GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Middle Permian
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 2

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several sets of eyes.
B	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
C	they have many feet.
D	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
E	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.

Question 3

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Agnostida
B	Corynexochida
C	Phacopida
D	Redlichiida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 4

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Dorsal
B	Posterior
C	Ventral
D	Anterior

Question 5

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 6

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Ediacaran
D	Silurian
E	Ordovician

Question 7

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 8

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	scandent , pendent
B	scandent , horizontal
C	decurved , horizontal
D	recurved , horizontal
E	decurved , pendent
F	reclined , horizontal
G	recurved , pendent

Question 9

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	III
B	V
C	I
D	VII
E	II
F	IV

Question 10

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	peristome projections
B	open
C	visored
D	constricted
E	contracted

Question 11

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
B	Sexual reproduction
C	Movement across surfaces
D	Defense and prey

Question 11 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 12

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Ordovician
B	Early Silurian
C	Middle Devonian
D	Middle Ordovician
E	Early Cambrian

Question 13

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	democrystals
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	oligocrystals
D	bio-calcites

Question 14

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Middle Permian
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 15

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 190 - 300
B	~ 50 - 300
C	~ 50 - 200
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 15 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 16

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By splitting the tail into parts.
B	By increasing the size of the tail.
C	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
D	By increasing the size of gills.

Question 17

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
B	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
C	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
D	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
E	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa

Question 18

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
D	True

Question 19

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , pendent
B	decurved , declined
C	recurved , scandent
D	decurved , recurved
E	recurved , declined
F	recurved , pendent

Question 20

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	visored
B	open
C	constricted
D	peristome projections
E	contracted

Question 21

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 21 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 22

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Late Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Late Cambrian
D	Middle Cambrian
E	Early Devonian

Question 23

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	open
B	constricted
C	peristome projections
D	visored
E	contracted

Question 24

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 24 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 25

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	visored
C	peristome projections
D	open
E	constricted

Question 26

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Astraspis
B	Placoderms
C	Saccabambaspis
D	Lasanius

Question 27

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Middle Triassic
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 28

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Evolute
B	Brevicone
C	Involute
D	Torticone
E	Gyrocone

Question 29

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Late Silurian , Devonian
B	Upper Ordovician , Permian
C	Early Ordovician, Permian
D	Early Silurian , Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous

Question 30

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are valuable as a jewellery.
B	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
C	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
D	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.

Question 31

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	proloculus
B	hyponomic sinus
C	cardinal sinus
D	septal neck

Question 32

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Jurassic
D	Permian
E	Ordovician

Question 32 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 33

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~12 cm
B	~ 150 cm
C	~ 35 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 34

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Ogygites
B	Niobids
C	Trinucleus
D	Isotelus rex
E	Eurypterus

Question 35

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
B	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
E	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 36

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
B	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
C	Their colour will varies with heat.
D	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.

Question 37

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Ceratites
B	Nautilids
C	Bactritoids
D	Belemnites

Question 38

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
B	They are marine organisms.
C	They reproduce asexually.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They have no known predators.

Question 39

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
B	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
C	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
D	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)

Question 40

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	110 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	50 million years old
D	160 million years old
E	180 million years old
F	150 million years old

Question 41

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Aragonauta
B	Nautilus
C	Ceratites
D	Baculites
E	Nipponites

Question 42

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. dips
B	I. nodes II. dips
C	I. peaks II. troughs
D	I. lobes II. sulci
E	I. nodes II. sulci

Question 43

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian

Question 44

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	siphuncle
B	pygidium
C	thorax
D	axial lobe
E	cephalon

Question 45

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Devonian
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Permian
E	Carboniferous

Question 46

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	siliceous
B	calcitic
C	biochemical
D	delicious
E	arragonitic

Question 47

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	posterior
B	anterior
C	septal
D	ventral

Question 48

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	pentameral
B	bilateral
C	lacks symmetry
D	radial
E	spherical

Question 49

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
B	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
C	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
D	Cambrian to Late Permian

Question 50

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Cephalochordates
B	Tunicates
C	Enterponeuts
D	Urochordates

Question 51

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 52

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 52 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 53

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Proetida
B	Asaphida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Agnostida
E	Phacopida

Question 54

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
B	Compression of shell structures.
C	Development of feet.
D	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.

Question 55

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Mid Devonian
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 56

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
B	At the Permian/Triassic
C	At the Triassic/Jurassic
D	At the Ordovician/Silurian

Question 57

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	theca
B	nema
C	autotheca
D	nema
E	sicula
F	stipe

Question 58

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
B	Silurian
C	Devonian
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
F	Jurassic

Question 59

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	II
B	IV
C	VI
D	III
E	I
F	V
G	VII

Question 60

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the length to width ratio.
B	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
C	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
D	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
E	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.

Question 61

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Pentameral
B	Regular
C	Irregular
D	two-fold with a mirrored plane

Question 62

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Evolute
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Brevicone
E	Involute

Question 63

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are mammals.
B	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
C	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
D	They are Invertebrates.

Question 64

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Nautilus
B	Ceratites
C	Nipponites
D	Aragonauta
E	Baculites

Question 65

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	pendent
B	recurved
C	reclined
D	decurved
E	scandent
F	nema

Question 66

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Respiratory
B	Circulatory
C	Movement
D	Chewing

Question 67

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 68

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Proetida
B	Agnostida
C	Lichida
D	Redlichiida
E	Asaphida

Question 69

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 30 cm
B	~ 5 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 70 cm

Question 70

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Evolute
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Involute
E	Brevicone

Question 71

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Permian
D	Carboniferous
E	Silurian

Question 72

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Middle Jurassic
B	Lower Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Lower Permian
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 73

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 74

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anulus (or annulus)
B	septum
C	hyponomic sinus
D	mural
E	anterior suture

Question 75

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
B	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
C	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
D	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
F	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 76

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 76 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 77

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
B	Large, 360-degree type eyes
C	Segmented carapace
D	Spines

Question 78

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Late Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Early Devonian
E	Middle Cambrian
F	Upper Cambrian

Question 79

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Devonian
D	Silurian

Question 80

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	digestive track
B	exhalant siphon
C	inhalant siphon
D	byssal threads

Question 81

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Bilateral
B	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
C	Coiled
D	Pentameral

Question 82

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
D	Lower Silurian

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).