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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Parvancorina
C	Charnia
D	Dickinsonia

Question 2

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
B	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa

Question 3

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	False
B	True

Question 3 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 4

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 5

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 6

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Zircon
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Quartz

Question 7

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Oxygen-depleted zone
C	Growth surface
D	Stromatolite mass

Question 8

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Septalata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 9

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
B	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
C	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
D	All Bryozoans are colonial.

Question 10

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Graphite
B	Volcanic lava
C	Calcite based minerals
D	Dolomite based minerals

Question 11

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
B	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
C	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
D	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.

Question 12

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 2.5 billion years.

Question 12 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 13

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Apex Chert unit.
B	Delta calcitic unit.
C	Isua Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 14

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 15

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Tabulata
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 16

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Orthida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Strophomenida
D	Pentamerida
E	Productida

Question 17

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 500 million years ago
C	~ 585 million years ago
D	~ 410 million years ago
E	~ 470 million years ago

Question 18

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
D	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.

Question 19

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Jurassic and Cretaceous
B	Cretaceous and Paleogene
C	Carboniferous and Permian
D	Cambrian and Ordovician

Question 20

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Punctate shell
C	Having a one large and one small shell.
D	Impunctate shell

Question 21

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Mesoarchean
D	Ediacaran
E	Neoproterozoic

Question 22

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 4.5 billion years
B	~ 3.8 billion years
C	~ 3.2 billion years
D	~ 2.7 billion years

Question 23

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Spriggina
C	Cloudina
D	Bonata

Question 24

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	4
B	3
C	2
D	5

Question 25

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Pentamerida
C	Productida
D	Linguliformea

Question 26

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	lamellate
B	tabule
C	cystiphragm
D	autopore

Question 26 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 27

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. cardinal II. counter
B	I. counter II. cardinal
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. lateral II. counter lateral

Question 28

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Neoarchean
D	Lower Cambrian
E	Archean/Proterozoic boundary

Question 29

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 30

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.2 billion years after
B	1.5 billion years after
C	4.0 billion years after
D	0.8 billion years after

Question 30 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 31

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Prokaryotic organisms
B	Eukaryotic organisms
C	Shelly organisms
D	Invertebrates organisms

Question 31 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 32

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Devonian

Question 33

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 34

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Dikinsonians
B	Cyanobacteria
C	Stromatoporoids
D	Rugose corals

Question 34 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 35

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Isua Formation.
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Apex Chert unit

Question 36

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 37

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 38

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Terebratulid
B	Atrypid
C	Zygospirid
D	Spiriferid

Question 39

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	True
B	False

Question 39 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 40

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 430 million years ago
E	~ 500 million years ago

Question 41

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	True
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.

Question 42

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Permian/Triassic crisis
B	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
C	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
D	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis

Question 43

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooecia
B	zooarozoida
C	zooarium
D	zooid

Question 44

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)

Question 45

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Archean
C	Neoarchean
D	Hadean
E	Proterozoic

Question 46

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
C	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
D	I. four (4) II. Undermat
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 47

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	False
B	True

Question 48

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Spriggina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 49

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 50

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Recrystallization
B	Mineralization
C	Carbonizations
D	Impressions

Question 51

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 51 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 52

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Hemipheripheral
B	Sphericalcircular
C	Holoperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral
E	Radiocircular

Question 53

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
B	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Apex Chert from Western Australia

Question 54

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. umbo II. the beak
C	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
D	I. the beak II. umbo

Question 55

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Orthida
B	Terebratulida
C	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
D	Productida
E	Pentamerida

Question 56

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 57

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
D	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.

Question 58

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)

Question 59

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have punctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	True
D	False, because they always have impunctate shells.

Question 60

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Sphereperipheral
D	Hemiperipheral

Question 61

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	True
B	False

Question 62

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	2
B	3
C	4
D	1

Question 63

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Median septum
B	Cardinal
C	Taleola
D	Tabula
E	Brachidium

Question 64

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 64 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 65

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
C	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 66

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Hydrozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Anthozoa

Question 66 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 67

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Atrypida and Productida
B	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 68

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 69

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 70

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Huronipora
B	Melanocyrillium
C	Torridonophycus
D	Bangiomorpha

Question 71

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Ordovician
D	Jurassic

Question 72

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Isua Formation
B	Fig Tree Formation
C	Gunflint Formation
D	Apex Chert unit
E	Shark Bay stromatolites

Question 73

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Circulatory
B	Movement
C	Defense/attack
D	Feeding

Question 74

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
B	False because they are known as cups.
C	False because they are known as plates.
D	True

Question 75

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 76

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 77

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Permian
B	Triassic to Recent
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Cambrian to Permian

Question 78

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Cretaceous
D	Triassic

Question 79

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Atrypida
B	Productida
C	Strophomenida
D	Terebratulida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 80

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Organophosphatic
B	Aragonitic
C	Organocalcitic
D	Siliceous
E	Calcitic

Question 81

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 82

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician
D	Early Cretaceous

Question 83

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 84

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Primitive organs
B	Specialized tissues
C	Specialized organs
D	Lungs

Question 85

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 86

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Octocoralia

Question 87

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Terebratulid
B	Zygospirid
C	Atrypid
D	Spiriferid

Question 88

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	three
B	five
C	six
D	two

Question 88 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 89

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Charnia
C	Parvancorina
D	Dickinsonia

Question 90

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Hadean
B	Paleozoic
C	Paleoproterozoic
D	Eoarchean
E	Neoarchean

Question 91

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Mesoproterozoic

Question 92

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Subphylum Craniiformea
B	Order Pentamerida
C	Order Orthida
D	Order Strophomenida

Question 93

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
B	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
C	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
D	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).

Question 94

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 95

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 96

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	45
B	60
C	90
D	180

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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