GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Midterm Exam

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Question 1

If you were to build a waste disposal site for the City of Calgary, which of the following location would you pick as a geologist responsible for minimizing environmental impact? (ID-GAM-25)

A	Area with good subsurface porosity and permeability.
B	Area with mixture of sand and shale layers with water table cutting across it.
C	Area with large shale subsurface with water table below the shale layer.
D	Area with large sand subsurface with water table below the sand layer.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Shale will prevent leaching of waste hence it is preferred over and while having a low water table will minimize contamination of fresh groundwater supply. Shale will act as a barrier to the leaching.

Question 2

Subsidence can result in all of the following, except... (ID-GAM-61)

A	All of these can be caused by subsidence.
B	Ground cracks
C	Flooding
D	Change in the direction of river flows.
E	Uplift Hint: Common misconception!

Question 2 Explanation: 

Note, uplift can be caused by subsidence. If there is a local subsidence, it could result in uplift of another area as the forces in subsurface changes dramatically over period of time.

Question 3

Which of the following trace element is associated with goiter which is caused by the enlargement of the thyroid gland? (ID-GAM-78)

A	Radon
B	Arsenic
C	Manganese
D	Fluorine
E	Iodine

Question 4

Granular soil texture is most common in ______ horizons and platy texture is most common in ______ horizons. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAM-09)

A	C type , E type
B	A type , E type
C	B type , E type
D	B type , C type
E	A type , B type

Question 5

According to the EPA in the United States, what is the most common cause of death? (ID-GAM-75)

A	Drowning
B	Radon gas
C	Natural and man made fires
D	Drunk driving
E	Airline crashes

Question 5 Explanation: 

The second highest is the radon gas.

Question 6

Which seismic wave is released first during an earthquake? (ID-GAM-79)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	Love wave
C	S-wave
D	P-wave
E	Rayleigh wave

Question 6 Explanation: 

All seismic waves are released at the same time during a seismic event. However, the arrival time to a detection center at a some distance varies with P-wave being the first wave to arrive.

Question 7

On the following stress-strain diagram, what is highlighted by the the position label I? (ID-GAM-17)

Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29

A	Rupture or fracture strength
B	Proportional elastic limit or yield strength
C	Ultimate strength
D	Rupture point

Question 8

What is a supershear? (ID-GAM-51)

A	It is an event that occurs in all earthquakes where the epicenter is directly on top of the focus.
B	It occurs when rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave.
C	It occurs when two shear waves compliments each other leading to higher frequencies.
D	It occurs when amplitude attenuates over a very short period of time.
E	It occurs when the amplitude of shear waves exceeds the velocity of primary wave.

Question 9

Which of the following landslide type has the slowest lateral movement of earth materials? (ID-GAM-35)

A	Earth flows
B	Debris avalanches
C	Soil creeps
D	High angle rockfalls
E	Mud flows

Question 9 Explanation: 

Soil creeps could move few cm per day to 100s of meters per day depending on variety of geological conditions. But typically the term "creep" is used to describe very slow (cm scale) movement of earth.

Question 10

The layers between the two yellow dash lines on the following picture is within the zone of leaching and also includes the top soil layer. Which of the following soil horizons would most likely to be present in this highlighted section? (ID-GAM-02)

A	B , R and C
B	B , C and R
C	B , E and O
D	A , B and R
E	A , E and O

Question 10 Explanation: 

A and E are within the zone of leeching and the top layer you observe in this picture is the O horizon.

