Geology 443 Igneous-University of Calgary

Igneous Petrology

This is an “extension” of Geology 311 (Mineralogy and Rocks) at the University of Calgary. The foundation for these two particular subjects can be found in Geology 311 Midterm and Geology 311 Final pages. Other 300 and 400-level classes such as Structural Geology and Advanced Mineralogy will also help you out. On this page, ONLY the advanced materials are empathized because I do not think it is productive to repeat information from junior classes. Visit this page for Metamorphic Petrology

Geology (GLGY 443-UCAL) Midterm

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Question 1

Which of the following would be an extrusive rock?

A	phaneritic rock
B	peloidal rock
C	large grained rock
D	aphanitic rock

Question 2

During Archean __I__ was melted to produce rocks as opposed to modern day it is the __II__.

A	I. crust II. mantle
B	I. mantle II. crust
C	I. solid rocks II. mantle
D	I. outer core II. mantle
E	I. solid rocks II. crust

Question 3

This is an image of poikilitic texture. Assume the mineral in the middle formed first. What is the general term given to the first formed (middle), mineral?

XPL

A	cumulate
B	poikili
C	mound
D	oikocryst
E	chadacryst

Question 4

In the early days for igneous petrological studies, there were two major groups of Geologists on the "basalt issue". What were they?

A	Werners and Abrahams
B	Werners and Huttons
C	Chills and Hards
D	Neptunist and Plutonists

Question 5

Why foliations are rarely developed in igneous rocks?

A	The stresses (forces) are either two weak or non-existent in igneous environments.
B	The liquid nature of igneous rocks cannot sustain substantial directional stressed.
C	The isotopic chemical configurations would not allow foliation to be formed in igneous rocks. Hint: Dude, WTF? This won't even make sense!
D	The crystals has been already formed by the time igneous rocks undergo change in directional forces.

Question 6

There are two stages to formation of minerals. What is the first stage?

A	Radiation of energy out of a undefined nucleus.
B	Nucleation of embryos of crystals.
C	Addition of chemical materials.
D	Differentiation of ions.
E	Release of ions from the nucleus.

Question 7

What most likely causes the slope reversal of the solidus? (eg. having a negative slope to a positive slope in the same reaction) Hint: PV = nRT and P/T = s/V

A	Change in the state of the material from gas to liquid or vice versa.
B	Change in the chemical composition of the magma due to magma mixing from another source.
C	Decrease in pressure and increased in temperature.
D	Addition of volatiles to the magma by hydrous minerals.

Question 7 Explanation:

This is a bit difficult question to answer. The Basalt solidus curve is a very good example in which the direction of the slope changes dramatically. The most common type of slope changes are often gradual. Remember gases expands and occupy a larger volume than liquid with the same number of atoms.

Question 8

In the two-layer dynamic mantle model (1988), which part has the capability to produce igneous materials?

A	Outer core
B	Upper layer
C	Inner core
D	D-layer

Question 8 Explanation:

In this model, there is a 660-km transition distance between the surface and the D-layer. Subducted materials will sink into the D-layers where it may be heated by the core and brought back to the surface.

Question 9

During the nucleation process, if the temperature goes below the favorable conditions for forming a mineral, it will most likely result in formation of...

A	random nuclei.
B	ions.
C	small number of large crystals.
D	large number of small crystals.
E	glass.

Question 10

What does the Clausius–Clapeyron relation (also known as "Clapeyron equation") prove?

A	Solidus and liquidus varies with material composition. Hint: True; but that's not what this equation proving.
B	All solids will eventually turns to liquids at high temperature.
C	Dry materials have a lower temperature solidus. Hint: True; but that's not what this equation proving.
D	All solids at low pressure will melt at low temperature.

Question 11

What would cause a magma to rapidly increase in it's viscosity?

A	Slow rate crystallization.
B	Gradual increase in temperature.
C	Removal of volatiles.
D	Increase in pressure.
E	Sudden increase in temperature.

Question 12

What is the most likely cause for wet-solidus (water saturated) based melts?

