GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Agnostida
B	Phacopida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Redlichiida
E	Corynexochida

Question 2

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Middle Ordovician
C	Middle Devonian
D	Early Ordovician
E	Early Cambrian

Question 3

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	calcitic
B	arragonitic
C	delicious
D	biochemical
E	siliceous

Question 4

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Mid Devonian
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 5

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Middle Jurassic
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Lower Permian
D	Lower Devonian
E	Silurian

Question 6

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	visored
B	open
C	constricted
D	peristome projections
E	contracted

Question 7

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Permian
D	Devonian

Question 8

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Movement
C	Circulatory
D	Respiratory

Question 9

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are valuable as a jewellery.
B	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
C	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 10

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	I
B	III
C	IV
D	II
E	VII
F	V

Question 11

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Silurian
B	Permian
C	Carboniferous
D	Cambrian
E	Devonian

Question 12

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Torticone
B	Gyrocone
C	Evolute
D	Involute
E	Brevicone

Question 13

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
B	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
C	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
D	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
E	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)

Question 14

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 14 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 15

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 16

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Belemnites
B	Bactritoids
C	Ceratites
D	Nautilids

Question 17

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Trinucleus
B	Eurypterus
C	Niobids
D	Ogygites
E	Isotelus rex

Question 18

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	nema
B	pendent
C	recurved
D	reclined
E	scandent
F	decurved

Question 19

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. dips
B	I. nodes II. sulci
C	I. peaks II. troughs
D	I. nodes II. dips
E	I. lobes II. sulci

Question 20

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	proloculus
B	hyponomic sinus
C	septal neck
D	cardinal sinus

Question 21

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Lower Cambrian
E	Late Devonian
F	Middle Cambrian

Question 22

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
B	Defense and prey
C	Sexual reproduction
D	Movement across surfaces

Question 22 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 23

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
D	True

Question 24

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Middle Permian

Question 25

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Large, 360-degree type eyes
B	Spines
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Segmented carapace

Question 26

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	decurved , pendent
B	decurved , horizontal
C	recurved , horizontal
D	recurved , pendent
E	scandent , pendent
F	reclined , horizontal
G	scandent , horizontal

Question 27

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 28

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	180 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	150 million years old
D	50 million years old
E	160 million years old
F	110 million years old

Question 29

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 30

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 200
B	~ 190 - 300
C	~ 50 - 300
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 30 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 31

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Pentameral
B	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
C	Bilateral
D	Coiled

Question 32

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 33

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
B	They have no known predators.
C	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
D	They are marine organisms.
E	They reproduce asexually.

Question 34

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
D	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 35

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
D	Based on the length to width ratio.
E	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).

Question 36

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 37

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
B	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
C	They are Invertebrates.
D	They are mammals.

Question 38

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Nautilus
B	Aragonauta
C	Ceratites
D	Nipponites
E	Baculites

Question 39

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Jurassic
B	Devonian
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
F	Silurian

Question 40

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Pentameral
C	two-fold with a mirrored plane
D	Irregular

Question 41

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Carboniferous
B	Ordovician
C	Devonian
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 42

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	thorax
B	pygidium
C	cephalon
D	axial lobe
E	siphuncle

Question 43

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 35 cm
B	~ 150 cm
C	~12 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 44

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	democrystals
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	bio-calcites
D	oligocrystals

Question 45

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Phacopida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Agnostida
D	Proetida
E	Asaphida

Question 46

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Upper Ordovician , Permian
B	Early Silurian , Permian
C	Early Ordovician, Permian
D	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
E	Late Silurian , Devonian

Question 47

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , declined
B	recurved , scandent
C	decurved , pendent
D	recurved , pendent
E	recurved , declined
F	decurved , recurved

Question 48

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Dorsal
B	Ventral
C	Anterior
D	Posterior

Question 49

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
B	Permian
C	Lower Silurian
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 50

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
B	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
D	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
E	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 51

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 5 cm
C	~ 70 cm
D	~ 30 cm

Question 52

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
B	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
C	Cambrian to Late Permian
D	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic

Question 53

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 54

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Silurian
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Ordovician
E	Jurassic

Question 54 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 55

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the depth of burial.
C	Determining the pale-enviroment.
D	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.

Question 55 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 56

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
B	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
C	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
D	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
E	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria

Question 57

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Nipponites
B	Aragonauta
C	Ceratites
D	Baculites
E	Nautilus

Question 58

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Ordovician
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Ediacaran
E	Silurian

Question 59

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Saccabambaspis
B	Placoderms
C	Lasanius
D	Astraspis

Question 60

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Involute
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Evolute
E	Brevicone

Question 61

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	constricted
B	open
C	contracted
D	visored
E	peristome projections

Question 62

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 63

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	inhalant siphon
C	digestive track
D	byssal threads

Question 64

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several sets of eyes.
B	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
C	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
D	they have many feet.
E	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.

Question 65

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 66

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 66 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 67

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	constricted
B	open
C	peristome projections
D	contracted
E	visored

Question 68

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Devonian
B	Late Cambrian
C	Late Devonian
D	Middle Cambrian
E	Early Cambrian

Question 69

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Permian/Triassic
B	At the Triassic/Jurassic
C	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
D	At the Ordovician/Silurian

Question 70

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Proetida
B	Agnostida
C	Redlichiida
D	Asaphida
E	Lichida

Question 71

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Brevicone
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Evolute
E	Involute

Question 72

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	V
B	II
C	IV
D	III
E	I
F	VI
G	VII

Question 73

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Enterponeuts
B	Tunicates
C	Cephalochordates
D	Urochordates

Question 74

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
B	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
C	Their colour will varies with heat.
D	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.

Question 75

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	ventral
B	anterior
C	posterior
D	septal

Question 76

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Middle Permian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 77

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	pentameral
B	lacks symmetry
C	bilateral
D	radial
E	spherical

Question 78

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	stipe
B	nema
C	theca
D	sicula
E	autotheca
F	nema

Question 79

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	open
B	constricted
C	contracted
D	peristome projections
E	visored

Question 80

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
B	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
C	Compression of shell structures.
D	Development of feet.

Question 81

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anulus (or annulus)
B	hyponomic sinus
C	anterior suture
D	mural
E	septum

Question 82

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 82 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).