GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Devonian
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Jurassic
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
F	Silurian

Question 2

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	open
C	constricted
D	visored
E	contracted

Question 3

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 3 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 4

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
D	Based on the length to width ratio.
E	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.

Question 5

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 5 cm
B	~ 30 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 70 cm

Question 6

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
B	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
C	Cambrian to Late Permian
D	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)

Question 7

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	nema
B	sicula
C	stipe
D	theca
E	autotheca
F	nema

Question 8

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
B	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
C	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
D	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
E	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
F	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 9

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of gills.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By increasing the size of the tail.
D	By splitting the tail into parts.

Question 10

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Early Devonian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Upper Cambrian
F	Middle Cambrian

Question 11

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Middle Permian
B	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 12

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	mural
B	hyponomic sinus
C	anulus (or annulus)
D	septum
E	anterior suture

Question 13

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	recurved
B	decurved
C	reclined
D	nema
E	pendent
F	scandent

Question 14

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Devonian
E	Carboniferous

Question 15

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
C	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 16

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	150 million years old
B	110 million years old
C	160 million years old
D	180 million years old
E	210 million years old
F	50 million years old

Question 17

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Silurian , Permian
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician , Permian
D	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
E	Early Ordovician, Permian

Question 18

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Ptychopariida
B	Asaphida
C	Proetida
D	Agnostida
E	Phacopida

Question 19

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Gyrocone
B	Torticone
C	Brevicone
D	Involute
E	Evolute

Question 20

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Trinucleus
B	Eurypterus
C	Ogygites
D	Isotelus rex
E	Niobids

Question 21

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Spines
B	Segmented carapace
C	Large, 360-degree type eyes
D	Smooth outer shell (carapace)

Question 22

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 22 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 23

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	II
B	V
C	VI
D	IV
E	I
F	III
G	VII

Question 24

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
B	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
C	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
E	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea

Question 25

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Posterior
B	Dorsal
C	Anterior
D	Ventral

Question 26

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the pale-enviroment.
B	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the depth of burial.

Question 26 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 27

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 28

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Late Cambrian

Question 29

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 35 cm
B	~ 150 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 30

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 200
B	~ 190 - 300
C	~ 50 - 300
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 30 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 31

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Lower Devonian
B	Middle Jurassic
C	Silurian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Lower Permian

Question 32

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Tunicates
B	Cephalochordates
C	Urochordates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 33

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Permian
B	Silurian
C	Jurassic
D	Ordovician
E	Cambrian

Question 33 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 34

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Agnostida
B	Asaphida
C	Lichida
D	Redlichiida
E	Proetida

Question 35

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
B	they have many feet.
C	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
D	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
E	they have several sets of eyes.

Question 36

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	two-fold with a mirrored plane
B	Regular
C	Irregular
D	Pentameral

Question 37

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
B	Permian
C	Lower Silurian
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 38

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
B	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
E	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic

Question 39

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 40

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	open
E	visored

Question 41

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Nautilids
B	Ceratites
C	Bactritoids
D	Belemnites

Question 42

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	siphuncle
B	cephalon
C	pygidium
D	thorax
E	axial lobe

Question 43

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 44

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. sulci
B	I. lobes II. sulci
C	I. lobes II. dips
D	I. nodes II. dips
E	I. peaks II. troughs

Question 45

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Mid Devonian
D	Mid Cretaceous
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 46

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	calcitic
B	arragonitic
C	delicious
D	siliceous
E	biochemical

Question 47

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Torticone
B	Brevicone
C	Gyrocone
D	Evolute
E	Involute

Question 48

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Middle Triassic
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 49

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	bio-calcites
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	oligocrystals
D	democrystals

Question 50

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Redlichiida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Phacopida
D	Agnostida
E	Corynexochida

Question 51

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	septal neck
B	cardinal sinus
C	proloculus
D	hyponomic sinus

Question 52

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Defense and prey
D	Sexual reproduction

Question 52 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 53

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	III
B	I
C	V
D	VII
E	IV
F	II

Question 54

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Ediacaran
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Silurian
E	Cambrian

Question 55

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Early Ordovician
C	Early Cambrian
D	Middle Ordovician
E	Middle Devonian

Question 56

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are valuable as a jewellery.
B	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 57

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	digestive track
B	inhalant siphon
C	exhalant siphon
D	byssal threads

Question 58

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	contracted
B	constricted
C	open
D	visored
E	peristome projections

Question 59

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Movement
B	Respiratory
C	Circulatory
D	Chewing

Question 60

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	contracted
B	peristome projections
C	open
D	visored
E	constricted

Question 61

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
C	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
D	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
E	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 62

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Middle Permian
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)

Question 63

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	Their colour will varies with heat.
B	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
C	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
D	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.

Question 64

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They are mammals.
C	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
D	They do not have organs or specialized cells.

Question 65

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
B	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
C	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
D	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
E	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)

Question 66

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
B	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
C	Development of feet.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 67

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Carboniferous
B	Cambrian
C	Silurian
D	Devonian
E	Permian

Question 68

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Astraspis
B	Saccabambaspis
C	Placoderms
D	Lasanius

Question 69

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Bilateral
B	Coiled
C	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
D	Pentameral

Question 70

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are marine organisms.
B	They have no known predators.
C	They reproduce asexually.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.

Question 71

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Permian/Triassic
B	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
C	At the Ordovician/Silurian
D	At the Triassic/Jurassic

Question 72

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	radial
B	spherical
C	bilateral
D	lacks symmetry
E	pentameral

Question 73

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Baculites
B	Aragonauta
C	Ceratites
D	Nautilus
E	Nipponites

Question 74

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	scandent , horizontal
B	recurved , pendent
C	decurved , horizontal
D	scandent , pendent
E	recurved , horizontal
F	decurved , pendent
G	reclined , horizontal

Question 75

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	ventral
B	septal
C	anterior
D	posterior

Question 76

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , declined
B	decurved , declined
C	recurved , scandent
D	decurved , pendent
E	decurved , recurved
F	recurved , pendent

Question 77

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 77 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 78

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Involute
B	Evolute
C	Torticone
D	Brevicone
E	Gyrocone

Question 79

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Ceratites
B	Nautilus
C	Baculites
D	Nipponites
E	Aragonauta

Question 80

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 81

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
B	True
C	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
D	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.

Question 82

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Silurian
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Permian

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).