A	Addition of water through the oceans in Mid Ocean Ridges.
B	The leakage of water from above (the melting locale) due to surface and groundwater runoff.
C	The dehydration of minerals below the melting locale (location).
D	The dehydration of rocks above the melting locale (location).
E	Dehydration of rocks due to the rapid decompression at the melting locale (location).

Question 13

Which of the following is true about hydrous minerals in the Earths' crust?

A	The volatiles cannot be released unless the pressure is decreased. Hint: Nope; it is opposite. The pressure increase will result in the release of volatiles.
B	The volatiles are in the saturated form.
C	The volatiles are always ionically bonded.
D	The volatiles are in free form.
E	The volatiles are always in the form of pure water.

Question 13 Explanation:

Note: Volatiles are mostly composed of water. However, rarely pure water.

Question 14

What is pseudomorphism?

A	A difference in chemical structure but with the exact same chemical formula.
B	A condition in which a mineral exhibit of properties of another (hence making identification impossible).
C	Growth of a new mineral by replacing another with the shape of the original mineral.
D	Caused by mixing of magma from two or more (different) sources.
E	Growth of a secondary mineral as a result of hydrothermal fluids.

Question 15

In __I__ , the nuclei form independently while in __II__ , the nuclei form on a per-existing crystal.

A	I. heterogeneous II. homogeneous
B	I. high-energy II. low-energy
C	I. epithermal II. thermal
D	I. thermal II. epithermal
E	I. homogeneous II. heterogeneous
F	I. low-energy II. high-energy

Question 16

Melting of rocks partially, as opposed to completely, known as...

A	congruent melting
B	Dry solid melting
C	solid solution melting
D	Wet solid melting
E	incongruent melting

Question 17

Which part of a Komatiite flow should be used for melt composition analysis?

A	Chilled margins
B	Platy-spinifex area
C	Cumulative zones
D	Random-spinifex area

Question 18

A NORM analysis report indicates that there is a very high rate of quartz. As a Geologist, which of the following statements would you agree with?

A	This particular rock sample was formed from an ultra mafic magma.
B	This particular rock sample was formed from a purely silica based magma.
C	This particular rock sample was formed from a silica over saturated magma.
D	This particular rock sample was formed from a silica under saturated magma.
E	This particular rock sample was formed in a volcanic environment.
F	This particular rock sample was formed in a plutonic environment.

Question 19

Typically higher the temperature, lower the viscosity.

A	True
B	False

Question 20

In modal mineralogy, we use ____ for analysis. (choose the best answer)

A	radio active dating
B	chemical composition variations
C	volumetric proportions of minerals
D	density of the whole rock
E	x-ray analysis

Question 21

What is the primary transportation mechanism of melt (transport it to the surface)?

A	Pressure variations
B	Variations in temperature within a magma
C	Geothermal gradient
D	Density variations
E	Passive gravity

Question 22

An accurate NORM analysis can be done on any type of igneous rock.

A	False; only on rocks that has no hydrous minerals in the original melt.
B	False; only on rock samples that crystallized at shallow low pressure environments.
C	False; only on rocks that formed in volcanic environments.
D	True

Question 23

According to Winter, Magma generation is controlled by how many plate tectonics settings?

A	3
B	4
C	5
D	7
E	6

Question 24

When classifying igneous textures, what principle group will include nucleation?

A	primary
B	quaternary
C	tertiary
D	secondary

Question 25

What is undercooling (with respect to magma)?

A	It is the process of cooling a magma below the melting point without producing crystals.
B	It is a magmatic process in which inhibits crystal formation completely.
C	It is the process of cooling a magma below the parental temperature but still maintain the temperature above the melting point.
D	It is the process of cooling a magma below the melting point by forming crystals.

Question 26

Viscosity can be best described as...

A	...the ability for materials to flow.
B	..,a property that is directly related to density of the material.
C	...a property that only applicable to 100% pure liquids.
D	...a measurement which can be calculated using mole fractions of solids and liquids in a magma.
E	...the ability of materials to resist shear stress (forces).

Question 27

How much of the melting at modern day Mid Ocean Ridges attributed to decompression melting?

