GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Ceratites
B	Aragonauta
C	Nipponites
D	Nautilus
E	Baculites

Question 2

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	inhalant siphon
C	digestive track
D	byssal threads

Question 3

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Respiratory
B	Chewing
C	Circulatory
D	Movement

Question 4

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	constricted
C	peristome projections
D	visored
E	open

Question 5

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Involute
B	Gyrocone
C	Brevicone
D	Evolute
E	Torticone

Question 6

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Ordovician
D	Ediacaran
E	Permian

Question 7

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Isotelus rex
B	Niobids
C	Eurypterus
D	Ogygites
E	Trinucleus

Question 8

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Defense and prey
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Sexual reproduction
D	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)

Question 8 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 9

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Early Silurian , Permian
D	Early Ordovician, Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Permian

Question 10

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	cephalon
B	axial lobe
C	siphuncle
D	pygidium
E	thorax

Question 11

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Late Cambrian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Late Devonian
D	Early Devonian
E	Middle Cambrian

Question 12

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 12 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 13

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Nautilids
B	Bactritoids
C	Belemnites
D	Ceratites

Question 14

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 15

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
B	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
C	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
D	Their colour will varies with heat.

Question 16

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Middle Permian
E	Early Permian (aka lower P)

Question 17

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	scandent , pendent
B	recurved , pendent
C	reclined , horizontal
D	scandent , horizontal
E	decurved , pendent
F	recurved , horizontal
G	decurved , horizontal

Question 18

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Torticone
B	Brevicone
C	Evolute
D	Involute
E	Gyrocone

Question 19

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are marine organisms.
B	They reproduce asexually.
C	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They have no known predators.

Question 21

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
B	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
C	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
D	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
E	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)

Question 22

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	open
B	contracted
C	peristome projections
D	constricted
E	visored

Question 23

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
B	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
C	Cambrian to Late Permian
D	Devonian to Early Carboniferous

Question 24

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Lower Silurian
D	Permian

Question 25

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Silurian
D	Ordovician
E	Jurassic

Question 25 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 26

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
C	Pentameral
D	Bilateral

Question 27

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Silurian
B	Devonian
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Jurassic
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
F	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 28

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 29

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Silurian
B	Cambrian
C	Carboniferous
D	Permian
E	Devonian

Question 30

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 31

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	sicula
B	nema
C	theca
D	autotheca
E	stipe
F	nema

Question 32

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	hyponomic sinus
B	mural
C	anulus (or annulus)
D	anterior suture
E	septum

Question 33

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. sulci
B	I. lobes II. dips
C	I. nodes II. sulci
D	I. nodes II. dips
E	I. peaks II. troughs

Question 34

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Astraspis
B	Saccabambaspis
C	Placoderms
D	Lasanius

Question 35

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	I
B	IV
C	III
D	V
E	II
F	VII

Question 36

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	siliceous
B	arragonitic
C	biochemical
D	calcitic
E	delicious

Question 37

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 37 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 38

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	constricted
B	peristome projections
C	open
D	contracted
E	visored

Question 39

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	True
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 40

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Nipponites
B	Nautilus
C	Aragonauta
D	Ceratites
E	Baculites

Question 41

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	pendent
B	scandent
C	recurved
D	reclined
E	decurved
F	nema

Question 42

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	bio-calcites
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	democrystals
D	oligocrystals

Question 43

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
B	Segmented carapace
C	Spines
D	Large, 360-degree type eyes

Question 44

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 45

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Devonian
B	Carboniferous
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician
E	Permian

Question 46

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Middle Permian
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)

Question 47

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Agnostida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Corynexochida
E	Redlichiida

Question 48

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	septal neck
B	hyponomic sinus
C	cardinal sinus
D	proloculus

Question 49

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
B	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
C	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
D	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
E	Based on the length to width ratio.

Question 50

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Devonian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Lower Cambrian
E	Early Cambrian
F	Late Devonian

Question 51

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
B	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
C	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
D	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
E	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa

Question 52

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , declined
B	decurved , recurved
C	recurved , scandent
D	recurved , declined
E	recurved , pendent
F	decurved , pendent

Question 53

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Ordovician
B	Middle Devonian
C	Middle Ordovician
D	Early Cambrian
E	Early Silurian

Question 54

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 100 - 190
C	~ 50 - 200
D	~ 190 - 300

Question 54 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 55

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 55 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 56

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Dorsal
B	Anterior
C	Posterior
D	Ventral

Question 57

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	spherical
B	pentameral
C	bilateral
D	lacks symmetry
E	radial

Question 58

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Lower Permian
D	Middle Jurassic
E	Lower Devonian

Question 59

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	open
B	visored
C	contracted
D	peristome projections
E	constricted

Question 60

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 150 cm
B	~ 100 cm
C	~ 35 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 61

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
B	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
C	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
D	they have several sets of eyes.
E	they have many feet.

Question 62

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	110 million years old
B	160 million years old
C	50 million years old
D	150 million years old
E	180 million years old
F	210 million years old

Question 63

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 70 cm
C	~ 5 cm
D	~ 30 cm

Question 64

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Permian/Triassic
B	At the Ordovician/Silurian
C	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
D	At the Triassic/Jurassic

Question 65

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Asaphida
B	Redlichiida
C	Proetida
D	Agnostida
E	Lichida

Question 66

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
B	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
C	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
D	They are valuable as a jewellery.

Question 67

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	two-fold with a mirrored plane
B	Pentameral
C	Irregular
D	Regular

Question 68

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	IV
B	III
C	V
D	VI
E	II
F	I
G	VII

Question 69

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Permian
B	Silurian
C	Cambrian
D	Devonian

Question 70

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 70 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 71

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
B	They are Invertebrates.
C	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
D	They are mammals.

Question 72

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Proetida
B	Agnostida
C	Asaphida
D	Phacopida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 73

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Involute
B	Brevicone
C	Torticone
D	Gyrocone
E	Evolute

Question 74

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 75

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
B	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician

Question 76

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
B	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
C	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
D	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
E	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
F	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 77

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Mid Devonian
D	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
E	Mid Cretaceous

Question 78

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	septal
B	ventral
C	posterior
D	anterior

Question 79

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Tunicates
B	Enterponeuts
C	Urochordates
D	Cephalochordates

Question 80

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
B	Development of feet.
C	Compression of shell structures.
D	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.

Question 81

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 82

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By splitting the tail into parts.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
FAQ | Report an Error

Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).