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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Pentamerida
B	Strophomenida
C	Orthida
D	Rhynchonellida
E	Productida

Question 2

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 3

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 3 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 4

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Cretaceous

Question 5

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. the beak II. umbo
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
D	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve

Question 6

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Neoarchean
B	Eoarchean
C	Paleoproterozoic
D	Hadean
E	Paleozoic

Question 7

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 470 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 410 million years ago
E	~ 585 million years ago

Question 8

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Charnia
D	Dickinsonia

Question 9

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Neoarchean
D	Mesoproterozoic

Question 10

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 11

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
B	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 12

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	three
B	six
C	five
D	two

Question 12 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 13

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Strophomenida
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Order Orthida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 14

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Zircon
B	Quartz
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Stromatolites

Question 15

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Cambrian
B	Mesoarchean
C	Paleozoic
D	Neoproterozoic
E	Ediacaran

Question 16

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Tabulata

Question 17

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Hydrozoa
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Anthozoa
D	Class Cinclaire

Question 17 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 18

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Carboniferous and Permian
B	Cambrian and Ordovician
C	Jurassic and Cretaceous
D	Cretaceous and Paleogene

Question 19

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Isua Formation.
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 20

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Isua Fm.
D	Apex Chert unit.

Question 21

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Permian
B	Jurassic
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 22

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 23

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarozoida
B	zooid
C	zooecia
D	zooarium

Question 24

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Ordovician
B	Devonian
C	Cretaceous
D	Cambrian

Question 25

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Dikinsonians
C	Cyanobacteria
D	Rugose corals

Question 25 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 26

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	True

Question 27

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Hemipheripheral
B	Sphericalcircular
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Radiocircular
E	Holoperipheral

Question 28

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 29

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 30

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 31

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Octocoralia
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 32

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 33

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 34

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Growth surface
B	Undermat
C	Stromatolite mass
D	Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 35

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Strophomenida
B	Productida
C	Terebratulida
D	Atrypida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 36

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized tissues
B	Specialized organs
C	Primitive organs
D	Lungs

Question 37

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
B	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
C	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
D	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.

Question 38

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida and Terebratulida
B	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
D	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
E	Atrypida and Productida

Question 39

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 40

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	4.0 billion years after
B	1.5 billion years after
C	0.8 billion years after
D	0.2 billion years after

Question 40 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 41

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 42

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Stromato Fm.

Question 43

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 2.5 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 43 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 44

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Bangiomorpha
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Huronipora
D	Torridonophycus

Question 45

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Hadean
B	Neoarchean
C	Proterozoic
D	Archean
E	Phanerozoic

Question 46

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	1
C	4
D	3

Question 47

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Calcitic
B	Siliceous
C	Organocalcitic
D	Organophosphatic
E	Aragonitic

Question 48

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)

Question 49

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Impressions
C	Recrystallization
D	Carbonizations

Question 50

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	cystiphragm
B	tabule
C	autopore
D	lamellate

Question 50 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 51

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Sphereperipheral
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Holoperiheral
D	Hemiperipheral

Question 52

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Impunctate shell
B	Pseudopunctate shell
C	Having a one large and one small shell.
D	Punctate shell

Question 53

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 54

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Ordovician
C	Upper Devonian
D	Early Cretaceous

Question 55

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
B	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 56

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Bonata
B	Terebratula
C	Spriggina
D	Cloudina

Question 57

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 58

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 59

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Terebratulida
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Orthida

Question 60

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Prokaryotic organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 60 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 61

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Permian/Triassic crisis
C	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 62

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	5
B	4
C	3
D	2

Question 63

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)

Question 64

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Linguliformea
D	Pentamerida

Question 65

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 66

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Cardinal
C	Brachidium
D	Taleola
E	Median septum

Question 67

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 67 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 68

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Cretaceous
B	Ordovician
C	Triassic
D	Permian

Question 69

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 70

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
C	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 71

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	True
C	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 72

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
B	All Bryozoans are colonial.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.

Question 73

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 74

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 75

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Heterocoralia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 76

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 77

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Neoarchean
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
E	Archean

Question 78

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Recent
B	Cambrian to Permian
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Triassic to Recent

Question 79

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 80

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 81

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Volcanic lava
C	Graphite
D	Dolomite based minerals

Question 82

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
B	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 83

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Apex Chert from Western Australia
B	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
C	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
D	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars

Question 84

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 85

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Terebratulid
B	Zygospirid
C	Atrypid
D	Spiriferid

Question 86

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Circulatory
B	Defense/attack
C	Movement
D	Feeding

Question 87

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 88

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
B	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
C	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota

Question 89

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 89 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 90

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 90 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 91

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Shark Bay stromatolites
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Isua Formation
D	Gunflint Formation
E	Fig Tree Formation

Question 92

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 93

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter II. cardinal
B	I. lateral II. counter lateral
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. cardinal II. counter

Question 94

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	45
B	90
C	60
D	180

Question 95

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 96

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 430 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 510 million years ago
E	~ 460 million years ago

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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