GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Midterm Exam

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Question 1

What is a supershear? (ID-GAM-51)

A	It occurs when amplitude attenuates over a very short period of time.
B	It occurs when rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave.
C	It occurs when the amplitude of shear waves exceeds the velocity of primary wave.
D	It is an event that occurs in all earthquakes where the epicenter is directly on top of the focus.
E	It occurs when two shear waves compliments each other leading to higher frequencies.

Question 2

At the water table, the water is mostly subjected to which of the following? (ID-GAM-57)

A	Atmospheric pressure
B	Static-dynamic pressure
C	Overburden load pressure
D	Pore pressure
E	Hydrostatic pressure

Question 3

A _____ is a hot, turbulent mixture of expanding gases and volcanic ash that flows rapidly down the side of a volcano. (ID-GAM-69)

A	mud flow
B	magma flow
C	hyaloclastic flow
D	lava flow
E	pyroclastic flow

Question 4

According to the worldwide magnitude and frequency of earthquakes by descriptor classification, the term "Major Earthquake" is used for seismic events that exceed what magnitude? (ID-GAM-43)

A	Magnitude 5
B	Magnitude 4
C	Magnitude 3
D	Magnitude 6
E	Magnitude 7

Question 5

This type of volcanoes are relatively small and formed from mostly tephra. (ID-GAM-73)

A	Shield volcanoes
B	Composite volcanoes
C	Dome volcanoes
D	All of the listed types of volcanoes can have such characteristics.
E	Cinder cone volcanoes

Question 6

On the following stress-strain diagram, what is highlighted by the the position label I? (ID-GAM-17)

Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29

A	Rupture point
B	Ultimate strength
C	Rupture or fracture strength
D	Proportional elastic limit or yield strength

Question 7

Long Beach, USA subsidence is caused by... (ID-GAM-63)

A	tectonic activities near the San Andreas Fault.
B	human activities such as building large structures hence increasing the pressure in subsurface and increasing subsidence.
C	natural seepage of fluids from the subsurface.
D	human extraction of fluids from the subsurface.

Question 8

Seismic frequency can be best described as... (ID-GAM-48)

A	distance between the peak and trough of a wavelet.
B	cycles per second.
C	length of signal wavelets.
D	wavelets per minute.
E	vibrations per period.

Question 9

Which seismic wave is released first during an earthquake? (ID-GAM-79)

A	P-wave
B	Love wave
C	S-wave
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	Rayleigh wave

Question 9 Explanation: 

All seismic waves are released at the same time during a seismic event. However, the arrival time to a detection center at a some distance varies with P-wave being the first wave to arrive.

Question 10

Which factors have the greatest impact against environmental law? (ID-GAM-13)

A	Political donations.
B	Natural environmental problems such as floods
C	Sudden unexpected failures in environmental mitigation programs.
D	Wealth and power.
E	Natural animal activities such as bears in populated neighborhoods.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

Which of the following trace element is associated with goiter which is caused by the enlargement of the thyroid gland? (ID-GAM-78)

A	Radon
B	Fluorine
C	Manganese
D	Iodine
E	Arsenic

Question 12

Which of the following is true? (ID-GAM-14)

A	Stress is force per unit area while strain is the deformation resulted from stress.
B	Strain only occurs in solid mediums while stress occurs in both solids, liquids and gases.
C	Strain is force per unit area while stress is the force that result in deformation.
D	Stress can be directly calculated using alignment of mineral grains and position of fractures.
E	Stress can be directly calculated using deformation of rocks.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Note stress is not observed or measured in nature. We measure strain and infer stress using strain evaluations.

Question 13

According to the soil classification introduced in the textbook (Keller), what order name would be given to the following soil description? (ID-GAM-05)
"No horizon development; many are recent alluvium; synthetic soils are included; are often young soils."

