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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	45
C	90
D	180

Question 2

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleoproterozoic
B	Eoarchean
C	Paleozoic
D	Hadean
E	Neoarchean

Question 3

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Productida
B	Pentamerida
C	Orthida
D	Linguliformea

Question 4

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Neoarchean
D	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
E	Lower Cambrian

Question 5

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Ordovician
D	Jurassic

Question 6

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	three
B	five
C	two
D	six

Question 6 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 7

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Impressions
C	Carbonizations
D	Recrystallization

Question 8

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 9

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Early Cretaceous
C	Upper Ordovician
D	Upper Devonian

Question 10

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 11

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	1.5 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	4.0 billion years after
D	0.2 billion years after

Question 11 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 12

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 12 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 13

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Strophomenida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Orthida
D	Productida
E	Pentamerida

Question 14

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve

Question 15

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 16

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooarozoida
C	zooid
D	zooecia

Question 17

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Triassic to Recent
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 18

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cretaceous and Paleogene
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Carboniferous and Permian
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 19

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Atrypid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 20

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 21

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False, because they are reef-builders.
B	True
C	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.

Question 22

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Productida
B	Terebratulida
C	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
D	Pentamerida
E	Orthida

Question 23

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Parvancorina
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 24

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 25

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	4
C	3
D	5

Question 26

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)

Question 27

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 28

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 29

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 29 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 30

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

Question 31

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized organs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Lungs
D	Primitive organs

Question 32

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are colonial.
B	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
C	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
D	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.

Question 33

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 34

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Terebratulid
B	Atrypid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 35

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Tribrachidium
D	Dickinsonia

Question 36

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 37

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	1
C	2
D	4

Question 38

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 39

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Scyphozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Hydrozoa
D	Class Anthozoa

Question 39 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 40

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 41

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Sphereperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 42

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 43

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 44

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Graphite
B	Volcanic lava
C	Dolomite based minerals
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 45

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 45 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 46

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
D	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).

Question 47

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Octocoralia
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 48

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Cretaceous

Question 49

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
E	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass

Question 50

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 50 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 51

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 52

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Quartz
B	Zircon
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Stromatolites

Question 53

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Permian
B	Jurassic
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 54

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
B	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
C	During Permian/Triassic crisis
D	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis

Question 55

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	tabule
B	lamellate
C	autopore
D	cystiphragm

Question 55 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 56

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Atrypida
C	Terebratulida
D	Strophomenida
E	Productida

Question 57

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 58

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 59

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Aragonitic
B	Organophosphatic
C	Calcitic
D	Siliceous
E	Organocalcitic

Question 60

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
C	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 61

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Tribrachidium
D	Spriggina

Question 62

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	True
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 63

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoarchean
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Cambrian
D	Mesoproterozoic

Question 64

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	True
B	False because they are known as cups.
C	False because they are known as plates.
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 65

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
B	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
C	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
D	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.

Question 66

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 67

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.

Question 68

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 3.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 68 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 69

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Mesoarchean
B	Ediacaran
C	Paleozoic
D	Neoproterozoic
E	Cambrian

Question 70

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Triassic
D	Cretaceous

Question 71

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 72

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Brachidium
C	Taleola
D	Cardinal
E	Tabula

Question 73

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
B	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
C	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 74

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Feeding
C	Circulatory
D	Movement

Question 75

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Holoperipheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Sphericalcircular
E	Hemipheripheral

Question 76

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.2 billion years
B	~ 2.7 billion years
C	~ 3.8 billion years
D	~ 4.5 billion years

Question 77

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Cloudina
C	Bonata
D	Spriggina

Question 78

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 79

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Archean
C	Proterozoic
D	Neoarchean
E	Hadean

Question 80

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 430 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 460 million years ago
E	~ 500 million years ago

Question 81

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Eukaryotic organisms
C	Shelly organisms
D	Invertebrates organisms

Question 81 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 82

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Fig Tree Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 83

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
B	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
C	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
D	Apex Chert from Western Australia

Question 84

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
B	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
C	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 85

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Ordovician
B	Devonian
C	Cambrian
D	Cretaceous

Question 86

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Gunflint Formation.
C	Isua Formation.
D	Apex Chert unit

Question 87

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida and Terebratulida
B	Atrypida and Productida
C	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
D	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida

Question 88

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Punctate shell
B	Pseudopunctate shell
C	Having a one large and one small shell.
D	Impunctate shell

Question 89

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Melanocyrillium
B	Huronipora
C	Torridonophycus
D	Bangiomorpha

Question 90

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Terebratulid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 91

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. cardinal II. counter
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 92

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Shark Bay stromatolites
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Gunflint Formation
D	Isua Formation
E	Apex Chert unit

Question 93

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Dikinsonians
B	Rugose corals
C	Cyanobacteria
D	Stromatoporoids

Question 93 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 94

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Order Orthida
D	Order Strophomenida

Question 95

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Oxygen-depleted zone
B	Growth surface
C	Undermat
D	Stromatolite mass

Question 96

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 410 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 470 million years ago
D	~ 510 million years ago
E	~ 585 million years ago

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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