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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Neoarchean
E	Archean

Question 2

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Bangiomorpha
B	Huronipora
C	Melanocyrillium
D	Torridonophycus

Question 3

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Tabula
B	Median septum
C	Taleola
D	Cardinal
E	Brachidium

Question 4

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Fig Tree Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Gunflint Fm.

Question 5

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Productida
B	Strophomenida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Terebratulida
E	Atrypida

Question 6

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.

Question 7

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Ordovician
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Devonian

Question 8

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Archean
B	Neoarchean
C	Phanerozoic
D	Hadean
E	Proterozoic

Question 9

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 9 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 10

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter II. cardinal
B	I. cardinal II. counter
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 11

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Pentamerida
B	Orthida
C	Linguliformea
D	Productida

Question 12

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 13

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
C	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
D	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.

Question 14

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida and Productida
B	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
E	Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 15

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 16

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
B	During Permian/Triassic crisis
C	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
D	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis

Question 17

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 18

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 19

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 20

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 21

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	4.0 billion years after
B	1.5 billion years after
C	0.8 billion years after
D	0.2 billion years after

Question 21 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 22

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Mesoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Cambrian

Question 23

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
B	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
C	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 24

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cretaceous
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Cambrian

Question 25

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Eukaryotic organisms
B	Prokaryotic organisms
C	Invertebrates organisms
D	Shelly organisms

Question 25 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 26

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 26 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 27

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 28

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
B	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 29

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Circulatory
B	Feeding
C	Movement
D	Defense/attack

Question 30

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	45
B	60
C	180
D	90

Question 31

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Apex Chert from Western Australia
B	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 32

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Octocoralia

Question 33

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Hemipheripheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Holoperipheral
E	Mixoperipheral

Question 34

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Hemiperipheral

Question 35

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Dickinsonia
D	Charnia

Question 36

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 2.7 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 4.5 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 37

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Impressions
C	Carbonizations
D	Recrystallization

Question 38

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 39

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 430 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 400 million years ago
D	~ 460 million years ago
E	~ 500 million years ago

Question 40

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 41

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.2 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 3.8 billion years.
D	About 2.5 billion years.

Question 41 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 42

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cretaceous and Paleogene
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Carboniferous and Permian
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 43

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 44

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Isua Fm.
B	Banded Iron Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Delta calcitic unit.

Question 45

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
B	False because they are known as cups.
C	False because they are known as plates.
D	True

Question 46

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Heterocoralia

Question 47

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).

Question 48

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	5
B	2
C	4
D	3

Question 49

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 50

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Graphite
C	Dolomite based minerals
D	Volcanic lava

Question 51

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)

Question 52

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Shark Bay stromatolites
B	Isua Formation
C	Gunflint Formation
D	Fig Tree Formation
E	Apex Chert unit

Question 53

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	True

Question 54

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. the beak II. umbo
B	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
C	I. umbo II. the beak
D	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve

Question 55

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Rugose corals
B	Dikinsonians
C	Cyanobacteria
D	Stromatoporoids

Question 55 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 56

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans are colonial.
C	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
D	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.

Question 57

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 58

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 58 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 59

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
D	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota

Question 60

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Pentamerida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Orthida
D	Strophomenida
E	Productida

Question 61

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Eoarchean
B	Neoarchean
C	Paleoproterozoic
D	Hadean
E	Paleozoic

Question 62

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 63

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Lungs
B	Specialized organs
C	Primitive organs
D	Specialized tissues

Question 64

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
D	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.

Question 65

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 65 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 66

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Pentamerida
B	Order Orthida
C	Subphylum Craniiformea
D	Order Strophomenida

Question 67

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Devonian
B	Ordovician
C	Cretaceous
D	Cambrian

Question 68

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Siliceous
B	Organophosphatic
C	Organocalcitic
D	Calcitic
E	Aragonitic

Question 69

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 70

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they always have punctate shells.
C	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
D	False, because they always have impunctate shells.

Question 71

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Jurassic

Question 72

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Punctate shell
B	Pseudopunctate shell
C	Impunctate shell
D	Having a one large and one small shell.

Question 73

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Stromatolite mass
B	Undermat
C	Oxygen-depleted zone
D	Growth surface

Question 74

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Permian
B	Triassic
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 75

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Spriggina
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 76

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Tribrachidium
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 77

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Isua Formation.

Question 78

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Cambrian to Permian
B	Ordovician to Recent
C	Ordovician to Permian
D	Triassic to Recent

Question 79

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)

Question 80

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	cystiphragm
B	lamellate
C	autopore
D	tabule

Question 80 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 81

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Ordovician

Question 82

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Bonata
B	Spriggina
C	Terebratula
D	Cloudina

Question 83

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 84

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Hydrozoa
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Cinclaire

Question 84 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 85

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
B	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
C	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
D	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.

Question 86

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	two
B	five
C	three
D	six

Question 86 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 87

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 88

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooarozoida
B	zooecia
C	zooarium
D	zooid

Question 89

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Scleractinia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Septalata

Question 90

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Pentamerida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Terebratulida

Question 91

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 410 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 585 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 92

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	1
C	2
D	4

Question 93

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 94

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Zircon
B	Calcite - Dolomite
C	Quartz
D	Stromatolites

Question 95

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
B	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 96

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Mesoarchean
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Ediacaran
D	Cambrian
E	Paleozoic

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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