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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Ordovician
B	Cretaceous
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 2

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Dickinsonia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 3

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized organs
B	Primitive organs
C	Lungs
D	Specialized tissues

Question 4

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 5

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Permian

Question 6

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	lamellate
B	autopore
C	cystiphragm
D	tabule

Question 6 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 7

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Gunflint Formation.
C	Fig Tree Formation
D	Isua Formation.

Question 8

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Pentamerida
B	Terebratulida
C	Orthida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Productida

Question 9

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 9 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 10

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are colonial.

Question 11

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Cambrian
B	Neoarchean
C	Mesoproterozoic
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 12

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Jurassic and Cretaceous
B	Cretaceous and Paleogene
C	Carboniferous and Permian
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 13

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 14

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Movement
B	Feeding
C	Defense/attack
D	Circulatory

Question 15

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooarozoida
C	zooecia
D	zooid

Question 16

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Apex Chert unit.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Isua Fm.
D	Delta calcitic unit.

Question 17

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 18

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
B	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
C	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
D	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).

Question 19

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 20

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 20 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 21

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 22

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Eukaryotic organisms
D	Prokaryotic organisms

Question 22 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 23

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)

Question 24

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Charnia
C	Dickinsonia
D	Parvancorina

Question 25

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleozoic
B	Paleoproterozoic
C	Hadean
D	Eoarchean
E	Neoarchean

Question 26

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 27

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 27 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 28

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Charnia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Parvancorina

Question 29

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
C	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 30

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Septalata

Question 31

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 31 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 32

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Proterozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Phanerozoic
E	Archean

Question 33

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 34

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 35

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Terebratulid
B	Atrypid
C	Zygospirid
D	Spiriferid

Question 36

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Terebratulida
B	Productida
C	Strophomenida
D	Rhynchonellida
E	Atrypida

Question 37

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 38

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Zircon
B	Quartz
C	Stromatolites
D	Calcite - Dolomite

Question 39

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Tabula
C	Taleola
D	Cardinal
E	Brachidium

Question 40

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Hemiperipheral

Question 41

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	90
C	45
D	180

Question 42

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Jurassic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Ordovician

Question 43

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 44

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Cloudina
C	Bonata
D	Spriggina

Question 45

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 46

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Calcitic
B	Aragonitic
C	Organocalcitic
D	Siliceous
E	Organophosphatic

Question 47

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Triassic to Recent
B	Ordovician to Permian
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 48

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 49

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
B	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.

Question 50

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 51

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	six
B	three
C	two
D	five

Question 51 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 52

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Fig Tree Fm.

Question 53

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
B	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
C	Apex Chert from Western Australia
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 54

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Holoperipheral
E	Hemipheripheral

Question 55

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Heterocoralia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 56

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Cinclaire
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 56 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 57

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
B	Atrypida and Productida
C	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
D	Orthida and Terebratulida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 58

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 59

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 60

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician
D	Early Cretaceous

Question 61

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Pentamerida
B	Order Orthida
C	Order Strophomenida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 62

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Ediacaran
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Mesoarchean
E	Cambrian

Question 63

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	1.5 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	0.2 billion years after
D	4.0 billion years after

Question 63 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 64

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 65

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Orthida
C	Productida
D	Strophomenida
E	Pentamerida

Question 66

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 67

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Bangiomorpha
C	Melanocyrillium
D	Torridonophycus

Question 68

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 460 million years ago
B	~ 430 million years ago
C	~ 400 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 69

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Triassic
C	Permian
D	Cretaceous

Question 70

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 71

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Having a one large and one small shell.
C	Punctate shell
D	Impunctate shell

Question 72

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. cardinal II. counter
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 73

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 410 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 74

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 75

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 76

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 77

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
B	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
C	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
D	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.

Question 78

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have punctate shells.
B	True
C	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
D	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.

Question 79

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 2.5 billion years.
B	About 3.2 billion years.
C	About 4.2 billion years.
D	About 3.8 billion years.

Question 79 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 80

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Spiriferid

Question 81

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	True
B	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
C	False, because they are reef-builders.

Question 82

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Linguliformea
B	Orthida
C	Pentamerida
D	Productida

Question 83

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Isua Formation
B	Shark Bay stromatolites
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Fig Tree Formation
E	Gunflint Formation

Question 84

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. umbo II. the beak

Question 85

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Permian/Triassic crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 86

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	3
B	4
C	2
D	5

Question 87

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Rugose corals
C	Dikinsonians
D	Cyanobacteria

Question 87 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 88

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Dolomite based minerals
B	Volcanic lava
C	Graphite
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 89

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 90

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 91

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	True
B	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	False because they are known as plates.

Question 92

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Neoarchean
D	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 93

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Growth surface
D	Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 94

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Recrystallization
B	Impressions
C	Mineralization
D	Carbonizations

Question 95

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	2
C	4
D	1

Question 96

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 2.7 billion years
C	~ 3.2 billion years
D	~ 4.5 billion years

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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