A	Entisols
B	Aridisols
C	Ulfisols
D	Histosols
E	Vertisols

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

Which of the following is correct about the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System? (ID-GAM-80)

A	It heavily relies on data obtained through live satellite imagery of tectonic plates.
B	It failed to detect and send out proper warning signals on 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
C	It was originated as a result of UN conference held in India.
D	It comes in to service in 2006.

Question 14 Explanation: 

The only thing you have to remember is that it came online after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This is not a tricky "remember the facts" type of question.

Question 15

What is the major assumption in the dilatancy-diffusion model (theory) of earthquakes? (ID-GAM-65)

A	At first stage of earthquake development, the elastic strain increases in rocks.
B	Earthquakes and other tectonic activities are the major driving forces for global warming.
C	Earthquake zones are always accompanied by volcanic activities.
D	Earthquakes are caused as a result of significant movement of tectonic plates.
E	Pressure is the primary cause of all earthquakes.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 16

Point bars on meandering rivers form as a result of which of the following? (ID-GAM-31)

A	Seasonal floods that resulting overprinting of existing low elevation regions of floodplains.
B	Sediment deposition due to increased in the flow velocity close to the outside of the bend.
C	Erosion of the floodplain due to increased in flow velocity on both sides of the bend.
D	Erosion of the floodplain due to increased in flow velocity close to the outside of the bend.
E	Sediment deposition due to decreased in the flow velocity close to the outside of the bend.

Question 17

Zone of accumulation have which of the following soil horizon(s)? (ID-GAM-03)

A	C
B	B
C	A and C
D	O , A and E
E	B and C

Question 18

During a Geotechnical Mitigation process, which of the following would result in safer environment? (ID-GAM-60)

A	Decrease in effective stress
B	Increase in pore pressure
C	Decrease in grain friction.
D	Decrease in soil shear strength
E	Increase in internal friction angle.

Question 18 Explanation: 

S = (σ–u) tan Φ Check this...

Question 19

Why would we sometimes observe increased in radon gas in water wells months or weeks before an earthquake? (ID-GAM-54)

A	Expansion of rocks and fractures with influx of water in the region just before an earthquake allow radon gas to migrate.
B	Energy released just before the earthquakes result in expedite decay of uranium.
C	Build up of pressure causes the radon gas to move from the fault surface to other regions.
D	Some earthquake zones produce radon gas as a byproduct of fiction between rocks.
E	Change in density of gases in the subsurface due to multiple forces acting in the fault region result in radon flowing to low density zones.

Question 20

How does the retention pond flood mitigation method work? (ID-GAM-33)

A	Increasing the volume of water in rivers.
B	Holding water from a flood indefinitely.
C	Increasing the penetration of water in the subsurface.
D	Reducing the storm drainage discharge rate.
E	Increasing the discharge rate of rivers.

Question 21

Which of the following statement is true about seismic waves generated by earthquakes? (ID-GAM-50)

A	Seismic frequency attenuation effect is large with the loner distance from the epicenter.
B	Magnitude of an earthquake at the focus is directly measured by seismic monitoring centers.
C	P wave travel at a much slower velocity than the S saves.
D	Seismic amplitude arrival times become shorter (faster) as you move away from the epicenter.
E	Majority of the shaking of large tall buildings at a significant distance to epicenter is caused by high frequency seismic waves.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Attenuation is a reduction of signal strength during traveling across different mediums. Attenuation weaken and reduce the frequency of waves. Geophysics majors in this class and Geology students who will take Geophysics classes as options will learn about signal attenuation in depth in future classes.

Question 22

The area between the water table and the ground surface is known as... (ID-GAM-26)

A	vadose zone.
B	void zone.
C	accumulation zone.
D	leaching zone.
E	low pressure zone.

Question 23

Materials that rupture before plastic deformation occur are... (ID-GAM-15)

A	elastic.
B	ductile.
C	brittle.
D	plastic.

