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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 2

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Permian/Triassic crisis
B	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
C	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
D	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis

Question 3

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 4

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 5

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 6

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Charnia
B	Dickinsonia
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 7

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Productida
B	Orthida
C	Strophomenida
D	Pentamerida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 8

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 9

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 9 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 10

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Calcite - Dolomite
B	Quartz
C	Stromatolites
D	Zircon

Question 11

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

Question 12

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
C	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
D	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.

Question 13

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Cretaceous
D	Permian

Question 14

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Prokaryotic organisms
C	Invertebrates organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 14 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 15

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Gunflint Formation.
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Isua Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 16

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. umbo II. the beak
B	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve

Question 17

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Cretaceous
D	Triassic

Question 18

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Septalata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 19

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).

Question 20

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Bangiomorpha
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Torridonophycus
D	Huronipora

Question 21

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 3.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 21 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 22

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have punctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	True
D	False, because they always have impunctate shells.

Question 23

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 24

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)

Question 25

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Jurassic
C	Permian
D	Ordovician

Question 26

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Hemipheripheral
C	Radiocircular
D	Sphericalcircular
E	Holoperipheral

Question 27

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Terebratulida
B	Strophomenida
C	Productida
D	Atrypida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 28

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Recrystallization
C	Carbonizations
D	Impressions

Question 29

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Punctate shell
B	Impunctate shell
C	Having a one large and one small shell.
D	Pseudopunctate shell

Question 30

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
C	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
D	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.

Question 31

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are colonial.
B	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.

Question 32

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Ordovician
D	Jurassic

Question 33

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	autopore
B	lamellate
C	cystiphragm
D	tabule

Question 33 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 34

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
B	True
C	False because they are known as plates.
D	False because they are known as cups.

Question 35

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Productida
B	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
C	Orthida
D	Pentamerida
E	Terebratulida

Question 36

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 37

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.2 billion years after
B	1.5 billion years after
C	0.8 billion years after
D	4.0 billion years after

Question 37 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 38

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 39

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
D	Archean
E	Neoarchean

Question 40

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Linguliformea
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Orthida

Question 41

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 42

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	3
B	5
C	2
D	4

Question 43

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Archean
B	Hadean
C	Proterozoic
D	Neoarchean
E	Phanerozoic

Question 44

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Dikinsonians
C	Rugose corals
D	Cyanobacteria

Question 44 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 45

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 400 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 430 million years ago

Question 46

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	180
B	60
C	45
D	90

Question 47

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Mesoarchean
B	Cambrian
C	Paleozoic
D	Ediacaran
E	Neoproterozoic

Question 48

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 49

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 50

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
B	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.

Question 51

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 52

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Median septum
C	Taleola
D	Brachidium
E	Cardinal

Question 53

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Fig Tree Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 54

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Spriggina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 55

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 56

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	three
B	six
C	two
D	five

Question 56 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 57

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Scyphozoa
B	Class Hydrozoa
C	Class Anthozoa
D	Class Cinclaire

Question 57 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 58

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)

Question 59

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 410 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 470 million years ago
D	~ 585 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 60

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 4.5 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 61

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 61 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 62

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter lateral II. lateral
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. lateral II. counter lateral
D	I. cardinal II. counter

Question 63

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Siliceous
B	Organocalcitic
C	Aragonitic
D	Organophosphatic
E	Calcitic

Question 64

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 65

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 66

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 67

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida and Productida
B	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
D	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Orthida and Terebratulida

Question 68

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Devonian
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Cretaceous

Question 69

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Heterocoralia

Question 70

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Triassic to Recent
B	Ordovician to Permian
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 71

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Order Orthida

Question 72

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Cambrian

Question 73

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 73 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 74

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
C	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
D	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.

Question 75

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	4
C	1
D	3

Question 76

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Sphereperipheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Holoperiheral

Question 77

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleoproterozoic
B	Eoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Paleozoic
E	Neoarchean

Question 78

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Primitive organs
B	Lungs
C	Specialized tissues
D	Specialized organs

Question 79

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 79 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 80

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 81

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Movement
B	Circulatory
C	Defense/attack
D	Feeding

Question 82

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Stromatolite mass
B	Growth surface
C	Undermat
D	Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 83

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Ordovician
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Devonian

Question 84

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
B	Apex Chert from Western Australia
C	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
D	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars

Question 85

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Carboniferous and Permian

Question 86

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Spriggina
C	Cloudina
D	Bonata

Question 87

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 88

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Shark Bay stromatolites
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Gunflint Formation
E	Isua Formation

Question 89

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 90

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 91

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 92

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)

Question 93

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 94

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Volcanic lava
B	Graphite
C	Calcite based minerals
D	Dolomite based minerals

Question 95

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 96

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooecia
B	zooid
C	zooarozoida
D	zooarium

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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