Geophysics 559-University of Calgary

Geophysics 559-Geophysical Interpretation

In class midterm will be mostly multiple choice; but there will be also written questions.

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Geophysics 559 (GOPH 559) Midterm

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Question 1

Electrical and electromagnetic surveys are typical used for measuring what type of physical properties? (ID-GIM-21)

A	Oil and gas exploration
B	Hydrological research (drinking water, fresh water)
C	Mineral exploration
D	Identification of basement features

Question 2

What is the primary factor driving the hydrocarbon migration from structurally low to structurally high regions? (ID-GIM-11)

A	Temperature
B	Gravity
C	Buoyancy
D	Porosity
E	Pressure

Question 3

A tight reservoir would have a permeability of ___ millidarcys (md). (ID-GIM-12)

A	greater than 50
B	less than 5
C	less than 40
D	greater than 30
E	greater than 10

Question 4

If a bottom of a reservoir containing oil, water and gas begins to leak due to permeability increase in the bottom sea, what fluid would most likely to drain first? (ID-GIM-18)

A	Oil
B	Water
C	Gas
D	Cannot be answered with the given information.

Question 4 Explanation:

This is a practical question. Since all three fluid types are present, the densities dictate which fluid will be stable as depth increase. Hence, gas-oil-water from top to bottom. If the bottom seal leaks, the first fluid to escape is water.

Question 5

In reflection seismology, the velocity is estimated using what technique? (ID-GIM-28)

A	Convolution
B	Deconvolution
C	Reciprocity
D	Normal Moveout

Question 6

Which of the following is situated at the highest temperature / depth? (ID-GIM-17)

A	Wet gas preservation limit
B	Oil floor
C	Dry gas preservation limit
D	Oil window

Question 7

Measurements made in a mountainous terrain would give ___ gravity readings. (ID-GIM-06)

A	high
B	low
C	Not enough information to answer the question.

Question 8

Which of the following is the best description for a hydrocarbon trap? (ID-GIM-08)

A	A specific area of a specific Formation in which the temperature is between 50 - 150 degree Celsius.
B	A body of rock that is capable of containing hydrocarbons due to perfectly impermeable barrier.
C	A Geologic area that is capable of containing hydrocarbons due to relatively impermeable barrier.
D	A highly conductive (high effective porosity) stratigraphic or a rock body that is capable of containing hydrocarbon.

Question 8 Explanation:

You may have found more than one answer possible for this question. You are WRONG; please study harder. 😉

Question 9

Which of the following type of rock/lithology has the highest density? (ID-GIM-16)

A	Shale
B	Sandstone
C	Igneous rocks
D	Limestone
E	Salt

Question 10

You randomly weighed an item in several different locations on Earth, at which location would you expect the record the highest weight reading? (ID-GIM-19)

A	The location closest to the equator.
B	The location between the equator and the poles (middle).
C	The location with the lowest elevation and the highest latitude.
D	The location closest to the poles.
E	The location with the highest elevation and the lowest latitude.

Question 11

What is an another tern used to describe a head wave in reflection seismology? (ID-GIM-26)

A	Refracted arrival
B	Transmitted wave
C	Guided wave
D	Direct wave
E	Critically refracted arrival

Question 12

You are a fracking expert. In which direction would you expect to have the highest permeability in a fracked region? (ID-GIM-13)

A	Along any angle between the fractures and natural permeability pathways.
B	Along the plane of the fractures.
C	Across or perpendicular to fractures.
D	It depends on the rock type and the formation.

Question 12 Explanation:

The whole point of fracking is to increase the permeability which occurs along the fractures.

Question 13

What is the best probable seismic velocity for tight limestone? (ID-GIM-03)

A	6000 m/s
B	4000 m/s
C	10 m/s
D	1500 m/s
E	200 m/s

Question 13 Explanation:

You should have a general idea about what velocities to expect from each layer!

Question 14

You obtained a seismic profile and core samples for an area of interest. The core samples indicate that the lithology in the area is the same. However, the seismic profile shows lower velocities in some localized regions. What is most likely the cause for this anomaly? (ID-GIM-04)

A	Change in density.
B	Change in dip angles.
C	Change in lithology.
D	Fractures within the formation.

Question 14 Explanation:

Change in density is also a possible answer. But the best answer is fractures within the formation. If there is a large density change then the lithology must have been changed too. However, the core samples shows that the lithology is the same.

Question 15

Given the gravitational attraction of a Bouguer slab (a layer) by 2πGρt, where G is the universal gravitational constant, ρ is the slab density and t is the thickness. The gravity meter that pass from top to the bottom layer will result in what type of reading? (ID-GIM-23)

A	It will be a increased reading by a factor of 2πGρt.
B	It will be a reduced reading by a factor of 4πGρt.
C	It will be a reduced reading by a factor of 2πGρt.
D	It will be a increased reading by a factor of 4πGρt.