Question 24

Which of the following best describe expansive soils? (ID-GAM-11)

A	They have the ability to either increase or decrease in volume with change water content.
B	They are mostly made up of silicate minerals such as quartz and pyroxenes.
C	They have the ability to decrease in volume with change water content.
D	They have the ability to increase in volume with change water content.
E	They have larger soil particles than other types of soils.

Question 25

A tsunami that travels towards the nearby coast is known as ______ and another tsunami that travels out to the deep ocean is known as ______. (ID-GAM-66)

A	Japanese tsunami , Chinese tsunami
B	low intensity tsunami , high intensity tsunami
C	high intensity tsunami , low intensity tsunami
D	coastal tsunami , distal tsunami
E	local tsunami , distant tsunami

Question 26

The case study of Lake Peigneur - Jefferson Island salt mine collapse is primarily cause by... (ID-GAM-41)

A	reduced drainage of subsurface fluids such as water and oil.
B	poor planing of drilling by the oil company.
C	increased overburden pressures directly on top of the salt mines.
D	lack of understanding of subsurface salt deposits by the mining company.
E	drainage of the Lake Peigneur into the Jefferson Island through naturally existing fractures.

Question 27

Shield volcanoes have ______ bases and ______ inclined slopes. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAM-70)

A	narrow , gently
B	narrow , steeply
C	broad , steeply
D	broad , gently

Question 28

Majority of volcanic gas is composed of what type of compound? (ID-GAM-71)

A	carbon dioxide
B	ammonia
C	water
D	nitrogen
E	methane

Question 29

Majority of solid waste in modern day urban centers are composed of which of the following? (ID-GAM-24)

A	Glass
B	Wood
C	Metals
D	Paper
E	Plastics

Question 29 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

Granular soil texture is most common in ______ horizons and platy texture is most common in ______ horizons. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAM-09)

A	B type , E type
B	B type , C type
C	A type , B type
D	C type , E type
E	A type , E type

Question 31

The layers between the two yellow dash lines on the following picture is within the zone of leaching and also includes the top soil layer. Which of the following soil horizons would most likely to be present in this highlighted section? (ID-GAM-02)

A	A , B and R
B	B , C and R
C	A , E and O
D	B , R and C
E	B , E and O

Question 31 Explanation: 

A and E are within the zone of leeching and the top layer you observe in this picture is the O horizon.

Question 32

Which of the following mechanism would produce earthquakes primarily due to shear forces? (ID-GAM-44)

A	Strike-slip faulting
B	Reverse faulting
C	Spreading of Mid Ocean Ridges
D	Normal faulting

Question 33

Which of the following statement best describe tsunamis? (ID-GAM-52)

A	Only occurred during the last 10,000 years.
B	Generate only P type seismic waves.
C	Sudden vertical movement of ocean waters caused by an underwater seismic event.
D	Occurs when two earthquakes occurs under water at the same (or close to each other) time.
E	A natural hazard that is only found in the Asian regions such as Japan and Indonesia.

Question 34

In Canada, radon gas pollution is often observed in houses. It is a dangerous gas that cause lung cancer and is produced by what type of rock or mineral? (ID-GAM-23)

A	Iron and metal oxides bearing rocks
B	Calcium bearing rocks
C	Gold bearing rocks
D	Cesium bearing rocks
E	Uranium bearing rocks

Question 35

On the following stress-strain diagram, what is highlighted by the the position label II? (ID-GAM-18)

Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29

A	Ultimate strength
B	Proportional elastic limit or yield strength
C	Rupture or fracture strength
D	Rupture point

Question 36

Hydrostatic stress... (ID-GAM-55)

A	is the pressure that is a controlled by the contact surface area between grains within sediments.
B	typically increases with depth.
C	is the pressure exerted by liquids such as lakes and rivers on the subsurface.
D	typically result in negative pore pressure in deeper parts of subsurface.
E	typically higher in subduction zones.

Question 37

According to the EPA in the United States, what is the most common cause of death? (ID-GAM-75)

A	Radon gas
B	Drunk driving
C	Drowning
D	Natural and man made fires
E	Airline crashes

Question 37 Explanation: 

The second highest is the radon gas.

