hydrocarbons.

Question 6 Explanation: 

For this question, multiple answers are possible. You may choose the one with bitumen and hydrocarbons and argue that those answers are correct. However, on multiple choice exams you are expected to choose most suitable answer. Technically you cannot say this is hydrocarbons (HC) or bitumen because by definition, you must satisfy the chemical and physical properties of such materials in order to classify as such. But the term "organic materials" can be used for border range of things including HC and bitumen.

Question 7

Which of the following statement is true about the neutron wireline tool? (ID-PGL-15)

A	A typical tool uses uranium as the energy source.
B	It measures the slow-down length of neutrons when they interacts with atoms.
C	Typically, silicon has a higher neutron reading than carbon.
D	The thermal phase of the tool uses energy at around 10 eV
E	It measures the true density of the material.

Question 8

Given C_H = 0.102 what is the R_H? (ID-PGL-20)

A	120.0 Ωm
B	9.80 Ωm
C	102.0 Ωm
D	0.102 Ωm

Question 8 Explanation: 

R_H = 1/C_H

Question 9

Which of the following drilling mud has the lowest impact on the environment? (ID-PGL-12)

A	Oil-based mud
B	Synthetic mud
C	Acids-based mud
D	Denial-based mud

Question 10

Typically which data source would provide the largest area coverage? (ID-PGL-46)

A	4C seismic
B	4D seismic
C	2D seismic
D	3D seismic

Question 11

The following is a map section created using the Canadian Dominion Land Survey (DLS) method. What is the location number for the X position? (ID-PGL-43)

A	Section 3
B	Section 10
C	Section 5
D	Section 4
E	Section 9

Question 12

Tortuosity factor... (ID-PGL-31)

A	is most commonly found to be equals to 1.0.
B	varies between 0.35 and 4.5.
C	is highly dependent on the formation factor.
D	is directly proportional to the resistivity.

Question 13

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-PGL-01)

A	inorganic compounds.
B	transitional metals and carbons.
C	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	kerogen.

Question 14

Which of the following has the best verticale resolution? (ID-PGL-47)

A	Sonic log
B	Neuron log
C	Caliper log
D	Gamma ray log
E	Dipmeter log

Question 15

What is the first step in petroleum systems "value chain"? (ID-PGL-07)

A	Exploration
B	Development
C	Reserves Growth
D	Production
E	Appraisal

Question 15 Explanation: 

This is supposed to be an easy question.

Question 16

Calculate Sw using the data obtained from following interpreted Pickett Plot. (ID-PGL-58)

A	0.09
B	1.08
C	0.08
D	1.00
E	0.65

Question 16 Explanation: 

Sw = (Ro/Rt)^(1/2) = (0.6/70)^(1/2) = 0.09258....

Question 17

If you have multiple possibilities for the line of Ro on the Pickett Plot, what is the best approach for obtaining Sw? (ID-PGL-25)

A	Generate the most two extreme Ro lines on the Pickett Plot with the maximum Rt and minimum Rt as your reference bounds.
B	Use the Ro line that is most centered to the all other Ro lines.
C	Generate several parallel Ro lines on the Pickett Plot.
D	Generate several Ro lines on the Pickett Plot.
E	Calibrate the Ro line with the core or well logs.

Question 18

Why would you choose metal casings as opposed to mud casings for top sections of the wells? (ID-PGL-36)

A	To protect aquifers from contamination.
B	To reduce fractures near the neck.
C	To prevent well blowouts.
D	To provide support for the Kelly Bushing.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Usually aquifers are situated close to the surface (relative to the deepest part of the well). Hence using mud may result in cross contamination.

Question 19

Thin areas on isopach maps are indicative of which of the following characteristic? (ID-PGL-42)

A	High concentration of hydrocarbons
B	Hills or mountains
C	Low net pay regions
D	Valleys
E	High net pay regions

Question 20

Which of the following is not an assumption used in Archie equation? (ID-PGL-22)

A	Formation is completely saturacted with fulids.
B	Resistivity of the formation water is same above and below the contact.
C	Proposity must be the same both above and below the oil-water contect.
D	Formation must be clean and free of clay.
E	Oil and gas acts as conduits for electrical signals.

