GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	mural
B	septum
C	anterior suture
D	anulus (or annulus)
E	hyponomic sinus

Question 2

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Pentameral
B	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
C	Bilateral
D	Coiled

Question 3

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	open
B	peristome projections
C	visored
D	constricted
E	contracted

Question 4

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Bactritoids
B	Belemnites
C	Ceratites
D	Nautilids

Question 5

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	autotheca
B	nema
C	stipe
D	sicula
E	nema
F	theca

Question 6

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 7

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Silurian
B	Permian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.

Question 8

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 9

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	delicious
B	biochemical
C	arragonitic
D	siliceous
E	calcitic

Question 10

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	byssal threads
B	exhalant siphon
C	inhalant siphon
D	digestive track

Question 11

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Lower Devonian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Lower Permian
D	Middle Jurassic
E	Silurian

Question 12

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Permian
B	Devonian
C	Cambrian
D	Silurian

Question 13

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
B	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
C	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
D	True

Question 14

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	cephalon
B	pygidium
C	siphuncle
D	axial lobe
E	thorax

Question 15

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Urochordates
B	Tunicates
C	Enterponeuts
D	Cephalochordates

Question 16

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	cardinal sinus
B	proloculus
C	septal neck
D	hyponomic sinus

Question 17

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Segmented carapace
B	Spines
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Large, 360-degree type eyes

Question 18

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Movement
C	Circulatory
D	Respiratory

Question 19

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , scandent
B	recurved , declined
C	decurved , recurved
D	decurved , declined
E	decurved , pendent
F	recurved , pendent

Question 20

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	reclined , horizontal
B	scandent , pendent
C	decurved , pendent
D	recurved , horizontal
E	recurved , pendent
F	decurved , horizontal
G	scandent , horizontal

Question 21

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Ordovician
B	Early Cambrian
C	Middle Devonian
D	Early Silurian
E	Middle Ordovician

Question 22

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Carboniferous
E	Devonian

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
B	Defense and prey
C	Movement across surfaces
D	Sexual reproduction

Question 23 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 24

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	110 million years old
B	180 million years old
C	150 million years old
D	160 million years old
E	210 million years old
F	50 million years old

Question 25

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Torticone
B	Gyrocone
C	Evolute
D	Involute
E	Brevicone

Question 26

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 100 - 190
B	~ 190 - 300
C	~ 50 - 200
D	~ 50 - 300

Question 26 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 27

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By splitting the tail into parts.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By increasing the size of the tail.
D	By increasing the size of gills.

Question 28

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Ordovician, Permian
B	Early Silurian , Permian
C	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
D	Upper Ordovician , Permian
E	Late Silurian , Devonian

Question 29

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Cambrian
B	Jurassic
C	Permian
D	Silurian
E	Ordovician

Question 29 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 30

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 5 cm
B	~ 30 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 70 cm

Question 31

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician

Question 32

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Ordovician/Silurian
B	At the Triassic/Jurassic
C	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
D	At the Permian/Triassic

Question 33

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	II
B	VII
C	V
D	I
E	III
F	IV

Question 34

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Permian
B	Silurian
C	Cambrian
D	Carboniferous
E	Devonian

Question 35

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Lichida
B	Asaphida
C	Proetida
D	Agnostida
E	Redlichiida

Question 36

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Middle Permian
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Early Permian (aka lower P)

Question 37

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 38

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
B	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
C	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
D	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
E	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 39

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~12 cm
B	~ 100 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~ 35 cm

Question 40

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 41

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Dorsal
B	Anterior
C	Posterior
D	Ventral

Question 42

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
B	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
C	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
D	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
E	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus

Question 43

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	VI
B	IV
C	I
D	V
E	VII
F	II
G	III

Question 44

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Development of feet.
B	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
C	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 45

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 45 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 46

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 47

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Corynexochida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Redlichiida
D	Agnostida
E	Phacopida

Question 48

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Jurassic
F	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 49

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
B	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
C	Cambrian to Late Permian
D	Devonian to Early Carboniferous

Question 50

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	open
C	visored
D	constricted
E	contracted

Question 51

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Devonian
B	Mid Cretaceous
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 52

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Pentameral
C	Irregular
D	two-fold with a mirrored plane

Question 53

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Trinucleus
B	Eurypterus
C	Ogygites
D	Isotelus rex
E	Niobids

Question 54

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 54 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 55

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	scandent
B	decurved
C	nema
D	reclined
E	pendent
F	recurved

Question 56

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Astraspis
C	Lasanius
D	Saccabambaspis

Question 57

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	lacks symmetry
B	bilateral
C	spherical
D	pentameral
E	radial

Question 58

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Aragonauta
B	Nipponites
C	Baculites
D	Ceratites
E	Nautilus

Question 59

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. peaks II. troughs
B	I. nodes II. sulci
C	I. nodes II. dips
D	I. lobes II. sulci
E	I. lobes II. dips

Question 60

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the pale-enviroment.
B	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.

Question 60 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 61

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several sets of eyes.
B	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
C	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
D	they have many feet.
E	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.

Question 62

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are marine organisms.
B	They reproduce asexually.
C	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
D	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
E	They have no known predators.

Question 63

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	bio-calcites
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	democrystals
D	oligocrystals

Question 64

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	constricted
B	contracted
C	visored
D	open
E	peristome projections

Question 65

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	Their colour will varies with heat.
B	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
C	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
D	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.

Question 66

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
B	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
C	They are valuable as a jewellery.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 67

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the length to width ratio.
D	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
E	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.

Question 68

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Late Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Early Cambrian
E	Middle Cambrian
F	Upper Cambrian

Question 69

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
B	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
D	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 70

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
C	They are mammals.
D	They do not have organs or specialized cells.

Question 71

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Brevicone
B	Evolute
C	Involute
D	Gyrocone
E	Torticone

Question 72

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Middle Permian
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)

Question 73

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	ventral
B	posterior
C	anterior
D	septal

Question 74

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
D	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 75

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
B	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
C	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
D	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
F	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)

Question 76

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Asaphida
B	Agnostida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Proetida
E	Phacopida

Question 77

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 77 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 78

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Ediacaran
C	Ordovician
D	Permian
E	Silurian

Question 79

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Ceratites
B	Nipponites
C	Nautilus
D	Baculites
E	Aragonauta

Question 80

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Devonian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Late Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Middle Cambrian

Question 81

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	visored
B	contracted
C	peristome projections
D	constricted
E	open

Question 82

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Evolute
B	Gyrocone
C	Involute
D	Brevicone
E	Torticone

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).