Question 38

Why does soil chronosequence important? (ID-GAM-07)

A	It can be used to evaluate geologic stability and conditions in the past and predict future conditions.
B	There is no economic reasons for soil chronosequence, but it is used in research by scientists.
C	It can be used to generate groundwater table.
D	It can be used to determine the porosity and permeability of older layers, which can be used to interpret groundwater drainage patterns.
E	It can be used to determine the current fertility of soils.

Question 39

If you were to build a waste disposal site for the City of Calgary, which of the following location would you pick as a geologist responsible for minimizing environmental impact? (ID-GAM-25)

A	Area with good subsurface porosity and permeability.
B	Area with mixture of sand and shale layers with water table cutting across it.
C	Area with large sand subsurface with water table below the sand layer.
D	Area with large shale subsurface with water table below the shale layer.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Shale will prevent leaching of waste hence it is preferred over and while having a low water table will minimize contamination of fresh groundwater supply. Shale will act as a barrier to the leaching.

Question 40

One of the characteristic of high sediment carrying stream would be that they have a.... (ID-GAM-29)

A	small flood plain.
B	high rate of discharge.
C	wider river channel.
D	large flood plain.
E	low gradient.

Question 41

Capillary water between grains are observed within the ______ zone where it has ______ pore pressure. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAM-56)

A	unsaturated , positive
B	high pressure , negative
C	high pressure , positive
D	saturated , positive
E	saturated , negative
F	unsaturated , negative

Question 42

Which of the following landslide type has the slowest lateral movement of earth materials? (ID-GAM-35)

A	Earth flows
B	Soil creeps
C	Mud flows
D	Debris avalanches
E	High angle rockfalls

Question 42 Explanation: 

Soil creeps could move few cm per day to 100s of meters per day depending on variety of geological conditions. But typically the term "creep" is used to describe very slow (cm scale) movement of earth.

Question 43

Building structures on the beach often leads to which of the following issue? (ID-GAM-64)

A	Interruption of longshore drift result in increased erosion
B	Subsidence
C	Increased in sea level
D	Increased in tidal current frequency

Question 44

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-GAM-46)

A	S waves
B	None of the above answers are correct.
C	Rayleigh waves
D	Love waves
E	Tsunami

Question 45

Which of the following is not required in order to classify a substance as soil? (ID-GAM-01)

A	Solid earth materials that can be removed without blasting.
B	Earth materials that has been altered by physical processes.
C	Earth materials that has been altered by biological processes.
D	Specific assemblage of minerals and rock fragments.
E	A material that can support growth of plants through allowing roots to penetrate.

Question 46

What is an active fault? (ID-GAM-45)

A	The the fault has produced some seismic activities during the last 5 years.
B	If the fault has produced significant earthquakes during the last few years.
C	If a fault has moved at last 10 cm during the last 10 years.
D	If the fault has moved at least 10 cm during the last 5 years.
E	The definition is depend on the geological regulations in a given region.

Question 47

Which of the following type of volcano commonly produce rhyolitic magma and has a higher tendency for explosive eruptions compare to others? (ID-GAM-74)

A	Dome volcanoes
B	Cinder cone volcanoes
C	Shield volcanoes
D	Composite volcanoes

Question 48

This type of volcanoes has a beautiful cone shape (Eg. Mount St. Helens, USA) and is characterized by maga with an intermediate silica content of about 60%. (ID-GAM-72)

A	None of the listed answers are correct.
B	Composite volcanoes
C	Shield volcanoes
D	Dome volcanoes
E	Cinder cone volcanoes

Question 49

According to the 2016 radon gas concentrations study in Calgary area by a University of Calgary research team, at least one in how many homes are over the acceptable maximum limit of radon concentration (in Calgary)? (ID-GAM-76)

A	1 in 5
B	1 in 10
C	1 in 30
D	1 in 100
E	1 in 60

Question 50

What is the most common test performed on rocks to determine their strengths? (ID-GAM-21)

A	Unconfined Comprehensive Strength test.
B	Common Load test.
C	Unified Conditional Strength test.
D	Uniform Comprehensive Force test.
E	Extensional Strength test.

