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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cups.
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	True
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 2

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.

Question 3

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 4

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 5

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 6

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 7

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
D	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.

Question 8

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 410 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 9

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 10

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Having a one large and one small shell.
C	Punctate shell
D	Impunctate shell

Question 11

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 12

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 13

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 13 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 14

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarozoida
B	zooid
C	zooarium
D	zooecia

Question 15

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	3
C	1
D	4

Question 16

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Orthida
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Subphylum Craniiformea
D	Order Pentamerida

Question 17

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 460 million years ago
C	~ 430 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 400 million years ago

Question 18

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Parvancorina
B	Charnia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Dickinsonia

Question 19

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 20

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 21

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Permian

Question 22

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 23

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Recent
B	Triassic to Recent
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 24

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
B	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 25

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Early Cretaceous
B	Upper Ordovician
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Devonian

Question 26

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Terebratulida
B	Strophomenida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Atrypida
E	Productida

Question 27

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 28

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Orthida
B	Pentamerida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Productida
E	Strophomenida

Question 29

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Gunflint Formation.
C	Fig Tree Formation
D	Isua Formation.

Question 30

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Pentamerida
B	Productida
C	Orthida
D	Linguliformea

Question 31

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 32

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Hydrozoa
B	Class Anthozoa
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Cinclaire

Question 32 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 33

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Heterocoralia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 34

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Triassic

Question 35

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 36

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Archean
D	Neoarchean
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 37

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 38

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	five
B	three
C	six
D	two

Question 38 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 39

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. umbo II. the beak

Question 40

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Rugose corals
B	Cyanobacteria
C	Stromatoporoids
D	Dikinsonians

Question 40 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 41

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	90
B	45
C	180
D	60

Question 42

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 42 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 43

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 3.2 billion years.

Question 43 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 44

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	3
B	4
C	5
D	2

Question 45

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Cloudina
B	Bonata
C	Terebratula
D	Spriggina

Question 46

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Zygospirid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Atrypid

Question 47

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Carbonizations
C	Impressions
D	Recrystallization

Question 48

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 49

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Permian/Triassic crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 50

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 50 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 51

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Melanocyrillium
B	Bangiomorpha
C	Torridonophycus
D	Huronipora

Question 52

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	False, because they always have punctate shells.
C	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
D	True

Question 53

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Isua Fm.
C	Delta calcitic unit.
D	Apex Chert unit.

Question 54

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	lamellate
B	cystiphragm
C	tabule
D	autopore

Question 54 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 55

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 56

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Octocoralia

Question 57

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Hemipheripheral
C	Holoperipheral
D	Sphericalcircular
E	Radiocircular

Question 58

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Neoarchean
B	Paleoproterozoic
C	Hadean
D	Paleozoic
E	Eoarchean

Question 59

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Oxygen-depleted zone
B	Growth surface
C	Stromatolite mass
D	Undermat

Question 60

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 60 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 61

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	False
B	True

Question 62

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Siliceous
B	Organophosphatic
C	Aragonitic
D	Calcitic
E	Organocalcitic

Question 63

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
B	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Atrypida and Productida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 64

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 65

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Charnia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Parvancorina

Question 66

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Taleola
B	Cardinal
C	Median septum
D	Brachidium
E	Tabula

Question 67

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. counter lateral II. lateral
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 68

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Zircon
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Quartz

Question 69

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 70

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Movement
C	Circulatory
D	Feeding

Question 71

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.

Question 72

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Terebratulida
D	Pentamerida
E	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.

Question 73

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Devonian
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Cretaceous

Question 74

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.2 billion years after
B	4.0 billion years after
C	1.5 billion years after
D	0.8 billion years after

Question 74 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 75

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 76

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Primitive organs
D	Specialized organs

Question 77

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Hemiperipheral
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Sphereperipheral

Question 78

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Dolomite based minerals
B	Volcanic lava
C	Graphite
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 79

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Cretaceous and Paleogene
C	Jurassic and Cretaceous
D	Carboniferous and Permian

Question 80

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 81

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 82

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Eukaryotic organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Prokaryotic organisms
D	Shelly organisms

Question 82 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 83

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 84

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Cambrian
B	Neoarchean
C	Mesoproterozoic
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 85

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
B	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are colonial.

Question 86

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Isua Formation
D	Gunflint Formation
E	Shark Bay stromatolites

Question 87

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Neoarchean
B	Hadean
C	Proterozoic
D	Archean
E	Phanerozoic

Question 88

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cretaceous
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 89

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa

Question 90

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
D	Apex Chert from Western Australia

Question 91

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Ediacaran
D	Cambrian
E	Mesoarchean

Question 92

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Jurassic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Ordovician

Question 93

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 94

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	True
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.

Question 95

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
B	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
C	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
D	Convection currents and magmatic processes.

Question 96

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Charnia
C	Dickinsonia
D	Parvancorina

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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