A	0 % (none)
B	~ 40 - 50 %
C	~ 15 - 20 %
D	~ 70 - 80 %
E	~ 90 - 99 % (almost all of it)

Question 28

Equilibrium favored more in slow cooling magma than the faster counterpart.

A	True
B	False

Question 29

Spinifex texture is an indicative what type of flow?

A	Volcanic mud flow
B	Grass flow
C	Komatiite flow
D	Spinifex flow
E	Pyroclastic flow

Question 30

Which of the following magmas would you expect to have the highest viscosity?

A	Magmas with very high water content
B	Basaltic magma
C	Andesitic magma
D	Rhyolitic magma

Question 31

Melting of mantle will predominantly produce Peridotites.

A	False; it depends on the amount of hydrous minerals in the magma.
B	False; it depends on the magma temperature.
C	True

Question 32

How would you differentiate between the normal zoning from reverse zoning of a mineral?

A	By adding a dye to a thin section and analyzing the variation in the intensity of colours.
B	By using the Birefringence difference between each rim.
C	By using the XRF or in situ chemical analysis.
D	By using the Reflective Indexes (Becke line test)

Question 33

When using NORM for chemical analysis, which of the following must be true?

A	Hydrous minerals are taken out from the analysis.
B	The rock must have a volcanic or pyroclastic flow origin.
C	The rock must have a plutonic origin.
D	All silica weight percentages were taken out from the analysis.
E	The rock must have a mafic origin.

Question 34

Which of the following statements are valid for ultramafic rocks?

A	All rocks that contains over 70% of mafic minerals are ultramafic rocks. Hint: Nope; must be over 90%
B	Contains very high percentage of plagioclase feldspars.
C	Contains no plagioclase feldspars.
D	They are mostly associated with pyroclastic materials.
E	They are highly rich in quartzs and quartzites.

Question 35

What causes the Ludwig-Soret effect in magma chambers?

A	Fractional Crystallization
B	Assimilation
C	Magma Mixing
D	Liquid Immiscibility
E	Thermogravitational Diffusion

Question 36

Rocks with a SiO₂ composition over __A__ wt. % is classified as a/an __B__.

A	I. 66 II. ultrabasic
B	I. 66 II. acidic
C	I. 45 II. basic
D	I. 45 II. intermediate

Question 37

Which of the following is the most common in the upper mantle?

A	Olivine
B	Pyroxenes (ortho/clino)
C	Websterite
D	Lherzolite
E	Precipitates

Question 38

Solubility of fluids are __I__ at high pressures which results in __II__ in solidus temperature.

A	I. higher II. increase
B	I. higher II. decrease
C	I. lower II. decrease
D	I. lower II. increase

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Igneous: Dr. Rajeev Nair and Metamorphic: Dr. David Pattison during Winter 2014.
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Also visit: Petrology Media Library

List of concepts

Igneous Petrology

Formation of igneous rocks and their compositional variations.
Difference between MORB and OIB basalts.
Difference between mafic and felsic magma (and processes).
Magma differentiation and layered mafic intrusions.
Physical and chemical properties
Geochemical processes (magma differentiation, isotopic variations, melting and cooling, etc), phase equilibria and geothermobarometry
Classifications and textures.
Other processes such as island arcs and continental flood basalts.

Metamorphic Petrology

What are metamorphic rocks and how do they differ from igneous and sedimentary rocks?
What is petrology?
Differences between stress, strain and pressure dynamics.
Hydrostatic and lithostatic pressures and the orientations of sigma-1,2,3.
Difference between lineation of foliation.
Metamorphic textures and structures; deformation, P-T driven textural changes, grain size and shape, grading (graded beds/layers), inclusions, etc.
History and current condition of rocks.
Classifications and textures.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 443 Igneous-University of Calgary

Igneous Petrology

Geology (GLGY 443-UCAL) Midterm

Also visit: Petrology Media Library

List of concepts

Igneous Petrology

Metamorphic Petrology

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Igneous Petrology

Geology (GLGY 443-UCAL) Midterm

Also visit: Petrology Media Library

List of concepts

Igneous Petrology

Metamorphic Petrology

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Standing on the shoulders of giants