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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
B	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Atrypida and Productida

Question 2

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 3

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	True
C	False, because they are reef-builders.

Question 4

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Ordovician

Question 5

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Shelly organisms
C	Invertebrates organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 5 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 6

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 7

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Tabula
C	Taleola
D	Cardinal
E	Brachidium

Question 8

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Octocoralia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 9

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Zircon
B	Stromatolites
C	Quartz
D	Calcite - Dolomite

Question 10

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 11

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
D	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.

Question 12

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota

Question 13

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooid
B	zooarium
C	zooarozoida
D	zooecia

Question 14

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Mesoarchean
D	Ediacaran
E	Paleozoic

Question 15

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Cambrian to Permian
B	Ordovician to Permian
C	Triassic to Recent
D	Ordovician to Recent

Question 16

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 17

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Carbonizations
B	Recrystallization
C	Impressions
D	Mineralization

Question 18

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 19

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Zygospirid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Atrypid

Question 20

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Gunflint Formation
B	Isua Formation
C	Fig Tree Formation
D	Apex Chert unit
E	Shark Bay stromatolites

Question 21

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Devonian
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 22

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Torridonophycus
B	Bangiomorpha
C	Melanocyrillium
D	Huronipora

Question 23

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 24

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 25

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Holoperipheral
B	Sphericalcircular
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Hemipheripheral
E	Radiocircular

Question 26

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Orthida
B	Subphylum Craniiformea
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Order Strophomenida

Question 27

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Tribrachidium
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 28

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 28 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 29

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 30

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 31

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Hadean
C	Archean
D	Proterozoic
E	Neoarchean

Question 32

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 33

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
C	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 34

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	90
C	180
D	45

Question 35

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized tissues
B	Primitive organs
C	Lungs
D	Specialized organs

Question 36

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Heterocoralia

Question 37

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 38

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 39

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Charnia
B	Dickinsonia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Parvancorina

Question 40

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.

Question 41

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Orthida
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Terebratulida

Question 42

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Dikinsonians
C	Rugose corals
D	Cyanobacteria

Question 42 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 43

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Spriggina
C	Cloudina
D	Bonata

Question 44

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 45

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
D	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).

Question 46

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Movement
B	Feeding
C	Defense/attack
D	Circulatory

Question 47

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Volcanic lava
B	Graphite
C	Dolomite based minerals
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 48

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Ordovician

Question 49

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Ordovician

Question 50

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Having a one large and one small shell.
B	Pseudopunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Impunctate shell

Question 51

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 52

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 430 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 400 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 53

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	autopore
B	lamellate
C	tabule
D	cystiphragm

Question 53 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 54

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. umbo II. the beak
B	I. the beak II. umbo
C	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
D	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve

Question 55

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleoproterozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Eoarchean
E	Paleozoic

Question 56

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 57

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 58

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 59

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 60

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 61

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	True
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 62

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Isua Formation.
C	Fig Tree Formation
D	Gunflint Formation.

Question 63

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 64

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Strophomenida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Productida
D	Terebratulida
E	Atrypida

Question 65

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 585 million years ago
B	~ 410 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 470 million years ago
E	~ 500 million years ago

Question 66

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 3.2 billion years.

Question 66 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 67

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
C	False, because they always have punctate shells.
D	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.

Question 68

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Tribrachidium
D	Spriggina

Question 69

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	3
C	5
D	4

Question 70

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	1
B	2
C	3
D	4

Question 71

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 71 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 72

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Cambrian
B	Mesoproterozoic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Neoarchean

Question 73

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Pentamerida
D	Strophomenida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 74

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Growth surface
C	Stromatolite mass
D	Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 75

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Archean
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
E	Neoarchean

Question 76

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Permian/Triassic crisis
C	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 77

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	six
B	five
C	two
D	three

Question 77 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 78

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 78 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 79

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	False
B	True

Question 80

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Hemiperipheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 81

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Cinclaire
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 81 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 82

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Septalata

Question 83

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Triassic
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 84

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 85

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 85 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 86

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter II. cardinal
B	I. counter lateral II. lateral
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 87

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 4.5 billion years
D	~ 2.7 billion years

Question 88

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Isua Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Apex Chert unit.

Question 89

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 90

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 91

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
C	All Bryozoans are colonial.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 92

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Aragonitic
B	Organocalcitic
C	Calcitic
D	Organophosphatic
E	Siliceous

Question 93

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Apex Chert from Western Australia
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 94

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.2 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	1.5 billion years after
D	4.0 billion years after

Question 94 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 95

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Carboniferous and Permian
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 96

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Pentamerida
B	Productida
C	Linguliformea
D	Orthida

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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