Question 11

At the water table, the water is mostly subjected to which of the following? (ID-GAM-57)

A	Hydrostatic pressure
B	Overburden load pressure
C	Atmospheric pressure
D	Pore pressure
E	Static-dynamic pressure

Question 12

Majority of the rotational slides or slump type landslides are observed under what conditions? (ID-GAM-37)

A	Areas closer to heat sources such as volcanoes.
B	Areas with large volume of unconsolidated soils.
C	Areas with subsurface characterized by alternating strong and weak layers of rocks (eg. schist foliation planes of weakness).
D	Areas with high seismic activities such as plate boundary regions (eg, Japan).
E	Areas with large volume of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Question 13

Which of the following is correct about the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System? (ID-GAM-80)

A	It heavily relies on data obtained through live satellite imagery of tectonic plates.
B	It was originated as a result of UN conference held in India.
C	It comes in to service in 2006.
D	It failed to detect and send out proper warning signals on 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Question 13 Explanation: 

The only thing you have to remember is that it came online after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This is not a tricky "remember the facts" type of question.

Question 14

What properties of rock fracture systems are most important to geologists and engineers? (ID-GAM-22)

A	Temperature and pressure that causes the fracture network.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	Frequency and orientation of fractures.
D	Depth and overburden pressures that resulted in fractures.
E	Length and width of fractures.

Question 14 Explanation: 

This is a difficult question because four answers are correct. But in multiple choice exams, you should be able to choose the most important factors. This will become very important in some advanced classes. Welcome to the University new comers!

Question 15

During a subsurface study for an agricultural development project for the City of Calgary, you found the soil samples are close to 100% dry. Which of the following statement would you include in your final report as a Professional Geoscientist? (ID-GAM-58)

A	Water table must be above the dry zone.
B	Pore pressure within the dry zone is most likely at zero or close to zero.
C	Dry zone must be located within a unsaturated zone.
D	Subsurface geology must be composed of 100% or close to 100% impermeable layers.
E	Area is not suitable for agricultural development.

Question 16

Given the following information, calculate the Factor of Safety (SF). (ID-GAM-38)
Driving force = 4.2 x 10¹⁰ Nm
Resisting force = 12.6 x 10¹⁰ Nm
Shear strength = 2.0 x 10⁶ Nm

A	SF = 6
B	SF = 0.33
C	SF = 3
D	SF = 6
E	SF = 2

Question 16 Explanation: 

SF = resisting force /driving force
SF = (12.6 x 10¹⁰ Nm)/(4.2 x 10¹⁰ Nm) =3

Question 17

What is talus? (ID-GAM-28)

A	A region with highly soluble minerals which could result in landslides and sinkholes.
B	A zone of contaminant accumulation from a leaching site.
C	Debris left behind by movement of glaciers.
D	Exposed surface left behind after a landslide.
E	Accumulation of rock fragments from a landslide.

Question 18

In Canada, radon gas pollution is often observed in houses. It is a dangerous gas that cause lung cancer and is produced by what type of rock or mineral? (ID-GAM-23)

A	Cesium bearing rocks
B	Calcium bearing rocks
C	Gold bearing rocks
D	Iron and metal oxides bearing rocks
E	Uranium bearing rocks

Question 19

What cause the majority of large scale soil erosion around the world? (ID-GAM-06)

A	Low temperatures and pressures
B	High temperatures and pressures
C	High slope angle or relief
D	Boulder size sediments
E	Water runoff

Question 20

Building structures on the beach often leads to which of the following issue? (ID-GAM-64)

A	Interruption of longshore drift result in increased erosion
B	Increased in sea level
C	Subsidence
D	Increased in tidal current frequency

Question 21

Which of the following is the best definition of rock strength? (ID-GAM-16)

A	The minimum stress required to increase the pressure within the rock above 1000 N.
B	The ability for a rock to hold a certain weight of materials.
C	How far above a standard failure envelope, a rock can withstand without failure.
D	The ability for a rock to withstand shear forces.
E	The maximum stress a rock can experience before failure.

Question 22

Which of the following would you expect to observe, if you were to place a hydroelectricity dam for on a natural river? Upstream refers to river from origin point to the dam and downstream refers from the dam to the river mouth. (ID-GAM-30)

A	Increased in sediment stability in the upstream.
B	Upstream deposition of sediments while significant downstream erosion.
C	Increased in river avulsion both upstream and downstream.
D	Increased in biodiversity in the upstream environments due to higher availability of water.

