GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	anterior
B	ventral
C	septal
D	posterior

Question 2

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	I
B	III
C	V
D	IV
E	II
F	VI
G	VII

Question 3

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	160 million years old
B	110 million years old
C	180 million years old
D	210 million years old
E	150 million years old
F	50 million years old

Question 4

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Middle Devonian
C	Middle Ordovician
D	Early Cambrian
E	Early Ordovician

Question 5

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 6

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Middle Cambrian
B	Late Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Late Devonian
E	Early Cambrian

Question 7

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
B	True
C	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
D	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.

Question 8

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	visored
B	open
C	peristome projections
D	contracted
E	constricted

Question 9

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Devonian
E	Carboniferous

Question 10

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Agnostida
B	Asaphida
C	Phacopida
D	Ptychopariida
E	Proetida

Question 11

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	septum
B	anulus (or annulus)
C	mural
D	hyponomic sinus
E	anterior suture

Question 12

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Carboniferous
B	Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 13

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are marine organisms.
B	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
C	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
D	They have no known predators.
E	They reproduce asexually.

Question 14

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
D	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
E	Based on the length to width ratio.

Question 15

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Silurian
B	Devonian
C	Cambrian
D	Permian

Question 16

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
B	At the Ordovician/Silurian
C	At the Triassic/Jurassic
D	At the Permian/Triassic

Question 17

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Silurian
B	Permian
C	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 18

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 19

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	visored
C	constricted
D	open
E	contracted

Question 20

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
B	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
C	they have several sets of eyes.
D	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
E	they have many feet.

Question 21

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 21 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 22

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 70 cm
C	~ 30 cm
D	~ 5 cm

Question 23

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 35 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 24

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Ordovician
B	Silurian
C	Jurassic
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 24 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 25

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	scandent
B	decurved
C	reclined
D	recurved
E	nema
F	pendent

Question 26

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 26 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 27

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. sulci
B	I. peaks II. troughs
C	I. lobes II. dips
D	I. nodes II. dips
E	I. nodes II. sulci

Question 28

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Late Silurian , Devonian
B	Upper Ordovician , Permian
C	Early Silurian , Permian
D	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
E	Early Ordovician, Permian

Question 29

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 30

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
B	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
C	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
D	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)

Question 31

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Middle Permian
E	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)

Question 32

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Ediacaran
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Silurian
E	Ordovician

Question 33

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Irregular
C	two-fold with a mirrored plane
D	Pentameral

Question 34

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
B	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
C	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
E	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa

Question 35

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of the tail.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By increasing the size of gills.
D	By splitting the tail into parts.

Question 36

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Corynexochida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Redlichiida
E	Agnostida

Question 37

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Lower Devonian
B	Middle Jurassic
C	Lower Permian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Silurian

Question 38

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 39

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
B	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
C	They are valuable as a jewellery.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 40

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
B	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
D	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
F	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 41

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Ceratites
B	Belemnites
C	Nautilids
D	Bactritoids

Question 42

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	autotheca
B	stipe
C	sicula
D	nema
E	nema
F	theca

Question 43

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Astraspis
C	Saccabambaspis
D	Lasanius

Question 44

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 190 - 300
B	~ 50 - 300
C	~ 50 - 200
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 44 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 45

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 46

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
B	They are mammals.
C	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
D	They are Invertebrates.

Question 47

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	contracted
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	open
E	visored

Question 48

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Isotelus rex
B	Niobids
C	Ogygites
D	Eurypterus
E	Trinucleus

Question 49

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	Pentameral
C	Bilateral
D	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.

Question 50

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Middle Permian
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)

Question 51

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the pale-enviroment.
B	Determining the depth of burial.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.

Question 51 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 52

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Late Devonian
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Lower Cambrian
E	Early Devonian
F	Middle Cambrian

Question 53

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Devonian
B	Mid Cretaceous
C	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 54

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Tunicates
B	Cephalochordates
C	Urochordates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 55

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Anterior
B	Posterior
C	Ventral
D	Dorsal

Question 56

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	visored
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	open

Question 57

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Brevicone
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Evolute
E	Involute

Question 58

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	arragonitic
B	siliceous
C	calcitic
D	biochemical
E	delicious

Question 59

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	recurved , horizontal
B	scandent , pendent
C	scandent , horizontal
D	decurved , horizontal
E	recurved , pendent
F	reclined , horizontal
G	decurved , pendent

Question 60

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Spines
B	Large, 360-degree type eyes
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Segmented carapace

Question 61

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Asaphida
B	Lichida
C	Redlichiida
D	Agnostida
E	Proetida

Question 62

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Nipponites
B	Baculites
C	Ceratites
D	Nautilus
E	Aragonauta

Question 63

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	hyponomic sinus
B	septal neck
C	cardinal sinus
D	proloculus

Question 64

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
B	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	Their colour will varies with heat.

Question 65

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Nipponites
B	Ceratites
C	Nautilus
D	Aragonauta
E	Baculites

Question 66

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Devonian
B	Jurassic
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Silurian
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
F	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 67

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	radial
B	lacks symmetry
C	bilateral
D	spherical
E	pentameral

Question 68

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	byssal threads
B	exhalant siphon
C	inhalant siphon
D	digestive track

Question 69

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Respiratory
C	Movement
D	Circulatory

Question 70

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	V
B	II
C	I
D	III
E	IV
F	VII

Question 71

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	bio-calcites
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	democrystals
D	oligocrystals

Question 72

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Compression of shell structures.
B	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
C	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
D	Development of feet.

Question 73

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Involute
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Brevicone
E	Evolute

Question 74

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Defense and prey
B	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
C	Sexual reproduction
D	Movement across surfaces

Question 74 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 75

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	True
B	False

Question 76

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , pendent
B	recurved , scandent
C	decurved , recurved
D	decurved , declined
E	decurved , pendent
F	recurved , declined

Question 77

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 77 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 78

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	pygidium
B	thorax
C	axial lobe
D	siphuncle
E	cephalon

Question 79

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
B	Cambrian to Late Permian
C	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
D	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic

Question 80

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
B	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
D	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 81

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Involute
B	Torticone
C	Evolute
D	Gyrocone
E	Brevicone

Question 82

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
FAQ | Report an Error

Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).