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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Recrystallization
C	Impressions
D	Carbonizations

Question 2

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve

Question 3

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 4

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Organocalcitic
B	Aragonitic
C	Siliceous
D	Organophosphatic
E	Calcitic

Question 5

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Charnia
D	Dickinsonia

Question 6

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 7

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Eoarchean
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Paleoproterozoic
E	Paleozoic

Question 8

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
B	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
C	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
D	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.

Question 9

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Quartz
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Zircon

Question 10

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Oxygen-depleted zone
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Growth surface
D	Undermat

Question 11

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	4.0 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	1.5 billion years after
D	0.2 billion years after

Question 11 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 12

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoarchean
B	Mesoproterozoic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Cambrian

Question 13

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 13 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 14

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Septalata
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 15

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Proterozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Phanerozoic
D	Archean
E	Hadean

Question 16

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 2.7 billion years
B	~ 3.8 billion years
C	~ 3.2 billion years
D	~ 4.5 billion years

Question 17

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Banded Iron Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Fig Tree Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 18

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Charnia
B	Parvancorina
C	Tribrachidium
D	Dickinsonia

Question 19

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 20

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Productida
B	Linguliformea
C	Pentamerida
D	Orthida

Question 21

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 22

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass

Question 23

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Cretaceous

Question 24

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Volcanic lava
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Graphite
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 25

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 26

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	180
B	45
C	90
D	60

Question 27

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooecia
C	zooid
D	zooarozoida

Question 28

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 29

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Cloudina
B	Bonata
C	Spriggina
D	Terebratula

Question 30

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
B	During Permian/Triassic crisis
C	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 31

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	True
B	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
C	False, because they are reef-builders.

Question 32

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 33

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Order Orthida

Question 34

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. cardinal II. counter
B	I. lateral II. counter lateral
C	I. counter II. cardinal
D	I. counter lateral II. lateral

Question 35

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 36

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Archean
D	Neoarchean
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 37

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Eukaryotic organisms
D	Prokaryotic organisms

Question 37 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 38

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 38 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 39

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 40

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Isua Fm.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Apex Chert unit.

Question 41

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Pentamerida
C	Orthida
D	Productida
E	Strophomenida

Question 42

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
C	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 43

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa

Question 44

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
B	Productida
C	Pentamerida
D	Orthida
E	Terebratulida

Question 45

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 46

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
B	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
C	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 47

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 48

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Feeding
B	Circulatory
C	Defense/attack
D	Movement

Question 49

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Apex Chert from Western Australia

Question 50

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 51

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 4.2 billion years.
B	About 2.5 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 3.8 billion years.

Question 51 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 52

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Triassic to Recent
B	Ordovician to Recent
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 53

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	lamellate
B	autopore
C	cystiphragm
D	tabule

Question 53 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 54

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Atrypid
C	Spiriferid
D	Terebratulid

Question 55

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Octocoralia

Question 56

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Ordovician

Question 57

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.

Question 58

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Holoperiheral
B	Sphereperipheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 59

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 60

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Bangiomorpha
D	Torridonophycus

Question 61

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Triassic
D	Cretaceous

Question 62

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Terebratulida
B	Strophomenida
C	Productida
D	Atrypida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 63

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
B	False because they are known as cups.
C	True
D	False because they are known as plates.

Question 64

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
B	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)

Question 65

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 65 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 66

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 67

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 68

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 69

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Cyanobacteria
C	Rugose corals
D	Dikinsonians

Question 69 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 70

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 71

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Impunctate shell
B	Having a one large and one small shell.
C	Pseudopunctate shell
D	Punctate shell

Question 72

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Taleola
B	Median septum
C	Brachidium
D	Cardinal
E	Tabula

Question 73

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Devonian
B	Upper Ordovician
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Early Cretaceous

Question 74

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 75

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
B	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Atrypida and Productida
E	Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 76

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Mesoarchean
D	Ediacaran
E	Cambrian

Question 77

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Isua Formation
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Shark Bay stromatolites
E	Gunflint Formation

Question 78

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 79

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 80

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 80 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 81

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician

Question 82

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Gunflint Formation.
B	Isua Formation.
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 83

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 83 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 84

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	five
B	six
C	two
D	three

Question 84 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 85

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	4
C	3
D	5

Question 86

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Spriggina
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 87

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 88

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 430 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 510 million years ago

Question 89

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
B	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
C	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
D	All Bryozoans are colonial.

Question 90

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 470 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 410 million years ago

Question 91

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Carboniferous and Permian
B	Cambrian and Ordovician
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Jurassic and Cretaceous

Question 92

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Specialized organs
D	Primitive organs

Question 93

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Zygospirid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Atrypid

Question 94

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Hemipheripheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Holoperipheral
D	Sphericalcircular
E	Mixoperipheral

Question 95

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 96

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	4
B	2
C	1
D	3

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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