Question 23

Which of the following could potentially would not result in a sinkhole? Note, all listed answers could cause sinkholes, but one is least likely. (ID-GAM-40)

A	Liquefaction caused by earthquakes and other naturally occurring vibrations.
B	Intrusion of igneous magmas across metamorphic rocks in the subsurface.
C	Subsurface natural drainage systems.
D	Chemical weathering of subsurface limestone.
E	Increased in overburden pressure due to urbanization and building developments.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Metamorphic rocks are typically strong solid rocks. While intrusion of magmas across these types of rocks could reduce the strength of rocks, it is not usually large enough to cause sinkholes. Magma intrusions could also potentially increased the strength of rocks by fusing existing caverns and fractures.

Question 24

A tsunami that travels towards the nearby coast is known as ______ and another tsunami that travels out to the deep ocean is known as ______. (ID-GAM-66)

A	high intensity tsunami , low intensity tsunami
B	coastal tsunami , distal tsunami
C	Japanese tsunami , Chinese tsunami
D	low intensity tsunami , high intensity tsunami
E	local tsunami , distant tsunami

Question 25

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-GAM-46)

A	Rayleigh waves
B	None of the above answers are correct.
C	Tsunami
D	Love waves
E	S waves

Question 26

What is geodesy? (ID-GAM-53)

A	A branch of science that involved in study of Earth's tectonic plates movement.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	The process in which the magnetic reversal occurs.
D	A type of movement observed in ocean currents during a tsunami.
E	A situation where odd or uncommon minerals are found within rocks.

Question 27

Which of the following is involved in the environmental mitigation process? (ID-GAM-12)

A	Detailed evaluation of several selected sites.
B	Finding methods to minimize environmental damage.
C	Creation of a plan for land-use for the project.
D	Identification of important environmental issues.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

Seismic frequency can be best described as... (ID-GAM-48)

A	vibrations per period.
B	wavelets per minute.
C	length of signal wavelets.
D	distance between the peak and trough of a wavelet.
E	cycles per second.

Question 29

High concentration of which of the following trace element in our environment is associated with deafness? (ID-GAM-77)

A	Iodine
B	Manganese
C	Radon
D	Fluorine
E	Arsenic

Question 30

If you had no choice but to live close to a known earthquake zone, what type of subsurface geology best suited for your home to minimize the impact of earthquake shaking? (ID-GAM-49)

A	Alluvium
B	Younger silt and mud
C	Older igneous rocks
D	Older sedimentary rocks
E	Older compacted silt and mud

Question 30 Explanation: 

Material amplification; Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

The area between the water table and the ground surface is known as... (ID-GAM-26)

A	leaching zone.
B	low pressure zone.
C	accumulation zone.
D	void zone.
E	vadose zone.

Question 32

This type of volcanoes are relatively small and formed from mostly tephra. (ID-GAM-73)

A	Cinder cone volcanoes
B	Composite volcanoes
C	Dome volcanoes
D	Shield volcanoes
E	All of the listed types of volcanoes can have such characteristics.

Question 33

Zone of accumulation have which of the following soil horizon(s)? (ID-GAM-03)

A	B
B	B and C
C	O , A and E
D	C
E	A and C

Question 34

How does the retention pond flood mitigation method work? (ID-GAM-33)

A	Holding water from a flood indefinitely.
B	Increasing the volume of water in rivers.
C	Increasing the penetration of water in the subsurface.
D	Reducing the storm drainage discharge rate.
E	Increasing the discharge rate of rivers.