Question 16

In seismic signal processing, coherency can be best described as a function of... (ID-GIM-31)

A	...wavelength (and wavelength only).
B	...frequency (and frequency only).
C	...similarities between seismic events.
D	...time (and time only).

Question 17

The peak oil generation occurs at what temperature? (ID-GIM-10)

A	150 degree Celsius
B	50 degree Celsius
C	200 degree Celsius
D	70 degree Celsius
E	90 degree Celsius

Question 18

Given a sampling interval of 3ms, calculate it's Nyquest frequency. (ID-GIM-30)

A	166.7 Hz
B	255.8 hz
C	322.9 Hz
D	512.2 Hz

Question 18 Explanation:

F_N = 1/2t

Question 19

Which of the following seismic method is most sensitive to variation in physical properties of lithology? (ID-GIM-32)

A	Gravity survey
B	Acoustic impedance
C	Magnetic survey
D	Seismic interference
E	None of the above

Question 20

What is the zero length spring? (ID-GIM-20)

A	A theoretical name given to springs that are not being stretch.
B	A theoretical name given to springs that obey its spring constant, k.
C	A spring that has no length but only diameter.
D	A theoretical name given to springs that do not obey its spring constant, k.
E	A spring that is under maximum tension (maximum stretch).

Question 21

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GIM-27)

A	The head wave only travels in the first medium.
B	The direct wave has a sinusoidal wave form while the head wave does not.
C	The head wave travels further than the direct wave, but it has a higher velocity.
D	The direct wave travels faster than the head wave.

Question 22

Which of the following is the best method to interpret the processes of source-rock deposition? (ID-GIM-15)

A	Density measurements obtained through seismic data.
B	2D and 3D structural modeling of the area.
C	Advanced well-logging data obtained through a combination of core samples and seismic data.
D	Comprehensive understanding of the regional Geology.

Question 22 Explanation:

You may found that more than one answer is possible. You are WRONG; only one answer is correct.

Question 23

The normal moveout deal with the... (ID-GIM-24)

A	reduction of seismic resolution as a result of smaller variation in densities of different layers and the depth to the reflection surface.
B	effect that the distance between a seismic source and a receiver (the offset) has on the arrival time of a reflection.
C	resolution of layers with extremely small difference in densities.
D	density contrast between two layers adjacent to each other.

Question 24

Which of the following will result in a high gravity reading? (ID-GIM-05)

A	Latitude and Free Air effects
B	Free Air and Terrain effects
C	Slab and Terrain effects
D	Latitude and Slab effects
E	Free Air and Slab effects

Question 25

Which of the following best describe a real world scenario? (ID-GIM-02)

A	A very good reservoir with 100% pure oil and no impurities or other type of fluids.
B	A very good reservoir with no significant traps.
C	Oil at the very top of the reservoir followed by gas and water as the depth increases.
D	Gas at the very top of the reservoir followed by oil and water as the depth increases.

Question 26

Rays travel in paths that would take the least amount of time. This law/principle is known as... (ID-GIM-22)

A	Snell's Law
B	Fermat's Principle
C	Refraction Law
D	Principle of Reciprocity

Question 27

Areal survey is a relatively cheap method of seismic data acquisition. This type of surveys have been used for over, (ID-GIM-25)

A	20 years.
B	150 years.
C	100 years.
D	50 years.

Question 28

Which of the following is a stratigraphic trap? (ID-GIM-14)

A	Faults
B	Foliations
C	Folds
D	Reefs

Question 29

Poisson's relation is between what type of energy, forces or concepts? (ID-GIM-07)

A	Spring Constant and magnitude of gravity
B	Incident and Refractory rays
C	Gravitational and Magnetic forces
D	Gravitational and Potential energy

Question 30

What does a seismic geophone detect or measure? (ID-GIM-01)

A	Speed or velocity
B	Vibrations
C	Depth of reflectors
D	Density of formations

Question 31

Which of the following will result in aliasing? (ID-GIM-29)

A	Increasing spatial sampling.
B	Decrease in period.
C	Increase in seismic frequency.
D	Having a frequency below the Nyquist value.

Question 32

What is the best temperature range for petroleum source rocks? (ID-GIM-09)

A	50 - 150 degree Celsius
B	0 - 200 degree Celsius
C	250 - 350 degree Celsius
D	200 - 350 degree Celsius
E	20 - 200 degree Celsius

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Laurence Lines during Winter 2015.
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Given the faulted slab equation, , prove that the edge of the buried slab occurs at the inflection point of the gravitational profile curve.

Sanuja Senanayake

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Geophysics 559 (GOPH 559) Midterm

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Standing on the shoulders of giants