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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
E	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass

Question 2

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 3

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 4

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	4
B	3
C	2
D	5

Question 5

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Productida
B	Orthida
C	Linguliformea
D	Pentamerida

Question 6

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Atrypida
C	Strophomenida
D	Terebratulida
E	Productida

Question 7

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Orthida
B	Terebratulida
C	Pentamerida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Productida

Question 8

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 9

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Melanocyrillium
B	Torridonophycus
C	Bangiomorpha
D	Huronipora

Question 10

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician
D	Early Cretaceous

Question 11

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Cinclaire
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Anthozoa
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 11 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 12

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Gunflint Formation.
B	Isua Formation.
C	Fig Tree Formation
D	Apex Chert unit

Question 13

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Productida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Strophomenida
D	Orthida
E	Pentamerida

Question 14

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 15

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Proterozoic
B	Archean
C	Hadean
D	Phanerozoic
E	Neoarchean

Question 16

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 585 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 410 million years ago
D	~ 470 million years ago
E	~ 500 million years ago

Question 17

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 18

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Fig Tree Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 19

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 20

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Mesoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Cambrian

Question 21

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 22

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Impunctate shell
B	Pseudopunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Having a one large and one small shell.

Question 23

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 24

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 25

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 26

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
B	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
C	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
D	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.

Question 27

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
D	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).

Question 28

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 29

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Parvancorina
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 30

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooid
B	zooarozoida
C	zooecia
D	zooarium

Question 31

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 31 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 32

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are colonial.
B	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.

Question 33

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Carbonizations
B	Recrystallization
C	Mineralization
D	Impressions

Question 34

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Aragonitic
B	Siliceous
C	Calcitic
D	Organophosphatic
E	Organocalcitic

Question 35

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 36

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 37

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	45
C	180
D	90

Question 38

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Rugose corals
B	Cyanobacteria
C	Dikinsonians
D	Stromatoporoids

Question 38 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 39

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 2.7 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 3.8 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 40

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 41

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 42

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Cambrian

Question 43

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	cystiphragm
B	lamellate
C	tabule
D	autopore

Question 43 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 44

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 44 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 45

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)

Question 46

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	five
B	three
C	two
D	six

Question 46 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 47

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Circulatory
C	Movement
D	Feeding

Question 48

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 49

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Hemiperipheral

Question 50

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Oxygen-depleted zone
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Growth surface
D	Undermat

Question 51

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Triassic
D	Cretaceous

Question 52

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Tribrachidium
D	Spriggina

Question 53

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 54

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Apex Chert from Western Australia
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
D	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.

Question 55

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 56

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 57

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized organs
B	Lungs
C	Primitive organs
D	Specialized tissues

Question 58

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
B	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
C	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 59

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 60

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 61

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Isua Formation
C	Shark Bay stromatolites
D	Gunflint Formation
E	Fig Tree Formation

Question 62

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.2 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 3.8 billion years.

Question 62 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 63

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Quartz
B	Zircon
C	Stromatolites
D	Calcite - Dolomite

Question 64

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Pentamerida
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Subphylum Craniiformea
D	Order Orthida

Question 65

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cups.
B	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
C	False because they are known as plates.
D	True

Question 66

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Cambrian to Permian
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Triassic to Recent

Question 67

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Brachidium
B	Median septum
C	Tabula
D	Cardinal
E	Taleola

Question 68

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Prokaryotic organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 68 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 69

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleoproterozoic
B	Paleozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Eoarchean
E	Hadean

Question 70

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Hemipheripheral
D	Sphericalcircular
E	Holoperipheral

Question 71

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 72

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	4
B	1
C	2
D	3

Question 73

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
B	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa

Question 74

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 75

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Permian/Triassic crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 76

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Bonata
B	Cloudina
C	Spriggina
D	Terebratula

Question 77

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 78

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 79

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 79 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 80

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)

Question 81

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Isua Fm.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 82

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 82 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 83

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 84

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida and Terebratulida
B	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Atrypida and Productida
D	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
E	Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 85

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.

Question 86

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 430 million years ago
E	~ 460 million years ago

Question 87

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	True
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 88

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	1.5 billion years after
B	0.2 billion years after
C	4.0 billion years after
D	0.8 billion years after

Question 88 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 89

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)

Question 90

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Ediacaran
B	Cambrian
C	Paleozoic
D	Neoproterozoic
E	Mesoarchean

Question 91

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean
B	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Neoarchean

Question 92

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Graphite
D	Volcanic lava

Question 93

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. cardinal II. counter
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 94

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Carboniferous and Permian
C	Jurassic and Cretaceous
D	Cretaceous and Paleogene

Question 95

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve

Question 96

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Devonian
D	Cretaceous

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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