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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Isua Fm.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Apex Chert unit.

Question 2

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Recent
B	Triassic to Recent
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 3

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 4

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 2.5 billion years.
B	About 3.8 billion years.
C	About 4.2 billion years.
D	About 3.2 billion years.

Question 4 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 5

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 6

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Terebratulid
B	Zygospirid
C	Spiriferid
D	Atrypid

Question 7

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. the beak II. umbo
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
D	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve

Question 8

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 9

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 10

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
B	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 11

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 410 million years ago
B	~ 470 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 585 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 12

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 13

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Hemiperipheral
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Holoperiheral
D	Sphereperipheral

Question 14

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Growth surface
B	Oxygen-depleted zone
C	Stromatolite mass
D	Undermat

Question 15

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Neoarchean
B	Hadean
C	Proterozoic
D	Archean
E	Phanerozoic

Question 16

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooecia
C	zooarozoida
D	zooid

Question 17

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
B	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
C	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 18

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 19

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	3
C	4
D	1

Question 20

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Permian

Question 21

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)

Question 22

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are colonial.
B	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
C	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 23

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Isua Formation.
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Apex Chert unit

Question 24

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 25

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	180
C	90
D	45

Question 26

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 26 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 27

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
D	During Permian/Triassic crisis

Question 28

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Hadean
B	Paleoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Eoarchean
E	Paleozoic

Question 29

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter lateral II. lateral
B	I. cardinal II. counter
C	I. lateral II. counter lateral
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 30

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	True
C	False, because they are reef-builders.

Question 31

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Having a one large and one small shell.
B	Punctate shell
C	Impunctate shell
D	Pseudopunctate shell

Question 32

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Terebratulida
B	Productida
C	Pentamerida
D	Orthida
E	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.

Question 33

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Zircon
B	Stromatolites
C	Quartz
D	Calcite - Dolomite

Question 34

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized organs
B	Primitive organs
C	Lungs
D	Specialized tissues

Question 35

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 35 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 36

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Neoarchean
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Archean

Question 37

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	4
B	3
C	5
D	2

Question 38

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	tabule
B	cystiphragm
C	autopore
D	lamellate

Question 38 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 39

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Mesoarchean
D	Paleozoic
E	Ediacaran

Question 40

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 41

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	six
B	two
C	five
D	three

Question 41 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 42

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Dolomite based minerals
B	Graphite
C	Volcanic lava
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 43

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 44

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Bonata
B	Terebratula
C	Spriggina
D	Cloudina

Question 45

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Organophosphatic
B	Siliceous
C	Aragonitic
D	Calcitic
E	Organocalcitic

Question 46

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	False, because they always have punctate shells.
D	False, because they always have impunctate shells.

Question 47

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 48

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 48 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 49

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 50

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Devonian

Question 51

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 52

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
B	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.

Question 53

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
C	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
D	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.

Question 54

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Septalata
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 55

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)

Question 56

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 57

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 58

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Shelly organisms
C	Eukaryotic organisms
D	Invertebrates organisms

Question 58 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 59

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Dickinsonia
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 60

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Cardinal
C	Tabula
D	Brachidium
E	Taleola

Question 61

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Fig Tree Fm.

Question 62

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 63

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Impressions
B	Recrystallization
C	Mineralization
D	Carbonizations

Question 64

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Heterocoralia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 65

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Carboniferous and Permian

Question 66

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Cretaceous
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Triassic

Question 67

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Isua Formation
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Gunflint Formation
E	Shark Bay stromatolites

Question 68

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Productida
B	Pentamerida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Orthida
E	Strophomenida

Question 69

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Feeding
B	Defense/attack
C	Circulatory
D	Movement

Question 70

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 71

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 71 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 72

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Dikinsonians
B	Rugose corals
C	Cyanobacteria
D	Stromatoporoids

Question 72 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 73

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	True
B	False because they are known as cups.
C	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
D	False because they are known as plates.

Question 74

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Pentamerida
B	Orthida
C	Linguliformea
D	Productida

Question 75

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Early Cretaceous
B	Upper Devonian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Ordovician

Question 76

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Orthida
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Order Strophomenida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 77

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 78

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 78 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 79

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
B	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
C	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
D	Convection currents and magmatic processes.

Question 80

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Bangiomorpha
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Torridonophycus
D	Huronipora

Question 81

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
B	Apex Chert from Western Australia
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars

Question 82

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 83

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Atrypida
B	Strophomenida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Productida
E	Terebratulida

Question 84

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 85

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Holoperipheral
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Radiocircular
D	Hemipheripheral
E	Sphericalcircular

Question 86

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
B	Atrypida and Productida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida

Question 87

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 88

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
B	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
C	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
D	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.

Question 89

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 90

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa

Question 91

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 92

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.8 billion years after
B	4.0 billion years after
C	0.2 billion years after
D	1.5 billion years after

Question 92 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 93

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Cambrian
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 94

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Parvancorina
C	Charnia
D	Dickinsonia

Question 95

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

Question 96

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 430 million years ago
E	~ 400 million years ago

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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