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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 2

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 2.7 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 3.8 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 3

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Charnia
B	Dickinsonia
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 4

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Cinclaire
B	Class Anthozoa
C	Class Hydrozoa
D	Class Scyphozoa

Question 4 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 5

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Growth surface
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Oxygen-depleted zone
D	Undermat

Question 6

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 7

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 4.2 billion years.
B	About 3.8 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 2.5 billion years.

Question 7 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 8

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Productida
B	Pentamerida
C	Orthida
D	Linguliformea

Question 9

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Carboniferous and Permian
B	Cambrian and Ordovician
C	Jurassic and Cretaceous
D	Cretaceous and Paleogene

Question 10

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 11

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Primitive organs
D	Specialized organs

Question 12

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 13

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Sphereperipheral
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Hemiperipheral

Question 14

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	three
B	five
C	six
D	two

Question 14 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 15

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
D	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.

Question 16

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 16 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 17

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
B	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota

Question 18

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Gunflint Formation
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Fig Tree Formation
D	Shark Bay stromatolites
E	Isua Formation

Question 19

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Fig Tree Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 20

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 21

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Cretaceous
D	Devonian

Question 22

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
C	I. umbo II. the beak
D	I. the beak II. umbo

Question 23

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Terebratulida
B	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
C	Pentamerida
D	Productida
E	Orthida

Question 24

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Impunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Having a one large and one small shell.

Question 25

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 26

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 27

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 28

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Cloudina
B	Bonata
C	Terebratula
D	Spriggina

Question 29

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Charnia
C	Parvancorina
D	Dickinsonia

Question 30

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Cretaceous

Question 31

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Brachidium
C	Taleola
D	Cardinal
E	Tabula

Question 32

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 32 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 33

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 33 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 34

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Volcanic lava
B	Calcite based minerals
C	Dolomite based minerals
D	Graphite

Question 35

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 36

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Hadean
B	Paleozoic
C	Paleoproterozoic
D	Neoarchean
E	Eoarchean

Question 37

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Calcitic
B	Organophosphatic
C	Siliceous
D	Aragonitic
E	Organocalcitic

Question 38

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
C	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 39

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 40

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Triassic to Recent
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 41

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	True
B	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
C	False, because they are reef-builders.

Question 42

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
B	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Atrypida and Productida
D	Orthida and Terebratulida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 43

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 44

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean
B	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Neoarchean
E	Lower Cambrian

Question 45

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Rugose corals
B	Cyanobacteria
C	Stromatoporoids
D	Dikinsonians

Question 45 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 46

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooecia
B	zooarozoida
C	zooarium
D	zooid

Question 47

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

Question 48

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Permian
B	Triassic
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 49

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)

Question 50

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	4
B	3
C	2
D	1

Question 51

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Zygospirid
B	Terebratulid
C	Atrypid
D	Spiriferid

Question 52

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 53

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
B	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are colonial.

Question 54

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 55

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Cambrian
B	Paleozoic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Ediacaran
E	Mesoarchean

Question 56

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Melanocyrillium
B	Huronipora
C	Bangiomorpha
D	Torridonophycus

Question 57

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as plates.
B	True
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 58

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. cardinal II. counter

Question 59

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Shelly organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 59 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 60

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Octocoralia
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 61

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Productida
B	Atrypida
C	Terebratulida
D	Strophomenida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 62

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Proterozoic
C	Hadean
D	Neoarchean
E	Archean

Question 63

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 64

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Order Strophomenida
D	Order Orthida

Question 65

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
C	Apex Chert from Western Australia
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 66

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 66 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 67

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 68

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Quartz
B	Calcite - Dolomite
C	Stromatolites
D	Zircon

Question 69

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Early Cretaceous
C	Upper Devonian
D	Upper Ordovician

Question 70

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 430 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 510 million years ago
E	~ 460 million years ago

Question 71

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Heterocoralia
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 72

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.8 billion years after
B	0.2 billion years after
C	1.5 billion years after
D	4.0 billion years after

Question 72 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 73

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Cambrian
D	Neoarchean

Question 74

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
B	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
C	True
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 75

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Impressions
B	Recrystallization
C	Carbonizations
D	Mineralization

Question 76

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Gunflint Formation.
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Isua Formation.

Question 77

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 78

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Radiocircular
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Hemipheripheral
D	Holoperipheral
E	Sphericalcircular

Question 79

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 80

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	5
B	4
C	2
D	3

Question 81

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	autopore
B	tabule
C	lamellate
D	cystiphragm

Question 81 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 82

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 83

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 84

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 85

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Jurassic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Ordovician

Question 86

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Feeding
B	Defense/attack
C	Movement
D	Circulatory

Question 87

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	180
C	90
D	45

Question 88

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
C	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
D	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.

Question 89

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 90

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 410 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 91

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 92

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
D	During Permian/Triassic crisis

Question 93

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Strophomenida
C	Orthida
D	Pentamerida
E	Productida

Question 94

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 95

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 96

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Charnia
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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