Question 21

Typically, what is the resolution thickness of deep dual induction tools (ILd)? (ID-PGL-29)

A	~ 3 m
B	~ 2.5 m
C	~ 50 cm
D	~ 80 cm
E	~ 1.5 m

Question 22

Which of the following is true about cementation factor, m? (ID-PGL-24)

A	All or other things being equal, increase in m will result in decrease in a.
B	All or other things being equal, as m increases, the prore geometry become complicated.
C	The m and porosity are directly related to each other.
D	Value of m is independent of the surface area of the pores.
E	All or other things being equal, increase in m will result in increase in formation factor, F.

Question 23

The F factor becomes extremely difficult to obtain when... (ID-PGL-26)

A	...the formation is saturated with fresh water.
B	...the formation is concentrated with clay minerals in saline waters.
C	...the formation is composed of highly complex pore structures.
D	...the formation is low in clay minerals.

Question 24

Which of the following frequency can be used in conduction resistivity measurements? (ID-PGL-21)

A	200 Hz
B	20 MHz
C	100 kHz
D	2 kHz
E	2 MHz

Question 25

Typically when interpreting wireline well logs, the sand zones will produce _____ Gamma Ray (GR) readings, shale zones will produce _____ Gamma Ray (GR) readings and the threshold value for differentiating between sand and shale is ___. (ID-PGL-14)

A	high , low , at 75 API
B	high , low , at 15 API
C	low , high , at 75 API
D	low , high , arbitrary
E	low , high , at 15 API
F	high , low , arbitrary

Question 26

Which of the following property would adversely effect measurements and operation of well logging tool? (ID-PGL-28)

A	High concentration of formation fluids.
B	Low mud invasion zone.
C	Low viscosity mud.
D	Directionally focused tools.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Low viscosity mud have two major problems. It may not be able to counteract the formation pressures. Secondly, it will most likely penetrate deep into the formation where formation pressures is too low. Most drilling mud are neither high viscous nor low viscous.

Question 27

Generally what is the reference elevation for core samples taken out of a drilling operation? (ID-PGL-11)

A	Position of the Kelly Bushing
B	Top of the major formation
C	Highest point of the hydrocarbon pool
D	Bottom of the major formation
E	Lowest point of the hydrocarbon pool

Question 28

Typically, what is the depth of investigation for deep induction tools (ILd)? (ID-PGL-30)

A	0.8 - 1.5 m
B	1 - 5 m
C	2 - 3 m
D	0.5 - 1.5 m
E	0.5 - 2m

Question 29

Which of the following formation factor most likley represent a rock that contains almost all fuild? (ID-PGL-18)

A	F = 0.2
B	F = 2.2
C	F = 0.5
D	F = 0.9
E	F = 0.7

Question 30

Given following information, calculate Net:Gross and Sand:Shale values. (ID-PGL-41)
net sand = 15.5 m
shale = 5.3 m
gross thickness = 26.3 m

A	Net:Gross = 0.59 and Sand:Shale = 2.92
B	Net:Gross = 59 and Sand:Shale = 29
C	Net:Gross = 0.59 and Sand:Shale = 0.34
D	Net:Gross = 59 and Sand:Shale = 34
E	Net:Gross = 0.79 and Sand:Shale = 0.34

Question 30 Explanation: 

On the exam you will most likely be given a well log. You will have to calculate the above given values from the log. You should know how to read logs.

Question 31

Which of the following statement is true about fromation factor, F? (ID-PGL-23)

A	Formation factor is inversly related to tourtousity factor.
B	Pore stucture is directly related to the formation factor.
C	Clean granular formations have a lower formation factor than clean carbonate formations.
D	Porosity and formation factor is directly related to each other.

