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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Feeding
B	Movement
C	Defense/attack
D	Circulatory

Question 2

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 585 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 410 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 3

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False, because they are reef-builders.
B	True
C	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.

Question 4

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 5

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 6

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cretaceous
B	Devonian
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 7

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
B	Orthida and Terebratulida
C	Atrypida and Productida
D	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 8

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	4
B	3
C	5
D	2

Question 9

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 9 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 10

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 2.5 billion years.
B	About 3.2 billion years.
C	About 4.2 billion years.
D	About 3.8 billion years.

Question 10 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 11

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 12

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
B	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
C	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
D	During Permian/Triassic crisis

Question 13

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	True
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 14

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve

Question 15

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Specialized organs
D	Primitive organs

Question 16

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
B	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
C	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
D	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.

Question 17

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Cambrian to Permian
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Triassic to Recent

Question 18

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 19

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
D	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).

Question 20

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Prokaryotic organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 20 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 21

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Orthida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Productida
D	Strophomenida
E	Pentamerida

Question 22

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 23

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Carbonizations
B	Mineralization
C	Recrystallization
D	Impressions

Question 24

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Spiriferid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 25

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 460 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 430 million years ago
D	~ 400 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 26

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	False, because they always have punctate shells.
D	True

Question 27

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 28

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarozoida
B	zooid
C	zooecia
D	zooarium

Question 29

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 30

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 30 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 31

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 32

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cretaceous and Paleogene
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Carboniferous and Permian
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 33

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Charnia
B	Dickinsonia
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 34

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.2 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	1.5 billion years after
D	4.0 billion years after

Question 34 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 35

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 35 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 36

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Septalata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 37

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Cambrian
B	Ediacaran
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Mesoarchean
E	Paleozoic

Question 38

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Jurassic
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 39

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Sphereperipheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 40

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Dikinsonians
B	Stromatoporoids
C	Rugose corals
D	Cyanobacteria

Question 40 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 41

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Linguliformea
B	Orthida
C	Productida
D	Pentamerida

Question 42

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Radiocircular
B	Hemipheripheral
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Holoperipheral
E	Mixoperipheral

Question 43

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Volcanic lava
C	Graphite
D	Dolomite based minerals

Question 44

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Bangiomorpha
D	Torridonophycus

Question 45

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 46

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)

Question 47

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Gunflint Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Stromato Fm.

Question 48

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 49

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. cardinal II. counter

Question 50

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Apex Chert from Western Australia
D	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.

Question 51

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Growth surface
C	Stromatolite mass
D	Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 52

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Isua Formation.
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 53

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 54

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
C	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 55

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Parvancorina
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 56

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 57

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 58

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Gunflint Formation
C	Isua Formation
D	Shark Bay stromatolites
E	Fig Tree Formation

Question 59

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Neoarchean
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
E	Archean

Question 60

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Atrypid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 61

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Order Orthida

Question 62

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
B	All Bryozoans are colonial.
C	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 63

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Dickinsonia
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 64

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 65

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 66

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Neoarchean
B	Phanerozoic
C	Hadean
D	Archean
E	Proterozoic

Question 67

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 68

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 68 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 69

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 69 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 70

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Cambrian

Question 71

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	4
C	1
D	3

Question 72

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
B	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 73

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Calcite - Dolomite
B	Stromatolites
C	Quartz
D	Zircon

Question 74

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Tabula
C	Cardinal
D	Brachidium
E	Taleola

Question 75

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Octocoralia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 76

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 77

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Cloudina
C	Bonata
D	Spriggina

Question 78

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	two
B	six
C	five
D	three

Question 78 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 79

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
B	Orthida
C	Pentamerida
D	Terebratulida
E	Productida

Question 80

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 4.5 billion years
B	~ 2.7 billion years
C	~ 3.2 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 81

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Strophomenida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Atrypida
D	Productida
E	Terebratulida

Question 82

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Organophosphatic
B	Organocalcitic
C	Aragonitic
D	Siliceous
E	Calcitic

Question 83

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 84

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 85

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Having a one large and one small shell.
B	Pseudopunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Impunctate shell

Question 86

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Neoarchean
B	Paleoproterozoic
C	Eoarchean
D	Hadean
E	Paleozoic

Question 87

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	90
B	45
C	60
D	180

Question 88

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	autopore
B	cystiphragm
C	lamellate
D	tabule

Question 88 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 89

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Triassic

Question 90

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Early Cretaceous
B	Upper Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 91

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 92

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 93

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Apex Chert unit.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Isua Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 94

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
B	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
C	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
D	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.

Question 95

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Cambrian

Question 96

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Heterocoralia

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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