GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
B	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
C	they have many feet.
D	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
E	they have several sets of eyes.

Question 2

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Middle Permian

Question 3

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Silurian
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Devonian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
F	Jurassic

Question 4

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	recurved , pendent
B	decurved , horizontal
C	scandent , horizontal
D	scandent , pendent
E	recurved , horizontal
F	decurved , pendent
G	reclined , horizontal

Question 5

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 6

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	siliceous
B	delicious
C	calcitic
D	arragonitic
E	biochemical

Question 7

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Belemnites
B	Bactritoids
C	Nautilids
D	Ceratites

Question 8

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 100 - 190
C	~ 50 - 200
D	~ 190 - 300

Question 8 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 9

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Involute
B	Gyrocone
C	Brevicone
D	Torticone
E	Evolute

Question 10

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Silurian , Permian
B	Early Ordovician, Permian
C	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
D	Late Silurian , Devonian
E	Upper Ordovician , Permian

Question 11

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By splitting the tail into parts.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By increasing the size of the tail.
D	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.

Question 12

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	VII
B	VI
C	IV
D	III
E	I
F	II
G	V

Question 13

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 14

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Brevicone
B	Gyrocone
C	Evolute
D	Involute
E	Torticone

Question 15

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Late Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Early Devonian

Question 16

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Movement across surfaces
B	Sexual reproduction
C	Defense and prey
D	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)

Question 16 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 17

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	axial lobe
B	siphuncle
C	thorax
D	pygidium
E	cephalon

Question 18

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
B	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
C	They are Invertebrates.
D	They are mammals.

Question 19

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	Their colour will varies with heat.
B	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
C	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
D	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.

Question 20

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	inhalant siphon
C	digestive track
D	byssal threads

Question 21

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. peaks II. troughs
B	I. lobes II. dips
C	I. nodes II. sulci
D	I. lobes II. sulci
E	I. nodes II. dips

Question 22

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Urochordates
B	Tunicates
C	Cephalochordates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 23

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Silurian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
D	Permian

Question 24

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Saccabambaspis
C	Lasanius
D	Astraspis

Question 25

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
B	Cambrian to Late Permian
C	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
D	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)

Question 26

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Devonian
B	Cambrian
C	Silurian
D	Permian

Question 27

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
B	They are marine organisms.
C	They have no known predators.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They reproduce asexually.

Question 28

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	IV
B	II
C	VII
D	III
E	V
F	I

Question 29

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Mid Cretaceous
C	Mid Devonian
D	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 30

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , recurved
B	recurved , scandent
C	decurved , declined
D	recurved , pendent
E	recurved , declined
F	decurved , pendent

Question 31

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Permian/Triassic
C	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
D	At the Ordovician/Silurian

Question 32

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
C	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
D	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
E	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 33

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 33 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 34

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	anterior
B	ventral
C	posterior
D	septal

Question 35

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Spines
B	Segmented carapace
C	Large, 360-degree type eyes
D	Smooth outer shell (carapace)

Question 36

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Silurian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Lower Devonian
D	Middle Jurassic
E	Lower Permian

Question 37

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Movement
B	Chewing
C	Circulatory
D	Respiratory

Question 38

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	oligocrystals
B	democrystals
C	synthetically produced calcites
D	bio-calcites

Question 39

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Development of feet.
B	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
C	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 40

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Aragonauta
B	Ceratites
C	Nautilus
D	Nipponites
E	Baculites

Question 41

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	lacks symmetry
B	radial
C	bilateral
D	spherical
E	pentameral

Question 42

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Ediacaran
E	Silurian

Question 43

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	open
B	visored
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	peristome projections

Question 44

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
B	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
C	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
D	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
F	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)

Question 45

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	constricted
B	visored
C	contracted
D	peristome projections
E	open

Question 46

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Carboniferous
B	Devonian
C	Permian
D	Silurian
E	Cambrian

Question 47

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	open
C	visored
D	constricted
E	peristome projections

Question 48

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Jurassic
E	Silurian

Question 48 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 49

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
B	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
C	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
D	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
F	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 50

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
B	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician

Question 51

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 52

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Early Ordovician
C	Middle Devonian
D	Early Cambrian
E	Middle Ordovician

Question 53

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
B	They are valuable as a jewellery.
C	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
D	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.

Question 54

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Pentameral
C	two-fold with a mirrored plane
D	Irregular

Question 55

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	proloculus
B	hyponomic sinus
C	cardinal sinus
D	septal neck

Question 56

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Eurypterus
B	Ogygites
C	Isotelus rex
D	Niobids
E	Trinucleus

Question 57

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 35 cm
C	~12 cm
D	~ 150 cm

Question 58

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
B	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
C	True
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 59

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 60

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 5 cm
B	~ 70 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 30 cm

Question 61

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Asaphida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Agnostida
D	Phacopida
E	Proetida

Question 62

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	mural
B	hyponomic sinus
C	anterior suture
D	septum
E	anulus (or annulus)

Question 63

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Lichida
B	Proetida
C	Agnostida
D	Redlichiida
E	Asaphida

Question 64

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	recurved
B	reclined
C	decurved
D	nema
E	scandent
F	pendent

Question 65

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
B	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
C	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
D	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
E	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus

Question 66

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Gyrocone
B	Brevicone
C	Evolute
D	Involute
E	Torticone

Question 67

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 68

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	theca
B	nema
C	nema
D	autotheca
E	stipe
F	sicula

Question 69

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Late Devonian
D	Early Devonian
E	Middle Cambrian
F	Lower Cambrian

Question 70

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 71

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 71 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 72

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 72 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 73

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Corynexochida
C	Agnostida
D	Redlichiida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 74

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	Bilateral
C	Pentameral
D	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.

Question 75

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	contracted
B	open
C	peristome projections
D	constricted
E	visored

Question 76

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 76 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 77

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Nautilus
B	Nipponites
C	Ceratites
D	Aragonauta
E	Baculites

Question 78

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Cambrian
B	Carboniferous
C	Permian
D	Ordovician
E	Devonian

Question 79

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	160 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	50 million years old
D	180 million years old
E	110 million years old
F	150 million years old

Question 80

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Posterior
B	Dorsal
C	Anterior
D	Ventral

Question 81

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Middle Permian
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 82

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
B	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
C	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
D	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
E	Based on the length to width ratio.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
FAQ | Report an Error

Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).