GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anulus (or annulus)
B	mural
C	hyponomic sinus
D	anterior suture
E	septum

Question 2

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Compression of shell structures.
B	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
C	Development of feet.
D	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.

Question 3

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Mid Devonian
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Mid Cretaceous
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 4

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	180 million years old
B	110 million years old
C	150 million years old
D	50 million years old
E	210 million years old
F	160 million years old

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are marine organisms.
B	They have no known predators.
C	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They reproduce asexually.

Question 6

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
B	Determining the depth of burial.
C	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 6 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 7

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 8

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 9

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	cephalon
B	siphuncle
C	thorax
D	pygidium
E	axial lobe

Question 10

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Carboniferous
B	Ordovician
C	Devonian
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 11

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	VII
B	III
C	I
D	IV
E	V
F	II

Question 12

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Permian
B	Lower Silurian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.

Question 13

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Brevicone
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Involute
E	Evolute

Question 14

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Permian
D	Devonian

Question 15

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , pendent
B	recurved , declined
C	recurved , scandent
D	decurved , declined
E	decurved , recurved
F	decurved , pendent

Question 16

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Irregular
C	Pentameral
D	two-fold with a mirrored plane

Question 17

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	inhalant siphon
B	exhalant siphon
C	byssal threads
D	digestive track

Question 18

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 19

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Cambrian to Late Permian
B	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
C	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
D	Devonian to Early Carboniferous

Question 20

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Middle Permian

Question 21

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Ceratites
B	Baculites
C	Nautilus
D	Aragonauta
E	Nipponites

Question 22

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Astraspis
C	Lasanius
D	Saccabambaspis

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Defense and prey
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
D	Sexual reproduction

Question 23 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 24

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
C	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
D	They are mammals.

Question 25

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 26

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 26 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 27

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Middle Permian
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 28

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Gyrocone
B	Brevicone
C	Evolute
D	Torticone
E	Involute

Question 29

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	nema
B	sicula
C	nema
D	stipe
E	theca
F	autotheca

Question 30

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	synthetically produced calcites
B	democrystals
C	oligocrystals
D	bio-calcites

Question 31

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Ediacaran
D	Cambrian
E	Silurian

Question 32

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 33

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic

Question 34

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 5 cm
C	~ 70 cm
D	~ 30 cm

Question 35

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~12 cm
B	~ 100 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~ 35 cm

Question 36

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	Pentameral
C	Bilateral
D	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.

Question 37

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	visored
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	open

Question 38

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	II
B	I
C	VI
D	III
E	V
F	IV
G	VII

Question 39

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 39 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 40

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 100 - 190
C	~ 190 - 300
D	~ 50 - 200

Question 40 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 41

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	bilateral
B	pentameral
C	lacks symmetry
D	spherical
E	radial

Question 42

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Permian/Triassic
C	At the Ordovician/Silurian
D	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene

Question 43

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Eurypterus
B	Isotelus rex
C	Trinucleus
D	Ogygites
E	Niobids

Question 44

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Silurian , Permian
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
D	Early Ordovician, Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Permian

Question 45

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of gills.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 46

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	scandent , horizontal
B	reclined , horizontal
C	recurved , horizontal
D	recurved , pendent
E	decurved , pendent
F	decurved , horizontal
G	scandent , pendent

Question 47

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Cephalochordates
B	Enterponeuts
C	Urochordates
D	Tunicates

Question 48

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
B	Based on the length to width ratio.
C	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
D	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
E	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.

Question 49

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	proloculus
B	septal neck
C	cardinal sinus
D	hyponomic sinus

Question 50

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	visored
B	contracted
C	open
D	peristome projections
E	constricted

Question 51

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Aragonauta
B	Nipponites
C	Nautilus
D	Ceratites
E	Baculites

Question 52

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	calcitic
B	siliceous
C	biochemical
D	delicious
E	arragonitic

Question 53

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Corynexochida
D	Agnostida
E	Redlichiida

Question 54

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
B	they have many feet.
C	they have several sets of eyes.
D	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
E	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.

Question 55

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Large, 360-degree type eyes
B	Spines
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Segmented carapace

Question 56

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Asaphida
B	Agnostida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Phacopida
E	Proetida

Question 57

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 57 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 58

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
B	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are valuable as a jewellery.

Question 59

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Brevicone
B	Torticone
C	Evolute
D	Gyrocone
E	Involute

Question 60

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	peristome projections
B	open
C	contracted
D	visored
E	constricted

Question 61

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
B	True
C	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 62

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Middle Triassic
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 63

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Middle Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Early Ordovician
D	Early Silurian
E	Middle Ordovician

Question 64

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Devonian
B	Cambrian
C	Carboniferous
D	Permian
E	Silurian

Question 65

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
B	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
C	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
D	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
E	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
F	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)

Question 66

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Circulatory
B	Respiratory
C	Movement
D	Chewing

Question 67

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 68

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
B	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
C	Their colour will varies with heat.
D	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.

Question 69

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Lower Devonian
B	Lower Permian
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Silurian

Question 70

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
B	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
D	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
E	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 71

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	anterior
B	ventral
C	septal
D	posterior

Question 72

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Late Cambrian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Early Devonian

Question 73

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Jurassic
D	Permian
E	Silurian

Question 73 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 74

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
B	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
C	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
D	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
E	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus

Question 75

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Agnostida
B	Redlichiida
C	Lichida
D	Asaphida
E	Proetida

Question 76

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Upper Cambrian
F	Lower Cambrian

Question 77

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Ventral
B	Anterior
C	Dorsal
D	Posterior

Question 78

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	reclined
B	recurved
C	scandent
D	pendent
E	nema
F	decurved

Question 79

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. dips
B	I. lobes II. sulci
C	I. lobes II. dips
D	I. nodes II. sulci
E	I. peaks II. troughs

Question 80

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Devonian
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Silurian
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Jurassic
F	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 81

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Bactritoids
B	Ceratites
C	Belemnites
D	Nautilids

Question 82

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	peristome projections
B	constricted
C	contracted
D	open
E	visored

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).