Geophysics 559-University of Calgary

Geophysics 559-Geophysical Interpretation

In class midterm will be mostly multiple choice; but there will be also written questions.

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Geophysics 559 (GOPH 559) Midterm

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Question 1

In reflection seismology, the velocity is estimated using what technique? (ID-GIM-28)

A	Convolution
B	Normal Moveout
C	Deconvolution
D	Reciprocity

Question 2

Areal survey is a relatively cheap method of seismic data acquisition. This type of surveys have been used for over, (ID-GIM-25)

A	150 years.
B	50 years.
C	100 years.
D	20 years.

Question 3

The normal moveout deal with the... (ID-GIM-24)

A	resolution of layers with extremely small difference in densities.
B	reduction of seismic resolution as a result of smaller variation in densities of different layers and the depth to the reflection surface.
C	effect that the distance between a seismic source and a receiver (the offset) has on the arrival time of a reflection.
D	density contrast between two layers adjacent to each other.

Question 4

Which of the following best describe a real world scenario? (ID-GIM-02)

A	A very good reservoir with no significant traps.
B	A very good reservoir with 100% pure oil and no impurities or other type of fluids.
C	Gas at the very top of the reservoir followed by oil and water as the depth increases.
D	Oil at the very top of the reservoir followed by gas and water as the depth increases.

Question 5

Which of the following is a stratigraphic trap? (ID-GIM-14)

A	Foliations
B	Folds
C	Reefs
D	Faults

Question 6

Electrical and electromagnetic surveys are typical used for measuring what type of physical properties? (ID-GIM-21)

A	Oil and gas exploration
B	Mineral exploration
C	Hydrological research (drinking water, fresh water)
D	Identification of basement features

Question 7

Poisson's relation is between what type of energy, forces or concepts? (ID-GIM-07)

A	Gravitational and Magnetic forces
B	Spring Constant and magnitude of gravity
C	Incident and Refractory rays
D	Gravitational and Potential energy

Question 8

Given a sampling interval of 3ms, calculate it's Nyquest frequency. (ID-GIM-30)

A	166.7 Hz
B	255.8 hz
C	322.9 Hz
D	512.2 Hz

Question 8 Explanation:

F_N = 1/2t

Question 9

Which of the following will result in a high gravity reading? (ID-GIM-05)

A	Slab and Terrain effects
B	Free Air and Slab effects
C	Latitude and Free Air effects
D	Free Air and Terrain effects
E	Latitude and Slab effects

Question 10

You are a fracking expert. In which direction would you expect to have the highest permeability in a fracked region? (ID-GIM-13)

A	Along the plane of the fractures.
B	Along any angle between the fractures and natural permeability pathways.
C	Across or perpendicular to fractures.
D	It depends on the rock type and the formation.

Question 10 Explanation:

The whole point of fracking is to increase the permeability which occurs along the fractures.

Question 11

Which of the following will result in aliasing? (ID-GIM-29)

A	Increase in seismic frequency.
B	Decrease in period.
C	Increasing spatial sampling.
D	Having a frequency below the Nyquist value.

Question 12

A tight reservoir would have a permeability of ___ millidarcys (md). (ID-GIM-12)

A	less than 5
B	greater than 50
C	greater than 10
D	less than 40
E	greater than 30

Question 13

Which of the following seismic method is most sensitive to variation in physical properties of lithology? (ID-GIM-32)

A	Seismic interference
B	Acoustic impedance
C	Gravity survey
D	Magnetic survey
E	None of the above

Question 14

What is the best temperature range for petroleum source rocks? (ID-GIM-09)

A	50 - 150 degree Celsius
B	20 - 200 degree Celsius
C	200 - 350 degree Celsius
D	250 - 350 degree Celsius
E	0 - 200 degree Celsius

Question 15

You obtained a seismic profile and core samples for an area of interest. The core samples indicate that the lithology in the area is the same. However, the seismic profile shows lower velocities in some localized regions. What is most likely the cause for this anomaly? (ID-GIM-04)

A	Fractures within the formation.
B	Change in dip angles.
C	Change in density.
D	Change in lithology.

Question 15 Explanation:

Change in density is also a possible answer. But the best answer is fractures within the formation. If there is a large density change then the lithology must have been changed too. However, the core samples shows that the lithology is the same.

Question 16

You randomly weighed an item in several different locations on Earth, at which location would you expect the record the highest weight reading? (ID-GIM-19)

A	The location with the lowest elevation and the highest latitude.
B	The location closest to the poles.
C	The location with the highest elevation and the lowest latitude.
D	The location closest to the equator.
E	The location between the equator and the poles (middle).

