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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Zygospirid
D	Spiriferid

Question 2

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.2 billion years.
B	About 3.8 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 4.2 billion years.

Question 2 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 3

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 3 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 4

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 5

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Order Orthida

Question 6

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	False
B	True

Question 7

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Ordovician to Recent
C	Triassic to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 8

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida and Productida
B	Orthida and Terebratulida
C	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
D	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
E	Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 9

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarium
B	zooarozoida
C	zooecia
D	zooid

Question 10

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Octocoralia
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Rugosa

Question 11

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	45
B	90
C	180
D	60

Question 12

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 12 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 13

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	five
B	three
C	six
D	two

Question 13 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 14

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Linguliformea

Question 15

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 16

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	4.0 billion years after
B	0.8 billion years after
C	0.2 billion years after
D	1.5 billion years after

Question 16 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 17

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as plates.
B	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
C	False because they are known as cups.
D	True

Question 18

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter lateral II. lateral
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 19

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Productida
B	Strophomenida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Terebratulida
E	Atrypida

Question 20

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	4
C	1
D	3

Question 21

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Mesoarchean
B	Paleozoic
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Ediacaran
E	Cambrian

Question 22

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False, because they are reef-builders.
B	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
C	True

Question 23

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Oxygen-depleted zone
D	Growth surface

Question 24

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Permian/Triassic crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 25

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Quartz
B	Calcite - Dolomite
C	Stromatolites
D	Zircon

Question 26

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	5
B	3
C	4
D	2

Question 27

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).

Question 28

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Neoarchean
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 29

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Fig Tree Fm.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Stromato Fm.

Question 30

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 31

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Feeding
C	Movement
D	Circulatory

Question 32

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
B	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
C	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
D	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.

Question 33

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)

Question 34

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Bangiomorpha
D	Torridonophycus

Question 35

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Siliceous
B	Organophosphatic
C	Calcitic
D	Organocalcitic
E	Aragonitic

Question 36

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 37

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve

Question 38

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 39

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Carboniferous and Permian
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 40

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Neoarchean
B	Paleozoic
C	Hadean
D	Paleoproterozoic
E	Eoarchean

Question 41

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Jurassic

Question 42

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 43

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 44

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Archean
D	Proterozoic
E	Hadean

Question 45

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
B	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
C	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 46

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 47

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
B	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
C	All Bryozoans are colonial.
D	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.

Question 48

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 49

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Cinclaire
B	Class Hydrozoa
C	Class Anthozoa
D	Class Scyphozoa

Question 49 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 50

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 51

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Primitive organs
C	Specialized tissues
D	Specialized organs

Question 52

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Terebratulida
B	Productida
C	Orthida
D	Pentamerida
E	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.

Question 53

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Parvancorina
C	Tribrachidium
D	Charnia

Question 54

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Jurassic
C	Ordovician
D	Cambrian

Question 55

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 56

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.2 billion years
B	~ 2.7 billion years
C	~ 4.5 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 57

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 58

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Sphereperipheral
B	Hemiperipheral
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Holoperiheral

Question 59

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 60

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Parvancorina
B	Charnia
C	Spriggina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 61

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Taleola
C	Cardinal
D	Median septum
E	Brachidium

Question 62

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Cretaceous
C	Triassic
D	Permian

Question 63

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	tabule
B	autopore
C	cystiphragm
D	lamellate

Question 63 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 64

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 410 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 470 million years ago
E	~ 585 million years ago

Question 65

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cretaceous
B	Devonian
C	Ordovician
D	Cambrian

Question 66

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Isua Formation.
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Apex Chert unit

Question 67

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Graphite
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Calcite based minerals
D	Volcanic lava

Question 68

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)

Question 69

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 70

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Impressions
B	Mineralization
C	Recrystallization
D	Carbonizations

Question 71

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Strophomenida
C	Pentamerida
D	Productida
E	Orthida

Question 72

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Terebratulid
B	Atrypid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 73

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 74

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Having a one large and one small shell.
B	Impunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Pseudopunctate shell

Question 75

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 76

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Archean
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Neoarchean
E	Archean/Proterozoic boundary

Question 77

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 77 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 78

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Sphericalcircular
C	Hemipheripheral
D	Holoperipheral
E	Radiocircular

Question 79

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Parvancorina
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 80

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Gunflint Formation
B	Shark Bay stromatolites
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Fig Tree Formation
E	Isua Formation

Question 81

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 82

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 83

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 84

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they always have punctate shells.
C	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
D	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.

Question 85

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Ordovician

Question 86

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Septalata

Question 87

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 460 million years ago
E	~ 430 million years ago

Question 88

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Cyanobacteria
B	Stromatoporoids
C	Rugose corals
D	Dikinsonians

Question 88 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 89

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.

Question 90

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 90 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 91

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 92

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Bonata
B	Terebratula
C	Cloudina
D	Spriggina

Question 93

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Eukaryotic organisms
C	Invertebrates organisms
D	Shelly organisms

Question 93 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 94

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

Question 95

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 96

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Apex Chert from Western Australia
D	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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