Question 51

As the elastic deformation decreases... (ID-GAM-59)

A	ductility increases.
B	density increases.
C	possibility of faulting decreases.
D	brittleness increases.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 52

If you had no choice but to live close to a known earthquake zone, what type of subsurface geology best suited for your home to minimize the impact of earthquake shaking? (ID-GAM-49)

A	Older sedimentary rocks
B	Older compacted silt and mud
C	Older igneous rocks
D	Younger silt and mud
E	Alluvium

Question 52 Explanation: 

Material amplification; Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 53

Which of the following would you expect to observe, if you were to place a hydroelectricity dam for on a natural river? Upstream refers to river from origin point to the dam and downstream refers from the dam to the river mouth. (ID-GAM-30)

A	Increased in sediment stability in the upstream.
B	Increased in river avulsion both upstream and downstream.
C	Increased in biodiversity in the upstream environments due to higher availability of water.
D	Upstream deposition of sediments while significant downstream erosion.

Question 54

Which of the following statement is true about flash floods? (ID-GAM-32)

A	They are mostly governed by global climatic changes not local weather events.
B	They are typically associated with upper parts of the drainage basin.
C	There has been no record of flash floods in arid regions such as Las Vegas, Nevada.
D	They are becoming more uncommon occurrence due to global warming.
E	They exclusively occur in meandering river floodplains.

Question 55

During a subsurface study for an agricultural development project for the City of Calgary, you found the soil samples are close to 100% dry. Which of the following statement would you include in your final report as a Professional Geoscientist? (ID-GAM-58)

A	Area is not suitable for agricultural development.
B	Subsurface geology must be composed of 100% or close to 100% impermeable layers.
C	Water table must be above the dry zone.
D	Dry zone must be located within a unsaturated zone.
E	Pore pressure within the dry zone is most likely at zero or close to zero.

Question 56

What cause the majority of large scale soil erosion around the world? (ID-GAM-06)

A	High slope angle or relief
B	High temperatures and pressures
C	Water runoff
D	Low temperatures and pressures
E	Boulder size sediments

Question 57

Which of the following is involved in the environmental mitigation process? (ID-GAM-12)

A	Detailed evaluation of several selected sites.
B	Finding methods to minimize environmental damage.
C	Creation of a plan for land-use for the project.
D	Identification of important environmental issues.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

High concentration of which of the following trace element in our environment is associated with deafness? (ID-GAM-77)

A	Iodine
B	Arsenic
C	Manganese
D	Fluorine
E	Radon

Question 59

On the following stress-strain diagram, what is highlighted by the the position label III? (ID-GAM-19)

Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29

A	Rupture or fracture strength
B	Ultimate strength
C	Rupture point
D	Proportional elastic limit or yield strength

Question 60

Which of the following could potentially would not result in a sinkhole? Note, all listed answers could cause sinkholes, but one is least likely. (ID-GAM-40)

A	Subsurface natural drainage systems.
B	Chemical weathering of subsurface limestone.
C	Increased in overburden pressure due to urbanization and building developments.
D	Intrusion of igneous magmas across metamorphic rocks in the subsurface.
E	Liquefaction caused by earthquakes and other naturally occurring vibrations.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Metamorphic rocks are typically strong solid rocks. While intrusion of magmas across these types of rocks could reduce the strength of rocks, it is not usually large enough to cause sinkholes. Magma intrusions could also potentially increased the strength of rocks by fusing existing caverns and fractures.

Question 61

One of the movies you watched in class, a character picked up a rock and called it a dolomite. Why would you disagree with this statement? (ID-GAM-20)

A	This class is so hip and crazy.
B	It could be quartz.
C	Physical appearance of the rock sample is not that of calcite.
D	The environment which the movie scene took place cannot be producing calcite.
E	It could be calcite.