Question 17

Which of the following is the best description for a hydrocarbon trap? (ID-GIM-08)

A	A specific area of a specific Formation in which the temperature is between 50 - 150 degree Celsius.
B	A Geologic area that is capable of containing hydrocarbons due to relatively impermeable barrier.
C	A body of rock that is capable of containing hydrocarbons due to perfectly impermeable barrier.
D	A highly conductive (high effective porosity) stratigraphic or a rock body that is capable of containing hydrocarbon.

Question 17 Explanation:

You may have found more than one answer possible for this question. You are WRONG; please study harder. 😉

Question 18

What does a seismic geophone detect or measure? (ID-GIM-01)

A	Vibrations
B	Depth of reflectors
C	Speed or velocity
D	Density of formations

Question 19

The peak oil generation occurs at what temperature? (ID-GIM-10)

A	150 degree Celsius
B	90 degree Celsius
C	70 degree Celsius
D	200 degree Celsius
E	50 degree Celsius

Question 20

Which of the following type of rock/lithology has the highest density? (ID-GIM-16)

A	Limestone
B	Shale
C	Sandstone
D	Salt
E	Igneous rocks

Question 21

What is the primary factor driving the hydrocarbon migration from structurally low to structurally high regions? (ID-GIM-11)

A	Temperature
B	Porosity
C	Pressure
D	Gravity
E	Buoyancy

Question 22

Rays travel in paths that would take the least amount of time. This law/principle is known as... (ID-GIM-22)

A	Refraction Law
B	Fermat's Principle
C	Snell's Law
D	Principle of Reciprocity

Question 23

What is the zero length spring? (ID-GIM-20)

A	A spring that has no length but only diameter.
B	A theoretical name given to springs that obey its spring constant, k.
C	A spring that is under maximum tension (maximum stretch).
D	A theoretical name given to springs that are not being stretch.
E	A theoretical name given to springs that do not obey its spring constant, k.

Question 24

Which of the following is situated at the highest temperature / depth? (ID-GIM-17)

A	Oil window
B	Wet gas preservation limit
C	Dry gas preservation limit
D	Oil floor

Question 25

What is an another tern used to describe a head wave in reflection seismology? (ID-GIM-26)

A	Direct wave
B	Transmitted wave
C	Guided wave
D	Critically refracted arrival
E	Refracted arrival

Question 26

What is the best probable seismic velocity for tight limestone? (ID-GIM-03)

A	4000 m/s
B	200 m/s
C	6000 m/s
D	1500 m/s
E	10 m/s

Question 26 Explanation:

You should have a general idea about what velocities to expect from each layer!

Question 27

Measurements made in a mountainous terrain would give ___ gravity readings. (ID-GIM-06)

A	Not enough information to answer the question.
B	high
C	low

Question 28

Which of the following is the best method to interpret the processes of source-rock deposition? (ID-GIM-15)

A	Density measurements obtained through seismic data.
B	2D and 3D structural modeling of the area.
C	Advanced well-logging data obtained through a combination of core samples and seismic data.
D	Comprehensive understanding of the regional Geology.

Question 28 Explanation:

You may found that more than one answer is possible. You are WRONG; only one answer is correct.

Question 29

Given the gravitational attraction of a Bouguer slab (a layer) by 2πGρt, where G is the universal gravitational constant, ρ is the slab density and t is the thickness. The gravity meter that pass from top to the bottom layer will result in what type of reading? (ID-GIM-23)

A	It will be a reduced reading by a factor of 4πGρt.
B	It will be a increased reading by a factor of 2πGρt.
C	It will be a increased reading by a factor of 4πGρt.
D	It will be a reduced reading by a factor of 2πGρt.

Question 30

In seismic signal processing, coherency can be best described as a function of... (ID-GIM-31)

A	...frequency (and frequency only).
B	...time (and time only).
C	...similarities between seismic events.
D	...wavelength (and wavelength only).

Question 31

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GIM-27)

A	The head wave only travels in the first medium.
B	The direct wave travels faster than the head wave.
C	The direct wave has a sinusoidal wave form while the head wave does not.
D	The head wave travels further than the direct wave, but it has a higher velocity.

Question 32

If a bottom of a reservoir containing oil, water and gas begins to leak due to permeability increase in the bottom sea, what fluid would most likely to drain first? (ID-GIM-18)

A	Gas
B	Oil
C	Water
D	Cannot be answered with the given information.

Question 32 Explanation:

This is a practical question. Since all three fluid types are present, the densities dictate which fluid will be stable as depth increase. Hence, gas-oil-water from top to bottom. If the bottom seal leaks, the first fluid to escape is water.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Laurence Lines during Winter 2015.
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If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. This will open up hints and explanations (if available), which will provide additional information.

Given the faulted slab equation, , prove that the edge of the buried slab occurs at the inflection point of the gravitational profile curve.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 559-University of Calgary

Geophysics 559 (GOPH 559) Midterm

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Geophysics 559 (GOPH 559) Midterm

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Standing on the shoulders of giants