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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Tribrachidium
C	Spriggina
D	Parvancorina

Question 2

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Archean
B	Proterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Hadean
E	Phanerozoic

Question 3

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
B	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
C	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 4

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 5

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Tribrachidium
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 6

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Jurassic
C	Ordovician
D	Permian

Question 7

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 8

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 9

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 10

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Permian/Triassic crisis
B	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
C	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
D	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis

Question 11

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 12

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Hadean
B	Neoarchean
C	Eoarchean
D	Paleozoic
E	Paleoproterozoic

Question 13

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are colonial.
B	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
C	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
D	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.

Question 14

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Bonata
C	Cloudina
D	Spriggina

Question 15

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Impressions
B	Mineralization
C	Carbonizations
D	Recrystallization

Question 16

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cretaceous
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Devonian

Question 17

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Aragonitic
B	Organocalcitic
C	Siliceous
D	Calcitic
E	Organophosphatic

Question 18

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Linguliformea
C	Pentamerida
D	Productida

Question 19

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Isua Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 20

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 21

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 22

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 23

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
B	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.

Question 24

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 430 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 25

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)

Question 26

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Triassic

Question 27

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooarozoida
C	zooid
D	zooecia

Question 28

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 29

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Brachidium
C	Taleola
D	Median septum
E	Cardinal

Question 30

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Strophomenida
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Order Orthida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 31

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
B	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 32

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Quartz
B	Calcite - Dolomite
C	Stromatolites
D	Zircon

Question 33

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 34

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 35

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Septalata

Question 36

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 37

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 38

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 3.2 billion years.

Question 38 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 39

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Bangiomorpha
C	Melanocyrillium
D	Torridonophycus

Question 40

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 40 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 41

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Holoperipheral
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Hemipheripheral
E	Radiocircular

Question 42

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Volcanic lava
C	Graphite
D	Dolomite based minerals

Question 43

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Hydrozoa
D	Class Cinclaire

Question 43 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 44

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
B	Orthida and Terebratulida
C	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
D	Atrypida and Productida
E	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida

Question 45

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Cambrian to Permian
B	Ordovician to Permian
C	Triassic to Recent
D	Ordovician to Recent

Question 46

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	180
B	45
C	90
D	60

Question 47

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Circulatory
C	Feeding
D	Movement

Question 48

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Cyanobacteria
C	Dikinsonians
D	Rugose corals

Question 48 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 49

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Isua Formation.

Question 50

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
B	Orthida
C	Productida
D	Terebratulida
E	Pentamerida

Question 51

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Punctate shell
B	Having a one large and one small shell.
C	Pseudopunctate shell
D	Impunctate shell

Question 52

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Mesoarchean
D	Paleozoic
E	Ediacaran

Question 53

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Charnia
C	Parvancorina
D	Dickinsonia

Question 54

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 55

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Cretaceous and Paleogene
C	Carboniferous and Permian
D	Jurassic and Cretaceous

Question 56

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Productida
B	Terebratulida
C	Strophomenida
D	Atrypida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 57

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 57 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 58

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 59

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	True
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 60

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Devonian
B	Upper Ordovician
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 61

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoarchean
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Mesoproterozoic
D	Cambrian

Question 62

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 63

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 63 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 64

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Stromatolite mass
B	Oxygen-depleted zone
C	Growth surface
D	Undermat

Question 65

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 66

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter lateral II. lateral
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. lateral II. counter lateral
D	I. cardinal II. counter

Question 67

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 67 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 68

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 69

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
D	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.

Question 70

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 71

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized tissues
B	Specialized organs
C	Primitive organs
D	Lungs

Question 72

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 73

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Neoarchean
B	Archean
C	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
D	Lower Cambrian
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 74

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 75

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 76

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 77

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
C	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
D	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.

Question 78

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	2
C	1
D	4

Question 79

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Stromato Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 80

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. umbo II. the beak
B	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
C	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
D	I. the beak II. umbo

Question 81

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	5
B	2
C	3
D	4

Question 82

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 83

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have punctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	True
D	False, because they always have impunctate shells.

Question 84

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Sphereperipheral

Question 85

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 86

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Apex Chert from Western Australia
B	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
C	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
D	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars

Question 87

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.8 billion years after
B	4.0 billion years after
C	0.2 billion years after
D	1.5 billion years after

Question 87 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 88

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	five
B	six
C	three
D	two

Question 88 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 89

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Heterocoralia

Question 90

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Invertebrates organisms
B	Eukaryotic organisms
C	Shelly organisms
D	Prokaryotic organisms

Question 90 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 91

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Shark Bay stromatolites
C	Isua Formation
D	Apex Chert unit
E	Gunflint Formation

Question 92

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	tabule
B	autopore
C	cystiphragm
D	lamellate

Question 92 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 93

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Pentamerida
B	Orthida
C	Productida
D	Strophomenida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 94

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 410 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 470 million years ago
D	~ 510 million years ago
E	~ 500 million years ago

Question 95

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 96

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Jurassic
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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