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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa

Question 2

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Primitive organs
B	Lungs
C	Specialized tissues
D	Specialized organs

Question 3

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
B	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
C	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 4

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Cretaceous
D	Triassic

Question 5

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as plates.
B	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
C	True
D	False because they are known as cups.

Question 6

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Defense/attack
B	Movement
C	Feeding
D	Circulatory

Question 7

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)

Question 8

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 9

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Octocoralia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 10

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 11

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 12

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
B	All Bryozoans are colonial.
C	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 13

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
B	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
C	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 14

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Fig Tree Fm.
C	Gunflint Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 15

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
B	Atrypida and Productida
C	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
D	Orthida and Terebratulida
E	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida

Question 16

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Dolomite based minerals
B	Graphite
C	Calcite based minerals
D	Volcanic lava

Question 17

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Organophosphatic
B	Calcitic
C	Siliceous
D	Organocalcitic
E	Aragonitic

Question 18

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Charnia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Parvancorina

Question 19

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.8 billion years after
B	4.0 billion years after
C	0.2 billion years after
D	1.5 billion years after

Question 19 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 20

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 21

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
B	Archean
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Neoarchean
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 22

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Septalata
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 23

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 24

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooid
B	zooecia
C	zooarozoida
D	zooarium

Question 25

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Sphericalcircular
B	Radiocircular
C	Hemipheripheral
D	Mixoperipheral
E	Holoperipheral

Question 26

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Ordovician
B	Cretaceous
C	Devonian
D	Cambrian

Question 27

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Pentamerida
B	Terebratulida
C	Orthida
D	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
E	Productida

Question 28

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 470 million years ago
D	~ 510 million years ago
E	~ 410 million years ago

Question 29

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 29 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 30

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Zygospirid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Atrypid

Question 31

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Cretaceous
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Permian

Question 32

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	two
B	five
C	six
D	three

Question 32 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 33

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Terebratulida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Strophomenida
D	Productida
E	Atrypida

Question 34

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
B	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
C	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
D	Convection currents and magmatic processes.

Question 35

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Impunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Having a one large and one small shell.

Question 36

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Dickinsonia
C	Charnia
D	Tribrachidium

Question 37

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Jurassic

Question 38

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)

Question 39

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 3.2 billion years.
D	About 2.5 billion years.

Question 39 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 40

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. umbo II. the beak
B	I. the beak II. umbo
C	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
D	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve

Question 41

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
B	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
C	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.
D	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.

Question 42

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Scyphozoa
B	Class Cinclaire
C	Class Anthozoa
D	Class Hydrozoa

Question 42 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 43

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.
B	True
C	False, because they are reef-builders.

Question 44

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	cystiphragm
B	autopore
C	lamellate
D	tabule

Question 44 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 45

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 46

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	True
B	False

Question 47

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Cardinal
B	Taleola
C	Brachidium
D	Median septum
E	Tabula

Question 48

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 48 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 49

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 50

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	False
B	True

Question 51

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
B	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)

Question 52

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Rhynchonellida
B	Pentamerida
C	Orthida
D	Productida
E	Strophomenida

Question 53

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Bangiomorpha
B	Torridonophycus
C	Melanocyrillium
D	Huronipora

Question 54

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 55

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Paleoproterozoic
E	Eoarchean

Question 56

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 56 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 57

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Permian/Triassic crisis
C	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
D	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis

Question 58

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Isua Formation.
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 59

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
B	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
C	False, because they always have punctate shells.
D	True

Question 60

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Mineralization
B	Impressions
C	Carbonizations
D	Recrystallization

Question 61

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	False
B	True

Question 62

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Apex Chert unit.
B	Isua Fm.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Delta calcitic unit.

Question 63

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	1
B	4
C	2
D	3

Question 64

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
B	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
C	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
D	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).

Question 65

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Rugose corals
B	Dikinsonians
C	Cyanobacteria
D	Stromatoporoids

Question 65 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 66

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Sphereperipheral
B	Holoperiheral
C	Hemiperipheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 67

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	3
C	4
D	5

Question 68

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 400 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 430 million years ago
E	~ 460 million years ago

Question 69

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 4.5 billion years
C	~ 2.7 billion years
D	~ 3.2 billion years

Question 70

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Zircon
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Quartz

Question 71

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Heterocoralia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 72

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	False
B	True

Question 73

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Proterozoic
E	Archean

Question 74

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Mesoproterozoic
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Cambrian

Question 75

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Ordovician
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Cretaceous
D	Upper Devonian

Question 76

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Pentamerida
D	Linguliformea

Question 77

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Apex Chert from Western Australia
B	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
C	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 78

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
C	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
D	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.

Question 79

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Isua Formation
B	Shark Bay stromatolites
C	Gunflint Formation
D	Apex Chert unit
E	Fig Tree Formation

Question 80

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Orthida
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Subphylum Craniiformea
D	Order Pentamerida

Question 81

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Stromatolite mass
B	Undermat
C	Growth surface
D	Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 82

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Terebratula
B	Cloudina
C	Spriggina
D	Bonata

Question 83

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Zygospirid
D	Atrypid

Question 84

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 85

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Paleozoic
C	Cambrian
D	Ediacaran
E	Mesoarchean

Question 86

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cretaceous and Paleogene
B	Carboniferous and Permian
C	Cambrian and Ordovician
D	Jurassic and Cretaceous

Question 87

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 87 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 88

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 89

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	False
B	True

Question 90

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 91

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 92

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Spriggina
C	Parvancorina
D	Charnia

Question 93

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	90
C	45
D	180

Question 94

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter lateral II. lateral
B	I. lateral II. counter lateral
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 95

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Eukaryotic organisms
C	Invertebrates organisms
D	Prokaryotic organisms

Question 95 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 96

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Recent
B	Cambrian to Permian
C	Triassic to Recent
D	Ordovician to Permian

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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