GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
B	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 2

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Development of feet.
B	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
C	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 3

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 3 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 4

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	VI
B	VII
C	III
D	IV
E	II
F	I
G	V

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
B	They reproduce asexually.
C	They have no known predators.
D	They are marine organisms.
E	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.

Question 6

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	peristome projections
C	visored
D	open
E	constricted

Question 7

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	posterior
B	septal
C	ventral
D	anterior

Question 8

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Silurian
B	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Permian

Question 9

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Middle Triassic
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 10

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 100 - 190
B	~ 50 - 300
C	~ 50 - 200
D	~ 190 - 300

Question 10 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 11

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	recurved , pendent
B	reclined , horizontal
C	scandent , pendent
D	scandent , horizontal
E	decurved , pendent
F	recurved , horizontal
G	decurved , horizontal

Question 12

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Middle Permian
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Early Permian (aka lower P)

Question 13

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
C	Bilateral
D	Pentameral

Question 14

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , declined
B	recurved , scandent
C	decurved , recurved
D	recurved , declined
E	recurved , pendent
F	decurved , pendent

Question 15

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Movement
B	Respiratory
C	Circulatory
D	Chewing

Question 16

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Belemnites
B	Nautilids
C	Bactritoids
D	Ceratites

Question 17

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
B	Based on the length to width ratio.
C	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
D	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
E	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).

Question 18

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
C	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
D	They are mammals.

Question 19

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	cephalon
B	axial lobe
C	siphuncle
D	pygidium
E	thorax

Question 20

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	peristome projections
B	visored
C	open
D	constricted
E	contracted

Question 21

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	Their colour will varies with heat.
B	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.

Question 22

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 35 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 23

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
B	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
C	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
D	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
E	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria

Question 24

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Ceratites
B	Nautilus
C	Aragonauta
D	Baculites
E	Nipponites

Question 25

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Sexual reproduction
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Defense and prey
D	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)

Question 25 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 26

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	proloculus
B	septal neck
C	cardinal sinus
D	hyponomic sinus

Question 27

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Middle Permian

Question 28

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the depth of burial.
B	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 28 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 29

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 30

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Jurassic
E	Silurian

Question 30 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 31

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Devonian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Lower Cambrian
E	Late Devonian
F	Middle Cambrian

Question 32

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of the tail.
B	By splitting the tail into parts.
C	By increasing the size of gills.
D	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.

Question 33

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Agnostida
B	Corynexochida
C	Phacopida
D	Ptychopariida
E	Redlichiida

Question 34

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 35

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Lower Permian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Silurian
E	Lower Devonian

Question 36

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 37

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	arragonitic
B	calcitic
C	delicious
D	biochemical
E	siliceous

Question 38

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Silurian
B	Devonian
C	Permian
D	Cambrian
E	Carboniferous

Question 39

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	oligocrystals
B	bio-calcites
C	democrystals
D	synthetically produced calcites

Question 40

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are valuable as a jewellery.
B	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 41

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Mid Devonian
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 42

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
B	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
C	they have many feet.
D	they have several sets of eyes.
E	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.

Question 43

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Evolute
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Involute
E	Brevicone

Question 44

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	pentameral
B	lacks symmetry
C	radial
D	spherical
E	bilateral

Question 45

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 46

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Redlichiida
B	Proetida
C	Agnostida
D	Asaphida
E	Lichida

Question 47

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
B	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
C	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
D	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
E	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 48

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 49

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Ceratites
B	Baculites
C	Nautilus
D	Aragonauta
E	Nipponites

Question 50

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Permian
B	Devonian
C	Ordovician
D	Carboniferous
E	Cambrian

Question 51

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Silurian
D	Devonian

Question 52

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Ediacaran
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Permian
E	Silurian

Question 53

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 53 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 54

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	recurved
B	decurved
C	nema
D	scandent
E	reclined
F	pendent

Question 55

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Spines
B	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
C	Segmented carapace
D	Large, 360-degree type eyes

Question 56

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Ordovician/Silurian
C	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
D	At the Permian/Triassic

Question 57

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Late Devonian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Early Cambrian
E	Late Cambrian

Question 58

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Tunicates
B	Urochordates
C	Cephalochordates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 59

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
B	True
C	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
D	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.

Question 60

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 70 cm
B	~ 30 cm
C	~ 5 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 61

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Ogygites
B	Trinucleus
C	Isotelus rex
D	Niobids
E	Eurypterus

Question 62

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 62 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 63

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	VII
B	IV
C	V
D	I
E	III
F	II

Question 64

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Early Ordovician
C	Middle Devonian
D	Early Silurian
E	Middle Ordovician

Question 65

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	septum
B	hyponomic sinus
C	anterior suture
D	anulus (or annulus)
E	mural

Question 66

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Brevicone
B	Torticone
C	Evolute
D	Gyrocone
E	Involute

Question 67

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	visored
C	contracted
D	constricted
E	open

Question 68

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	digestive track
C	byssal threads
D	inhalant siphon

Question 69

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Gyrocone
B	Evolute
C	Brevicone
D	Involute
E	Torticone

Question 70

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Phacopida
B	Asaphida
C	Proetida
D	Ptychopariida
E	Agnostida

Question 71

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Ventral
B	Dorsal
C	Anterior
D	Posterior

Question 72

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Astraspis
C	Lasanius
D	Saccabambaspis

Question 73

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
B	Early Ordovician, Permian
C	Early Silurian , Permian
D	Late Silurian , Devonian
E	Upper Ordovician , Permian

Question 74

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	stipe
B	nema
C	autotheca
D	sicula
E	nema
F	theca

Question 75

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Jurassic
C	Devonian
D	Silurian
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
F	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 76

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	True
B	False

Question 77

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	210 million years old
B	150 million years old
C	110 million years old
D	50 million years old
E	180 million years old
F	160 million years old

Question 78

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	contracted
B	visored
C	peristome projections
D	constricted
E	open

Question 79

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. dips
B	I. lobes II. sulci
C	I. nodes II. sulci
D	I. peaks II. troughs
E	I. lobes II. dips

Question 80

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Cambrian to Late Permian
B	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
C	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
D	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)

Question 81

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
B	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
C	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
D	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)

Question 82

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Pentameral
B	two-fold with a mirrored plane
C	Regular
D	Irregular

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).