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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Archean
D	Neoarchean
E	Lower Cambrian

Question 2

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 3

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass

Question 4

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 5

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 5 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 6

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 7

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Septalata

Question 8

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
C	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
D	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.

Question 9

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 10

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Eoarchean
D	Paleoproterozoic
E	Hadean

Question 11

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooecia
B	zooarozoida
C	zooarium
D	zooid

Question 12

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Invertebrates organisms
B	Prokaryotic organisms
C	Eukaryotic organisms
D	Shelly organisms

Question 12 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 13

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	4.0 billion years after
B	1.5 billion years after
C	0.8 billion years after
D	0.2 billion years after

Question 13 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 14

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Cinclaire
B	Class Hydrozoa
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Anthozoa

Question 14 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 15

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 16

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Movement
B	Circulatory
C	Feeding
D	Defense/attack

Question 17

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	90
C	180
D	45

Question 18

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Pentamerida
B	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
C	Orthida
D	Productida
E	Terebratulida

Question 19

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 20

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 21

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 22

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)

Question 23

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Quartz
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Zircon

Question 24

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Spriggina
C	Bonata
D	Cloudina

Question 25

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 26

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 27

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
C	All Bryozoans are colonial.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 28

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 29

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Spiriferid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 30

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 31

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Mesoproterozoic
C	Cambrian
D	Neoarchean

Question 32

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Atrypida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Productida
D	Terebratulida
E	Strophomenida

Question 33

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 585 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 410 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 34

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 35

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Siliceous
B	Organocalcitic
C	Organophosphatic
D	Aragonitic
E	Calcitic

Question 36

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Triassic
C	Permian
D	Cretaceous

Question 37

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Sphereperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 38

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Holoperipheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Mixoperipheral
E	Hemipheripheral

Question 39

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Neoarchean
B	Proterozoic
C	Phanerozoic
D	Hadean
E	Archean

Question 40

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 41

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 42

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Parvancorina
B	Dickinsonia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Charnia

Question 43

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
B	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
C	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
D	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.

Question 44

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Gunflint Formation
C	Shark Bay stromatolites
D	Isua Formation
E	Fig Tree Formation

Question 45

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 46

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Median septum
C	Cardinal
D	Brachidium
E	Taleola

Question 47

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	autopore
B	tabule
C	cystiphragm
D	lamellate

Question 47 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 48

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 49

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Strophomenida
B	Order Orthida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 50

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 51

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Isua Formation.
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 52

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 53

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa

Question 54

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 55

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Gunflint Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Fig Tree Fm.

Question 56

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 57

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Cambrian
B	Paleozoic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Mesoarchean
E	Ediacaran

Question 58

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 460 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 430 million years ago
E	~ 400 million years ago

Question 59

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cups.
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
D	True

Question 60

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Ordovician to Recent
C	Triassic to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 61

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Linguliformea
D	Pentamerida

Question 62

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 63

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Orthida
C	Pentamerida
D	Productida
E	Strophomenida

Question 64

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida and Terebratulida
B	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
C	Atrypida and Productida
D	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 65

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. umbo II. the beak

Question 66

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Ordovician
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Devonian

Question 67

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Jurassic

Question 68

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	False
B	True

Question 69

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Oxygen-depleted zone
D	Growth surface

Question 70

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Apex Chert from Western Australia
D	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.

Question 71

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 72

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 73

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	six
B	five
C	two
D	three

Question 73 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 74

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 74 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 75

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Carboniferous and Permian
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Cambrian and Ordovician
D	Cretaceous and Paleogene

Question 76

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 77

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Devonian
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 78

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.2 billion years.
B	About 2.5 billion years.
C	About 3.8 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 78 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 79

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	4
C	3
D	1

Question 80

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Volcanic lava
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Graphite
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 81

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 82

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 4.5 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 3.8 billion years
D	~ 2.7 billion years

Question 83

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 83 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 84

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Specialized organs
D	Primitive organs

Question 85

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Having a one large and one small shell.
C	Impunctate shell
D	Punctate shell

Question 86

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	False
B	True

Question 87

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 87 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 88

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 89

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Recrystallization
B	Mineralization
C	Carbonizations
D	Impressions

Question 90

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 91

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Parvancorina
B	Spriggina
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 92

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Torridonophycus
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Huronipora
D	Bangiomorpha

Question 93

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
B	During Permian/Triassic crisis
C	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
D	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis

Question 94

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. cardinal II. counter
B	I. counter lateral II. lateral
C	I. counter II. cardinal
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 95

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	4
C	3
D	5

Question 96

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Cyanobacteria
B	Stromatoporoids
C	Dikinsonians
D	Rugose corals

Question 96 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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