GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 2

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Movement
B	Chewing
C	Respiratory
D	Circulatory

Question 3

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Early Ordovician
C	Early Cambrian
D	Middle Ordovician
E	Middle Devonian

Question 4

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 35 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 5

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 50 - 200
C	~ 190 - 300
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 5 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 6

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
B	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
D	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 7

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 8

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
B	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
D	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
E	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 9

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	True
B	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
C	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 10

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Lower Silurian
C	Permian
D	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.

Question 11

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Saccabambaspis
C	Astraspis
D	Lasanius

Question 12

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 13

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Late Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Middle Cambrian
F	Early Devonian

Question 14

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	III
B	VII
C	I
D	IV
E	VI
F	II
G	V

Question 15

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Torticone
B	Evolute
C	Gyrocone
D	Involute
E	Brevicone

Question 16

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Devonian
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Ordovician
E	Carboniferous

Question 17

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
B	they have many feet.
C	they have several sets of eyes.
D	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
E	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.

Question 18

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	peristome projections
B	constricted
C	contracted
D	open
E	visored

Question 19

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Middle Permian
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They have no known predators.
B	They are marine organisms.
C	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
D	They reproduce asexually.
E	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.

Question 21

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 21 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 22

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
B	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	Their colour will varies with heat.

Question 23

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	ventral
B	anterior
C	posterior
D	septal

Question 24

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Bactritoids
B	Nautilids
C	Ceratites
D	Belemnites

Question 25

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Phacopida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Agnostida
D	Asaphida
E	Proetida

Question 26

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Baculites
B	Nautilus
C	Ceratites
D	Nipponites
E	Aragonauta

Question 27

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
B	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
C	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
D	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
E	Based on the length to width ratio.

Question 28

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Ventral
B	Anterior
C	Dorsal
D	Posterior

Question 29

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	V
B	II
C	I
D	III
E	VII
F	IV

Question 30

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	cardinal sinus
B	hyponomic sinus
C	septal neck
D	proloculus

Question 31

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Late Silurian , Devonian
B	Upper Ordovician , Permian
C	Early Silurian , Permian
D	Early Ordovician, Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous

Question 32

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	oligocrystals
B	democrystals
C	synthetically produced calcites
D	bio-calcites

Question 33

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
C	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 34

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Middle Permian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 35

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Agnostida
B	Redlichiida
C	Phacopida
D	Corynexochida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 36

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	contracted
B	visored
C	open
D	peristome projections
E	constricted

Question 37

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Brevicone
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Evolute
E	Involute

Question 38

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Sexual reproduction
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Defense and prey
D	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)

Question 38 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 39

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Asaphida
B	Redlichiida
C	Agnostida
D	Proetida
E	Lichida

Question 40

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , pendent
B	decurved , recurved
C	recurved , scandent
D	decurved , declined
E	recurved , declined
F	decurved , pendent

Question 41

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	constricted
B	open
C	contracted
D	peristome projections
E	visored

Question 42

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	peristome projections
B	visored
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	open

Question 43

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	radial
B	pentameral
C	lacks symmetry
D	bilateral
E	spherical

Question 44

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. dips
B	I. peaks II. troughs
C	I. lobes II. dips
D	I. nodes II. sulci
E	I. lobes II. sulci

Question 45

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Torticone
B	Involute
C	Gyrocone
D	Brevicone
E	Evolute

Question 46

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Ordovician
B	Jurassic
C	Permian
D	Silurian
E	Cambrian

Question 46 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 47

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Cambrian
D	Carboniferous
E	Permian

Question 48

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
B	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
C	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
D	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
F	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)

Question 49

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Middle Triassic
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Early Permian (aka lower P)

Question 50

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Tunicates
B	Urochordates
C	Cephalochordates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 51

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	digestive track
C	inhalant siphon
D	byssal threads

Question 52

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the pale-enviroment.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.

Question 52 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 53

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	axial lobe
B	thorax
C	siphuncle
D	cephalon
E	pygidium

Question 54

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 54 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 55

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Baculites
B	Nautilus
C	Nipponites
D	Aragonauta
E	Ceratites

Question 56

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
B	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
C	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
D	They are valuable as a jewellery.

Question 57

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	reclined , horizontal
B	scandent , horizontal
C	scandent , pendent
D	recurved , horizontal
E	decurved , horizontal
F	decurved , pendent
G	recurved , pendent

Question 58

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	scandent
B	decurved
C	nema
D	recurved
E	reclined
F	pendent

Question 59

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	180 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	160 million years old
D	110 million years old
E	150 million years old
F	50 million years old

Question 60

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Silurian
B	Middle Jurassic
C	Lower Devonian
D	Lower Permian
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 61

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	sicula
B	nema
C	theca
D	autotheca
E	stipe
F	nema

Question 62

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Niobids
B	Trinucleus
C	Isotelus rex
D	Eurypterus
E	Ogygites

Question 63

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
C	Mid Devonian
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Early Permian (aka lower P)

Question 64

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
B	Coiled
C	Pentameral
D	Bilateral

Question 65

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
B	Development of feet.
C	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 66

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
B	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 67

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
B	At the Ordovician/Silurian
C	At the Permian/Triassic
D	At the Triassic/Jurassic

Question 68

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anulus (or annulus)
B	anterior suture
C	septum
D	mural
E	hyponomic sinus

Question 69

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	two-fold with a mirrored plane
B	Irregular
C	Regular
D	Pentameral

Question 70

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 70 cm
B	~ 30 cm
C	~ 5 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 71

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 71 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 72

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Permian
D	Cambrian

Question 73

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
B	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
C	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
D	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
E	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea

Question 74

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Late Devonian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Early Devonian
E	Late Cambrian

Question 75

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
B	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
C	Cambrian to Late Permian
D	Devonian to Early Carboniferous

Question 76

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Ediacaran
D	Permian
E	Ordovician

Question 77

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 78

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 79

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Devonian
D	Jurassic
E	Silurian
F	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 80

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	siliceous
B	arragonitic
C	biochemical
D	calcitic
E	delicious

Question 81

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They are mammals.
C	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
D	They do not have organs or specialized cells.

Question 82

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Spines
B	Segmented carapace
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Large, 360-degree type eyes

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
FAQ | Report an Error

Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).