Question 35

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-GAM-47)

A	Body waves
B	S waves
C	Rayleigh waves
D	P waves
E	Love waves

Question 36

Which of the following type of volcano commonly produce rhyolitic magma and has a higher tendency for explosive eruptions compare to others? (ID-GAM-74)

A	Composite volcanoes
B	Shield volcanoes
C	Cinder cone volcanoes
D	Dome volcanoes

Question 37

Capillary water between grains are observed within the ______ zone where it has ______ pore pressure. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAM-56)

A	high pressure , negative
B	saturated , negative
C	saturated , positive
D	high pressure , positive
E	unsaturated , positive
F	unsaturated , negative

Question 38

Which of the following is true? (ID-GAM-14)

A	Strain is force per unit area while stress is the force that result in deformation.
B	Stress is force per unit area while strain is the deformation resulted from stress.
C	Stress can be directly calculated using alignment of mineral grains and position of fractures.
D	Stress can be directly calculated using deformation of rocks.
E	Strain only occurs in solid mediums while stress occurs in both solids, liquids and gases.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Note stress is not observed or measured in nature. We measure strain and infer stress using strain evaluations.

Question 39

When analyzing slope stability, the Safety Factor (SF) is said to be within the stable limits when.... (ID-GAM-36)

A	SF is greater than 100.
B	SF is equal to 1.
C	SF is greater than 1.
D	SF is equal 100.
E	SF is equal to 0.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Safety Factor (SF) is the ratio of resisting forces to driving forces.

Question 40

During a Geotechnical Mitigation process, which of the following would result in safer environment? (ID-GAM-60)

A	Increase in internal friction angle.
B	Decrease in soil shear strength
C	Decrease in grain friction.
D	Decrease in effective stress
E	Increase in pore pressure

Question 40 Explanation: 

S = (σ–u) tan Φ Check this...

Question 41

Point bars on meandering rivers form as a result of which of the following? (ID-GAM-31)

A	Seasonal floods that resulting overprinting of existing low elevation regions of floodplains.
B	Erosion of the floodplain due to increased in flow velocity close to the outside of the bend.
C	Sediment deposition due to increased in the flow velocity close to the outside of the bend.
D	Sediment deposition due to decreased in the flow velocity close to the outside of the bend.
E	Erosion of the floodplain due to increased in flow velocity on both sides of the bend.

Question 42

Soil particles often cling together in aggregates called ______ that are classified according to ______ into several types. Answers in respective order. (ID-GAM-08)

A	molds , shape
B	peds , shape
C	molds , mineral assemblage
D	peds , mineral assemblage
E	subsoils , mineral assemblage

Question 42 Explanation: 

Shapes or textures

Question 43

Why did Canada sold asbestos from Quebec to India as recently as 2012? (ID-GAM-62)

A	Strong independent activist who advocated for cheap building materials for India.
B	There are no other cheaper alternative to asbestos in India or elsewhere.
C	McGill University study proved that asbestos is safe for consumers.
D	Pressure from the Indian Government to keep the Canadian mine open.
E	Political corruption within the Canadian Provincial and Federal Governments.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Note: John Corbett McDonald from McGill University took money from asbestos industries to publish reports supporting the industry. However, it was the political support that allowed such activities to take place at the first place. Even today, most Canadians are in denial of corruption in Canada because we are busy pointing fingers at other countries. It wasn't India's corruption that resulted in this issue, it was Canada's corruption.

Question 44

When is a soil sample block is said to be saturated (geological engineering tests)? (ID-GAM-10)

A	If the sample has no porosity due to tight compaction.
B	If the pore space is completely filled with fluid(s).
C	If the sample shows no evidence of flow or fluid migration.
D	If the sample has no pore space due to tight compaction.
E	If the pore space is completely saturated with gas(s).

Question 44 Explanation: 

Typically it is water saturation. In Alberta, you often come across oil or petroleum or organic fluid saturated samples. You will learn about these in detail in higher level geology classes.

Question 45

What are seismic gaps? (ID-GAM-67)

A	Difference in arrival times between the P wave and S wave at the monitoring center.
B	Distance between the first geophone and the epicenter of an earthquake.
C	Time duration intervals between each arrival of seismic wavelets to the monitoring center.
D	Time duration between major earthquakes near an active zone.
E	It describes our lack of understanding of seismic events due to complexity of plate tectonics and fault propagation mechanisms.

