GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Evolute
B	Brevicone
C	Torticone
D	Involute
E	Gyrocone

Question 2

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Irregular
B	two-fold with a mirrored plane
C	Regular
D	Pentameral

Question 3

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	constricted
B	peristome projections
C	open
D	contracted
E	visored

Question 4

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	True
B	False

Question 5

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	II
B	I
C	VI
D	III
E	V
F	IV
G	VII

Question 6

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Devonian
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Silurian

Question 7

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
B	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
C	Their colour will varies with heat.
D	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.

Question 8

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Bactritoids
B	Ceratites
C	Nautilids
D	Belemnites

Question 9

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Middle Permian

Question 10

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 100 - 190
B	~ 50 - 200
C	~ 190 - 300
D	~ 50 - 300

Question 10 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 11

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , recurved
B	recurved , declined
C	recurved , scandent
D	recurved , pendent
E	decurved , declined
F	decurved , pendent

Question 12

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Dorsal
B	Posterior
C	Ventral
D	Anterior

Question 13

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Middle Triassic
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 14

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Evolute
B	Torticone
C	Brevicone
D	Gyrocone
E	Involute

Question 15

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	V
B	IV
C	I
D	II
E	VII
F	III

Question 16

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	cardinal sinus
B	septal neck
C	proloculus
D	hyponomic sinus

Question 17

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Ptychopariida
B	Proetida
C	Agnostida
D	Phacopida
E	Asaphida

Question 18

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Nautilus
B	Ceratites
C	Baculites
D	Aragonauta
E	Nipponites

Question 19

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Cambrian to Late Permian
B	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
C	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
D	Devonian to Early Carboniferous

Question 20

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Middle Permian

Question 21

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are marine organisms.
B	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
C	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
D	They reproduce asexually.
E	They have no known predators.

Question 23

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
B	they have several sets of eyes.
C	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
D	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
E	they have many feet.

Question 24

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	pendent
B	scandent
C	decurved
D	reclined
E	nema
F	recurved

Question 25

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Movement across surfaces
B	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
C	Defense and prey
D	Sexual reproduction

Question 25 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 26

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
B	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
C	Compression of shell structures.
D	Development of feet.

Question 27

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Devonian
D	Jurassic
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
F	Silurian

Question 28

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the length to width ratio.
D	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
E	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.

Question 29

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 30

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Silurian
B	Permian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.

Question 31

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
C	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
D	They are mammals.

Question 32

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Evolute
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Brevicone
E	Involute

Question 33

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Middle Jurassic
B	Lower Devonian
C	Lower Permian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Silurian

Question 34

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
B	True
C	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
D	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.

Question 35

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	inhalant siphon
B	exhalant siphon
C	digestive track
D	byssal threads

Question 36

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
B	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
C	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
D	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
F	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 37

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Circulatory
B	Chewing
C	Movement
D	Respiratory

Question 38

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 39

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Carboniferous
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Silurian

Question 40

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
B	They are valuable as a jewellery.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 41

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	contracted
B	constricted
C	visored
D	open
E	peristome projections

Question 42

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Ordovician, Permian
B	Early Silurian , Permian
C	Late Silurian , Devonian
D	Upper Ordovician , Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous

Question 43

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 43 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 44

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	nema
B	theca
C	stipe
D	autotheca
E	sicula
F	nema

Question 45

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 30 cm
B	~ 5 cm
C	~ 70 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 46

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Agnostida
D	Redlichiida
E	Corynexochida

Question 47

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	delicious
B	siliceous
C	calcitic
D	biochemical
E	arragonitic

Question 48

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 48 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 49

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	democrystals
B	bio-calcites
C	synthetically produced calcites
D	oligocrystals

Question 50

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Early Ordovician
C	Middle Devonian
D	Middle Ordovician
E	Early Silurian

Question 51

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Ceratites
B	Aragonauta
C	Nipponites
D	Nautilus
E	Baculites

Question 52

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	open
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	visored

Question 53

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Proetida
B	Asaphida
C	Lichida
D	Redlichiida
E	Agnostida

Question 54

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	reclined , horizontal
B	scandent , pendent
C	recurved , horizontal
D	scandent , horizontal
E	decurved , horizontal
F	decurved , pendent
G	recurved , pendent

Question 55

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Silurian
B	Permian
C	Ediacaran
D	Cambrian
E	Ordovician

Question 56

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
B	Coiled
C	Bilateral
D	Pentameral

Question 57

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	mural
B	anterior suture
C	hyponomic sinus
D	anulus (or annulus)
E	septum

Question 58

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
B	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
C	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
D	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
F	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)

Question 59

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
C	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
D	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 60

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Silurian
D	Jurassic
E	Permian

Question 60 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 61

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Early Cambrian
E	Late Devonian
F	Middle Cambrian

Question 62

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
B	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
C	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
E	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria

Question 63

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. sulci
B	I. nodes II. sulci
C	I. peaks II. troughs
D	I. lobes II. dips
E	I. nodes II. dips

Question 64

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian

Question 65

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Mid Devonian
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 66

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 35 cm
B	~12 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 67

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Spines
B	Large, 360-degree type eyes
C	Segmented carapace
D	Smooth outer shell (carapace)

Question 68

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the pale-enviroment.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the depth of burial.

Question 68 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 69

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Late Devonian
D	Late Cambrian
E	Middle Cambrian

Question 70

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Isotelus rex
B	Niobids
C	Ogygites
D	Eurypterus
E	Trinucleus

Question 71

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	thorax
B	axial lobe
C	siphuncle
D	pygidium
E	cephalon

Question 72

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 72 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 73

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Devonian
B	Permian
C	Carboniferous
D	Cambrian
E	Ordovician

Question 74

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	160 million years old
B	150 million years old
C	50 million years old
D	110 million years old
E	180 million years old
F	210 million years old

Question 75

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
B	By increasing the size of the tail.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of gills.

Question 76

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Lasanius
B	Astraspis
C	Saccabambaspis
D	Placoderms

Question 77

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	open
B	contracted
C	visored
D	constricted
E	peristome projections

Question 78

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 79

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	anterior
B	posterior
C	septal
D	ventral

Question 80

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Enterponeuts
B	Urochordates
C	Tunicates
D	Cephalochordates

Question 81

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Ordovician/Silurian
C	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
D	At the Permian/Triassic

Question 82

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	pentameral
B	lacks symmetry
C	spherical
D	bilateral
E	radial

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).