Question 62

Which of the following statement is correct? (ID-GAM-34)

A	Both natural streams and channelized streams tends to produce meanders.
B	Natural streams are better at controlling flash floods than channelized streams.
C	None of the answers listed here are correct.
D	Natural streams have different sediment depositional sequences (different deposits) than channelized streams.
E	Typically natural streams have much higher flow velocities than channelized streams.

Question 63

What is talus? (ID-GAM-28)

A	Debris left behind by movement of glaciers.
B	A region with highly soluble minerals which could result in landslides and sinkholes.
C	A zone of contaminant accumulation from a leaching site.
D	Exposed surface left behind after a landslide.
E	Accumulation of rock fragments from a landslide.

Question 64

When is a soil sample block is said to be saturated (geological engineering tests)? (ID-GAM-10)

A	If the sample has no pore space due to tight compaction.
B	If the pore space is completely filled with fluid(s).
C	If the pore space is completely saturated with gas(s).
D	If the sample has no porosity due to tight compaction.
E	If the sample shows no evidence of flow or fluid migration.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Typically it is water saturation. In Alberta, you often come across oil or petroleum or organic fluid saturated samples. You will learn about these in detail in higher level geology classes.

Question 65

When analyzing slope stability, the Safety Factor (SF) is said to be within the stable limits when.... (ID-GAM-36)

A	SF is greater than 1.
B	SF is equal to 0.
C	SF is equal to 1.
D	SF is greater than 100.
E	SF is equal 100.

Question 65 Explanation: 

Safety Factor (SF) is the ratio of resisting forces to driving forces.

Question 66

What is geodesy? (ID-GAM-53)

A	A branch of science that involved in study of Earth's tectonic plates movement.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	A type of movement observed in ocean currents during a tsunami.
D	The process in which the magnetic reversal occurs.
E	A situation where odd or uncommon minerals are found within rocks.

Question 67

What properties of rock fracture systems are most important to geologists and engineers? (ID-GAM-22)

A	Depth and overburden pressures that resulted in fractures.
B	Temperature and pressure that causes the fracture network.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Length and width of fractures.
E	Frequency and orientation of fractures.

Question 67 Explanation: 

This is a difficult question because four answers are correct. But in multiple choice exams, you should be able to choose the most important factors. This will become very important in some advanced classes. Welcome to the University new comers!

Question 68

Majority of the rotational slides or slump type landslides are observed under what conditions? (ID-GAM-37)

A	Areas closer to heat sources such as volcanoes.
B	Areas with large volume of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
C	Areas with high seismic activities such as plate boundary regions (eg, Japan).
D	Areas with large volume of unconsolidated soils.
E	Areas with subsurface characterized by alternating strong and weak layers of rocks (eg. schist foliation planes of weakness).

Question 69

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-GAM-47)

A	Body waves
B	Love waves
C	Rayleigh waves
D	S waves
E	P waves

Question 70

Subsidence can result in all of the following, except... (ID-GAM-61)

A	Ground cracks
B	All of these can be caused by subsidence.
C	Uplift Hint: Common misconception!
D	Change in the direction of river flows.
E	Flooding

Question 70 Explanation: 

Note, uplift can be caused by subsidence. If there is a local subsidence, it could result in uplift of another area as the forces in subsurface changes dramatically over period of time.

Question 71

Drainage control can stabilize a potentially hazardous areas by performing which of the following fundamental task? (ID-GAM-39)

A	Reducing the water flow within the subsurface hence decreasing the pore pressure within subsurface that could encourage landslides.
B	Completely diverting all possible water drainage into the hazardous zones. Hint: It is impossible to completely divert all sources.
C	Increasing the pore pressure within the subsurface hence increasing the friction between potential failure planes and the subsurface.
D	Reducing the possibility of subsurface springs within the hazardous zones hence reducing the water accumulation in the region.