Question 32

Which of the following fraction has the highest number of carbons per molecule (highest boiling point)? (ID-PGL-05)

A	Diesel fuel
B	Gasoline
C	Kerosene
D	Heavy gas oil
E	Lubricating oil
F	Residuum

Question 33

As resistivity ____ the conductivity ____. Answers are in respective order. (ID-PGL-19)

A	They are not related to each other.
B	increases , decrease
C	decarses , decrease
D	increase , increase

Question 34

What is the primary purpose of steam injection into a zone of crude oil? (ID-PGL-09)

A	Increase pressure within the chamber hence driving the crude oil out of the system.
B	It will reduce viscosity of crude oil hence allowing it to be pumped.
C	Increase the conductivity between pores.
D	Decrease friction between the pore walls and the crude oil.
E	Increase pressure within the chamber which facilitate extraction.

Question 35

Regardless of the scale, what can you derive from the following gamma ray (GR) signature? (ID-PGL-49)

A	Coarsening upward sequence
B	Net sand content Hint: You need the scale for this calculation.
C	Very high gamma ray kick Hint: You need the scale for this interpretation.
D	Coarsening downward sequence

Question 36

In order to correct the depth measurements of cores obtained from diverted or horizontal wells, you must obtain which of the following? (ID-PGL-35)

A	Porosity and permeability of the core.
B	Total length of the recovered core.
C	Length of the drill string.
D	Well diversion trajectory angles.

Question 37

The Caesium-137 is commonly used as the source for which of the following well logging tools? (ID-PGL-39)

A	Neutron tools
B	Density tools
C	Gamma Ray tools
D	Resistivity tools

Question 38

Which of the following provide the best analytical evidence for specific formation properties (eg. type of rock, porosity, etc)? (ID-PGL-13)

A	Gravity readings
B	Seismic sections
C	Core samples
D	Wireline well logs
E	Geostatistical models such as kriging

Question 39

At what stage during the natural formation of crude oil the cracking take place? (ID-PGL-03)

A	Unaltered organic matter
B	Zone of gas formation
C	Initial burial
D	Catagenesis
E	Diagenesis

Question 40

Which of the following environment would you expect to find most trace fossils? (ID-PGL-40)

A	Deep marine
B	Tidal flats
C	Beach marine
D	Point bars

Question 41

Seimic data are difficult to obtain when.... (ID-PGL-48)

A	there are multiple sleeply dippinng beds.
B	the seismic signals have to travel through fluids (eg. oceanic seismic).
C	the beds has no dip, hence almost horizontal.
D	the beds are extremly thick.

Question 42

Which of the following combination most likely result in formation of crude oil during diagenesis? (ID-PGL-02)

A	Proteins and Lipids
B	Proteins and Lignin
C	Lignin and Carbohydrates
D	Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
E	Lignin, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
F	Carbohydrates and Proteins

Question 43

Most neutron tools use which of the following? (ID-PGL-16)

A	Epi-thermal phase of the scatter
B	Thermal phase of the scatter
C	Uranium source
D	Electric energy

Question 44

Which of the following is true (scientifically) regrading fracking? (ID-PGL-37)

A	It is easier to frack on soft sediments.
B	It will not affect aquifers.
C	It is a relatively very new technology.
D	It may result in earthquakes.

Question 45

Which of the following geophysical data is cheapest to run? (ID-PGL-50)

A	2D seismic data acquisition
B	Crosswell seismic data acquisition
C	4D seismic data acquisition
D	3D seismic data acquisition

Question 46

Typically, what is the vertical resolution of Gamma Ray logs? (ID-PGL-38)

A	~ 80 cm
B	~ 10 cm
C	~ 40 cm
D	~ 30 cm

Question 47

Typically what would you expect to observe on shale conductivity? (ID-PGL-32)

A	Decrease with increase in hydrocarbon saturation.
B	Increase with sand interbedding.
C	Decrease with depth.
D	Decrease with increase in clay interbedding.
E	Becomes almost zero with hydrocarbon saturation.

