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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cretaceous
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Permian

Question 2

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	4
C	1
D	2

Question 3

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Terebratulid
B	Atrypid
C	Zygospirid
D	Spiriferid

Question 4

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Gunflint Formation
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Isua Formation
E	Shark Bay stromatolites

Question 5

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Isua Formation.
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 6

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 6 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 7

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 8

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Heterocoralia

Question 9

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Ordovician
B	Early Cretaceous
C	Upper Devonian
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 10

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Hydrozoa
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Cinclaire
D	Class Anthozoa

Question 10 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 11

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cambrian
B	Cretaceous
C	Devonian
D	Ordovician

Question 12

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 2.7 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 4.5 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 13

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 13 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 14

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Jurassic and Cretaceous
B	Cretaceous and Paleogene
C	Cambrian and Ordovician
D	Carboniferous and Permian

Question 15

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Impressions
B	Recrystallization
C	Carbonizations
D	Mineralization

Question 16

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 17

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 17 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 18

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooarozoida
C	zooid
D	zooecia

Question 19

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cups.
B	True
C	False because they are known as plates.
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 20

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
B	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 21

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 22

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	90
C	180
D	45

Question 23

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 24

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
C	All Bryozoans are colonial.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 25

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Parvancorina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Dickinsonia
D	Charnia

Question 26

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 27

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
B	Atrypida and Productida
C	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
D	Orthida and Terebratulida
E	Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 28

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 29

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 30

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
B	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
C	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 31

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Cretaceous
B	Triassic
C	Ordovician
D	Permian

Question 32

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 33

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Ediacaran
B	Mesoarchean
C	Cambrian
D	Paleozoic
E	Neoproterozoic

Question 34

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 34 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 35

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Circulatory
B	Movement
C	Feeding
D	Defense/attack

Question 36

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Stromato Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 37

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Productida
B	Orthida
C	Strophomenida
D	Pentamerida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 38

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Sphericalcircular
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Holoperipheral
D	Radiocircular
E	Hemipheripheral

Question 39

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 2.5 billion years.
B	About 3.8 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 39 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 40

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Oxygen-depleted zone
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Undermat
D	Growth surface

Question 41

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Mesoproterozoic

Question 42

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)

Question 43

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Triassic to Recent
B	Cambrian to Permian
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Ordovician to Recent

Question 44

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 410 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 585 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 45

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Strophomenida
B	Order Orthida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 46

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)

Question 47

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
B	Archean
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Neoarchean
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 48

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 49

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	4.0 billion years after
B	0.2 billion years after
C	0.8 billion years after
D	1.5 billion years after

Question 49 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 50

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Spriggina
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 51

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Septalata
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 52

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Hadean
B	Archean
C	Proterozoic
D	Phanerozoic
E	Neoarchean

Question 53

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 54

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Eoarchean
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Paleozoic
E	Paleoproterozoic

Question 55

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
D	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).

Question 56

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Eukaryotic organisms
C	Invertebrates organisms
D	Shelly organisms

Question 56 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 57

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Siliceous
B	Aragonitic
C	Organophosphatic
D	Calcitic
E	Organocalcitic

Question 58

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)

Question 59

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Torridonophycus
D	Bangiomorpha

Question 60

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 400 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 430 million years ago
D	~ 510 million years ago
E	~ 460 million years ago

Question 61

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 62

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	tabule
B	cystiphragm
C	lamellate
D	autopore

Question 62 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 63

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 64

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	two
B	five
C	six
D	three

Question 64 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 65

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 66

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Orthida
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Terebratulida

Question 67

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Volcanic lava
D	Graphite

Question 68

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Apex Chert from Western Australia
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 69

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
B	True
C	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 70

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Punctate shell
C	Impunctate shell
D	Having a one large and one small shell.

Question 71

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 72

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Hemiperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 73

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized organs
C	Specialized tissues
D	Primitive organs

Question 74

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Spiriferid

Question 75

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Calcite - Dolomite
B	Quartz
C	Stromatolites
D	Zircon

Question 76

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. counter lateral II. lateral
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 77

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 78

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Linguliformea

Question 79

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Jurassic
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 80

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Cardinal
C	Median septum
D	Brachidium
E	Taleola

Question 81

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Cyanobacteria
B	Stromatoporoids
C	Dikinsonians
D	Rugose corals

Question 81 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 82

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 83

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. the beak II. umbo
C	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
D	I. umbo II. the beak

Question 84

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 85

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
C	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa

Question 86

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	False
B	True

Question 87

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 88

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
B	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
C	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
D	During Permian/Triassic crisis

Question 89

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Atrypida
B	Strophomenida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Terebratulida
E	Productida

Question 90

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Octocoralia
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 91

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	3
B	4
C	5
D	2

Question 92

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 93

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 94

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Bonata
C	Spriggina
D	Cloudina

Question 95

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 96

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Charnia
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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