Question 46

Majority of solid waste in modern day urban centers are composed of which of the following? (ID-GAM-24)

A	Plastics
B	Metals
C	Wood
D	Paper
E	Glass

Question 46 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 47

Long Beach, USA subsidence is caused by... (ID-GAM-63)

A	natural seepage of fluids from the subsurface.
B	human extraction of fluids from the subsurface.
C	tectonic activities near the San Andreas Fault.
D	human activities such as building large structures hence increasing the pressure in subsurface and increasing subsidence.

Question 48

Which of the following best describe expansive soils? (ID-GAM-11)

A	They have the ability to decrease in volume with change water content.
B	They are mostly made up of silicate minerals such as quartz and pyroxenes.
C	They have the ability to either increase or decrease in volume with change water content.
D	They have larger soil particles than other types of soils.
E	They have the ability to increase in volume with change water content.

Question 49

Majority of volcanic gas is composed of what type of compound? (ID-GAM-71)

A	ammonia
B	methane
C	nitrogen
D	carbon dioxide
E	water

Question 50

On the following stress-strain diagram, what is highlighted by the the position label II? (ID-GAM-18)

Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29

A	Rupture point
B	Proportional elastic limit or yield strength
C	Ultimate strength
D	Rupture or fracture strength

Question 51

Some soil profiles have E horizon. E horizon is characterized by which of the following? (ID-GAM-04)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	Highly concentrated organic matter such as decomposing or decomposed leaves.
C	Extensive organic root networks.
D	Unweathered or unaltered materials.
E	Iron-bearing components.

Question 52

One of the characteristic of high sediment carrying stream would be that they have a.... (ID-GAM-29)

A	large flood plain.
B	small flood plain.
C	wider river channel.
D	low gradient.
E	high rate of discharge.

Question 53

What is the major assumption in the dilatancy-diffusion model (theory) of earthquakes? (ID-GAM-65)

A	Pressure is the primary cause of all earthquakes.
B	Earthquake zones are always accompanied by volcanic activities.
C	At first stage of earthquake development, the elastic strain increases in rocks.
D	Earthquakes are caused as a result of significant movement of tectonic plates.
E	Earthquakes and other tectonic activities are the major driving forces for global warming.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 54

What is the most common test performed on rocks to determine their strengths? (ID-GAM-21)

A	Common Load test.
B	Unconfined Comprehensive Strength test.
C	Unified Conditional Strength test.
D	Uniform Comprehensive Force test.
E	Extensional Strength test.

Question 55

A _____ is a hot, turbulent mixture of expanding gases and volcanic ash that flows rapidly down the side of a volcano. (ID-GAM-69)

A	lava flow
B	hyaloclastic flow
C	pyroclastic flow
D	mud flow
E	magma flow

Question 56

Which of the following statement is correct? (ID-GAM-34)

A	Natural streams are better at controlling flash floods than channelized streams.
B	Typically natural streams have much higher flow velocities than channelized streams.
C	Both natural streams and channelized streams tends to produce meanders.
D	Natural streams have different sediment depositional sequences (different deposits) than channelized streams.
E	None of the answers listed here are correct.

Question 57

What is an active fault? (ID-GAM-45)

A	If the fault has moved at least 10 cm during the last 5 years.
B	If the fault has produced significant earthquakes during the last few years.
C	If a fault has moved at last 10 cm during the last 10 years.
D	The definition is depend on the geological regulations in a given region.
E	The the fault has produced some seismic activities during the last 5 years.