Question 48

On the following hypothetical geologic map, the black lines are strike lines. When drawing cross sections, the line in _____ can be used as a dip section plane, the line in _____ can be used as a strike section plane, and the line in ____ can be used as an oblique section plane. Answers are in respective order. (ID-PGL-52)

A	blue , green , orange
B	orange , blue , green
C	green , orange , blue
D	green , blue , orange
E	blue , orange , green
F	orange , green , blue

Question 49

Neutron porosity, ΦN is measured to be 15% and the Density porosity, ΦD is measured to be 10% on a sandstone calibrated matrix. It is plotted on the Schlumberger CP-1e as shown below (red circles). What is the true porosity given there is no gas effect in this particular section? (ID-PGL-53)

A	12%
B	15%
C	10%
D	6%
E	5%

Question 50

What is the difference between a play and a prospect? (ID-PGL-08)

A	The play is an area where common petroleum system characteristics exists, while the prospect is an area where the hydrocarbons can be extracted economically.
B	The play is an area of interest for petroleum exploration while the prospect is an area within a play that is expected to produce hydrocarbons.
C	The play is an area of interest for petroleum exploration and a prospect is the lowest point on the trap which can hold petroleum.
D	None of these answers are correct.
E	The play is a large area where hydrocarbons may be found, while the prospect is an area where there is a current production in hydrocarbons.

Question 51

The best resistivity data used for identification of lithology are obtained from which of the following? (ID-PGL-27)

A	Rm
B	Ro
C	Rmc
D	Rt
E	Rw

Question 52

Fining upwards sequence is associated with which of the depositional history? (ID-PGL-54)

A	Progradating delta deposits
B	Progradating marine shelf
C	Fluvial point bar deposits
D	Deep marine sediments

Question 53

What is the depth of investigation for the deep lateral resistivity log? (ID-PGL-17)

A	~ 1.1 to 2 m
B	~30 to 50 cm
C	~ 1.35 to 1.75 m
D	~ 1.2 to 1.25 m
E	~ 26 to 30 cm

Question 54

Which of the following condition would increase the invasion of drilling mud filtrate? (ID-PGL-45)

A	Very low formation pressures.
B	Very high permeability in the formation.
C	Very high porosity in the formation.
D	Very high formation pressures.

Question 55

Calculate the net:gross for the interval between 1000m and 5000m on the following Gamma Ray (GR) curve. Assume a sand cut-off of 75 API. (ID-PGL-55)

A	~ 4.00
B	~ 3.50
C	~ 0.20
D	~ 0.64
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 55 Explanation: 

Gross thickness = 5000 m - 1000 m = 4000 m
Net sand interval = 3550 m - 1000 m = 2550 m (read off the GR curve)
Hence, net:gross = 2550 m/4000 m = 0.6375

Question 56

Calculate the sand:shale for the interval between 1000 m and 5000 m on the following Gamma Ray (GR) curve. Assume a sand cut-off of 75 API. (ID-PGL-56)

A	~ 0.20
B	~ 2.81
C	~ 3.50
D	~ 1.76
E	~ 0.71

Question 56 Explanation: 

Net sand interval = 3550 m - 1000 m = 2550 m (read off the GR curve)
Net shale interval = 5000 m - 3550 m = 1450 m (read off the GR curve)
Hence, sand:shale = 2550 m/1450 m = 1.7586...

Question 57

Which of the following is the most problematic issue with picking a wrong datum? (ID-PGL-51)

A	The obvious features of the well logs may be ignored.
B	The calculated net sand volume may be incorrect.
C	The key well logs features may not be able to correlate further away from the reference wells.
D	The topography of the area may be distorted.
E	The overall assessment of the geology may be completely wrong.

Question 58

What is tight gas? (ID-PGL-10)

A	Natural gas produced from reservoir rocks that are interbeded with alternating permeable and non-permeable layers.
B	Natural gas produced from reservoirs after the peak production of the play. In other words, low yield gas produced after production has been in place for a period of time.
C	Natural gas produced from reservoir rocks with such low permeability that massive hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce the well at economic rates.
D	Natural gas produced from reservoirs that are under very high pressures making it tight and easier to extract.

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