Question 71 Explanation: 

This question is a bit difficult question. You should know that reducing water within subsurface sediments will also reduce the pore pressures and increase the friction between grains. This will add to the resisting force hence lowering the possibility of landslides.

Question 72

What causes majority of sinkholes? (ID-GAM-27)

A	Physical breakdown of compacted sediments.
B	Chemical weathering of soluble rocks.
C	Shrinking of salt deposits due to high overburden pressure.
D	Reduction of pressure caused by extraction of fluids from pores.
E	Physical breakdown of subsurface rocks.

Question 73

Given the following information, calculate the Factor of Safety (SF). (ID-GAM-38)
Driving force = 4.2 x 10¹⁰ Nm
Resisting force = 12.6 x 10¹⁰ Nm
Shear strength = 2.0 x 10⁶ Nm

A	SF = 0.33
B	SF = 6
C	SF = 6
D	SF = 3
E	SF = 2

Question 73 Explanation: 

SF = resisting force /driving force
SF = (12.6 x 10¹⁰ Nm)/(4.2 x 10¹⁰ Nm) =3

Question 74

Soil particles often cling together in aggregates called ______ that are classified according to ______ into several types. Answers in respective order. (ID-GAM-08)

A	peds , mineral assemblage
B	subsoils , mineral assemblage
C	molds , shape
D	molds , mineral assemblage
E	peds , shape

Question 74 Explanation: 

Shapes or textures

Question 75

Some soil profiles have E horizon. E horizon is characterized by which of the following? (ID-GAM-04)

A	Iron-bearing components.
B	Extensive organic root networks.
C	Highly concentrated organic matter such as decomposing or decomposed leaves.
D	Unweathered or unaltered materials.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 76

Why did Canada sold asbestos from Quebec to India as recently as 2012? (ID-GAM-62)

A	Strong independent activist who advocated for cheap building materials for India.
B	Pressure from the Indian Government to keep the Canadian mine open.
C	McGill University study proved that asbestos is safe for consumers.
D	There are no other cheaper alternative to asbestos in India or elsewhere.
E	Political corruption within the Canadian Provincial and Federal Governments.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Note: John Corbett McDonald from McGill University took money from asbestos industries to publish reports supporting the industry. However, it was the political support that allowed such activities to take place at the first place. Even today, most Canadians are in denial of corruption in Canada because we are busy pointing fingers at other countries. It wasn't India's corruption that resulted in this issue, it was Canada's corruption.

Question 77

What are seismic gaps? (ID-GAM-67)

A	Difference in arrival times between the P wave and S wave at the monitoring center.
B	Distance between the first geophone and the epicenter of an earthquake.
C	It describes our lack of understanding of seismic events due to complexity of plate tectonics and fault propagation mechanisms.
D	Time duration between major earthquakes near an active zone.
E	Time duration intervals between each arrival of seismic wavelets to the monitoring center.

Question 78

Which of the following is the best definition of rock strength? (ID-GAM-16)

A	How far above a standard failure envelope, a rock can withstand without failure.
B	The maximum stress a rock can experience before failure.
C	The ability for a rock to withstand shear forces.
D	The minimum stress required to increase the pressure within the rock above 1000 N.
E	The ability for a rock to hold a certain weight of materials.

Question 79

What what term is used to describe the point of origin of an earthquake? (ID-GAM-42)

A	Scarp
B	Epicenter
C	Foreshock
D	Focus
E	Hypocenter

Question 80

What is the difference between magma and lava? (ID-GAM-68)

A	Lava is produced when the molten solution has at least 40% of water or hydrous minerals.
B	Magma solidify at much higher temperatures than lava.
C	Magma has a higher viscosity and low flow rate than lava.
D	Magma is produced at plate boundaries without volcanic activity while lava is produced at volcanic zones.
E	Molten rock and minerals in subsurface is known as magma while it is on the surface known as lava.

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