Question 58

Which of the following mechanism would produce earthquakes primarily due to shear forces? (ID-GAM-44)

A	Strike-slip faulting
B	Reverse faulting
C	Spreading of Mid Ocean Ridges
D	Normal faulting

Question 59

Shield volcanoes have ______ bases and ______ inclined slopes. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAM-70)

A	broad , steeply
B	broad , gently
C	narrow , gently
D	narrow , steeply

Question 60

Why would we sometimes observe increased in radon gas in water wells months or weeks before an earthquake? (ID-GAM-54)

A	Some earthquake zones produce radon gas as a byproduct of fiction between rocks.
B	Expansion of rocks and fractures with influx of water in the region just before an earthquake allow radon gas to migrate.
C	Build up of pressure causes the radon gas to move from the fault surface to other regions.
D	Change in density of gases in the subsurface due to multiple forces acting in the fault region result in radon flowing to low density zones.
E	Energy released just before the earthquakes result in expedite decay of uranium.

Question 61

Hydrostatic stress... (ID-GAM-55)

A	is the pressure exerted by liquids such as lakes and rivers on the subsurface.
B	is the pressure that is a controlled by the contact surface area between grains within sediments.
C	typically result in negative pore pressure in deeper parts of subsurface.
D	typically higher in subduction zones.
E	typically increases with depth.

Question 62

Which of the following is not required in order to classify a substance as soil? (ID-GAM-01)

A	Specific assemblage of minerals and rock fragments.
B	Solid earth materials that can be removed without blasting.
C	A material that can support growth of plants through allowing roots to penetrate.
D	Earth materials that has been altered by biological processes.
E	Earth materials that has been altered by physical processes.

Question 63

Materials that rupture before plastic deformation occur are... (ID-GAM-15)

A	ductile.
B	elastic.
C	plastic.
D	brittle.

Question 64

On the following stress-strain diagram, what is highlighted by the the position label III? (ID-GAM-19)

Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29

A	Proportional elastic limit or yield strength
B	Rupture point
C	Ultimate strength
D	Rupture or fracture strength

Question 65

Which of the following statement is true about flash floods? (ID-GAM-32)

A	They are mostly governed by global climatic changes not local weather events.
B	They exclusively occur in meandering river floodplains.
C	There has been no record of flash floods in arid regions such as Las Vegas, Nevada.
D	They are becoming more uncommon occurrence due to global warming.
E	They are typically associated with upper parts of the drainage basin.

Question 66

Drainage control can stabilize a potentially hazardous areas by performing which of the following fundamental task? (ID-GAM-39)

A	Reducing the possibility of subsurface springs within the hazardous zones hence reducing the water accumulation in the region.
B	Increasing the pore pressure within the subsurface hence increasing the friction between potential failure planes and the subsurface.
C	Reducing the water flow within the subsurface hence decreasing the pore pressure within subsurface that could encourage landslides.
D	Completely diverting all possible water drainage into the hazardous zones. Hint: It is impossible to completely divert all sources.

Question 66 Explanation: 

This question is a bit difficult question. You should know that reducing water within subsurface sediments will also reduce the pore pressures and increase the friction between grains. This will add to the resisting force hence lowering the possibility of landslides.

Question 67

According to the soil classification introduced in the textbook (Keller), what order name would be given to the following soil description? (ID-GAM-05)
"No horizon development; many are recent alluvium; synthetic soils are included; are often young soils."

A	Entisols
B	Aridisols
C	Vertisols
D	Ulfisols
E	Histosols

Question 67 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 68

This type of volcanoes has a beautiful cone shape (Eg. Mount St. Helens, USA) and is characterized by maga with an intermediate silica content of about 60%. (ID-GAM-72)

A	Cinder cone volcanoes
B	Shield volcanoes
C	None of the listed answers are correct.
D	Composite volcanoes
E	Dome volcanoes

Question 69

Which of the following statement is true about seismic waves generated by earthquakes? (ID-GAM-50)

A	Majority of the shaking of large tall buildings at a significant distance to epicenter is caused by high frequency seismic waves.
B	P wave travel at a much slower velocity than the S saves.
C	Seismic frequency attenuation effect is large with the loner distance from the epicenter.
D	Magnitude of an earthquake at the focus is directly measured by seismic monitoring centers.
E	Seismic amplitude arrival times become shorter (faster) as you move away from the epicenter.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Attenuation is a reduction of signal strength during traveling across different mediums. Attenuation weaken and reduce the frequency of waves. Geophysics majors in this class and Geology students who will take Geophysics classes as options will learn about signal attenuation in depth in future classes.

