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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
C	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 2

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 430 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 460 million years ago
E	~ 400 million years ago

Question 3

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
C	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
D	Apex Chert from Western Australia

Question 4

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Hadean
B	Neoarchean
C	Eoarchean
D	Paleoproterozoic
E	Paleozoic

Question 5

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Hemipheripheral
B	Holoperipheral
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Radiocircular
E	Mixoperipheral

Question 6

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Hemiperipheral
B	Mixoperipheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Holoperiheral

Question 7

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 2.5 billion years.
B	About 3.8 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 7 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 8

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized tissues
B	Primitive organs
C	Lungs
D	Specialized organs

Question 9

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cretaceous and Paleogene
B	Carboniferous and Permian
C	Cambrian and Ordovician
D	Jurassic and Cretaceous

Question 10

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	1.5 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	4.0 billion years after
D	0.2 billion years after

Question 10 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 11

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Pentamerida
B	Linguliformea
C	Orthida
D	Productida

Question 12

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Neoarchean

Question 13

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Circulatory
C	Movement
D	Feeding

Question 14

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Taleola
B	Cardinal
C	Brachidium
D	Tabula
E	Median septum

Question 15

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 16

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Jurassic
D	Cambrian

Question 17

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
B	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
C	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 18

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Pentamerida
B	Productida
C	Orthida
D	Rhynchonellida
E	Strophomenida

Question 19

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 20

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 410 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 585 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 21

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Triassic to Recent
B	Ordovician to Recent
C	Cambrian to Permian
D	Ordovician to Permian

Question 22

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooarozoida
C	zooid
D	zooecia

Question 23

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	False, because they always have punctate shells.
D	True

Question 24

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Spriggina
C	Bonata
D	Cloudina

Question 25

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 26

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	False
B	True

Question 27

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota

Question 28

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Bangiomorpha
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Huronipora
D	Torridonophycus

Question 29

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans are colonial.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 30

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Neoarchean
B	Archean
C	Hadean
D	Proterozoic
E	Phanerozoic

Question 31

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 32

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 33

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 34

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	three
B	six
C	two
D	five

Question 34 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 35

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 36

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Cyanobacteria
B	Stromatoporoids
C	Dikinsonians
D	Rugose corals

Question 36 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 37

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Hydrozoa
D	Class Scyphozoa

Question 37 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 38

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Invertebrates organisms
B	Shelly organisms
C	Eukaryotic organisms
D	Prokaryotic organisms

Question 38 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 39

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 40

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 41

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Cretaceous
C	Triassic
D	Permian

Question 42

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
B	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
C	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
D	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).

Question 43

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Strophomenida
B	Atrypida
C	Productida
D	Terebratulida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 44

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 45

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Parvancorina
B	Spriggina
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 46

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 46 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 47

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Octocoralia

Question 48

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 49

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 50

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Pentamerida
B	Orthida
C	Terebratulida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Productida

Question 51

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Isua Formation
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Shark Bay stromatolites
E	Gunflint Formation

Question 52

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
B	True
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	False because they are known as plates.

Question 53

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Tabulata

Question 54

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
D	I. the beak II. umbo

Question 55

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Organocalcitic
B	Organophosphatic
C	Siliceous
D	Aragonitic
E	Calcitic

Question 56

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	90
B	45
C	60
D	180

Question 57

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Cambrian
D	Ediacaran
E	Mesoarchean

Question 58

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
B	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
C	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
D	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.

Question 59

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Strophomenida
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Subphylum Craniiformea
D	Order Orthida

Question 60

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.2 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 61

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 62

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Zircon
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Quartz

Question 63

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 63 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 64

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 65

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	5
C	4
D	3

Question 66

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 67

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Charnia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Dickinsonia

Question 68

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)

Question 69

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 69 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 70

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Fig Tree Fm.
B	Gunflint Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Stromato Fm.

Question 71

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Devonian
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Ordovician

Question 72

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)

Question 73

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Neoarchean

Question 74

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Isua Fm.
B	Apex Chert unit.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Delta calcitic unit.

Question 75

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 76

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Having a one large and one small shell.
C	Punctate shell
D	Impunctate shell

Question 77

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 78

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Parvancorina
C	Charnia
D	Dickinsonia

Question 79

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Oxygen-depleted zone
C	Growth surface
D	Stromatolite mass

Question 80

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Dolomite based minerals
B	Calcite based minerals
C	Graphite
D	Volcanic lava

Question 81

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 82

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
C	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
D	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.

Question 83

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Heterocoralia

Question 84

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter II. cardinal
B	I. counter lateral II. lateral
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 85

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 86

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida and Terebratulida
B	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Atrypida and Productida
D	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida

Question 87

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 87 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 88

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Isua Formation.
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 89

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
D	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.

Question 90

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Impressions
B	Mineralization
C	Recrystallization
D	Carbonizations

Question 91

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Permian

Question 92

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Devonian
B	Cretaceous
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 93

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	2
C	1
D	4

Question 94

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
C	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
D	During Permian/Triassic crisis

Question 95

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	cystiphragm
B	lamellate
C	autopore
D	tabule

Question 95 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 96

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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