Question 70

As the elastic deformation decreases... (ID-GAM-59)

A	ductility increases.
B	possibility of faulting decreases.
C	density increases.
D	brittleness increases.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 71

What is the difference between magma and lava? (ID-GAM-68)

A	Magma has a higher viscosity and low flow rate than lava.
B	Lava is produced when the molten solution has at least 40% of water or hydrous minerals.
C	Molten rock and minerals in subsurface is known as magma while it is on the surface known as lava.
D	Magma is produced at plate boundaries without volcanic activity while lava is produced at volcanic zones.
E	Magma solidify at much higher temperatures than lava.

Question 72

Why does soil chronosequence important? (ID-GAM-07)

A	There is no economic reasons for soil chronosequence, but it is used in research by scientists.
B	It can be used to determine the porosity and permeability of older layers, which can be used to interpret groundwater drainage patterns.
C	It can be used to generate groundwater table.
D	It can be used to evaluate geologic stability and conditions in the past and predict future conditions.
E	It can be used to determine the current fertility of soils.

Question 73

What causes majority of sinkholes? (ID-GAM-27)

A	Physical breakdown of subsurface rocks.
B	Shrinking of salt deposits due to high overburden pressure.
C	Physical breakdown of compacted sediments.
D	Chemical weathering of soluble rocks.
E	Reduction of pressure caused by extraction of fluids from pores.

Question 74

Which factors have the greatest impact against environmental law? (ID-GAM-13)

A	Natural environmental problems such as floods
B	Wealth and power.
C	Sudden unexpected failures in environmental mitigation programs.
D	Natural animal activities such as bears in populated neighborhoods.
E	Political donations.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 75

According to the 2016 radon gas concentrations study in Calgary area by a University of Calgary research team, at least one in how many homes are over the acceptable maximum limit of radon concentration (in Calgary)? (ID-GAM-76)

A	1 in 10
B	1 in 60
C	1 in 5
D	1 in 30
E	1 in 100

Question 76

According to the worldwide magnitude and frequency of earthquakes by descriptor classification, the term "Major Earthquake" is used for seismic events that exceed what magnitude? (ID-GAM-43)

A	Magnitude 6
B	Magnitude 7
C	Magnitude 4
D	Magnitude 3
E	Magnitude 5

Question 77

Which of the following statement best describe tsunamis? (ID-GAM-52)

A	Only occurred during the last 10,000 years.
B	Generate only P type seismic waves.
C	Sudden vertical movement of ocean waters caused by an underwater seismic event.
D	Occurs when two earthquakes occurs under water at the same (or close to each other) time.
E	A natural hazard that is only found in the Asian regions such as Japan and Indonesia.

Question 78

The case study of Lake Peigneur - Jefferson Island salt mine collapse is primarily cause by... (ID-GAM-41)

A	lack of understanding of subsurface salt deposits by the mining company.
B	drainage of the Lake Peigneur into the Jefferson Island through naturally existing fractures.
C	increased overburden pressures directly on top of the salt mines.
D	reduced drainage of subsurface fluids such as water and oil.
E	poor planing of drilling by the oil company.

Question 79

What what term is used to describe the point of origin of an earthquake? (ID-GAM-42)

A	Foreshock
B	Hypocenter
C	Focus
D	Scarp
E	Epicenter

Question 80

One of the movies you watched in class, a character picked up a rock and called it a dolomite. Why would you disagree with this statement? (ID-GAM-20)

A	It could be quartz.
B	It could be calcite.
C	Physical appearance of the rock sample is not that of calcite.
D	This class is so hip and crazy.
E	The environment which the movie scene took place cannot be producing calcite.

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