GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Involute
B	Evolute
C	Gyrocone
D	Torticone
E	Brevicone

Question 2

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Cambrian
B	Carboniferous
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Ordovician

Question 3

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
B	they have many feet.
C	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
D	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
E	they have several sets of eyes.

Question 4

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Middle Ordovician
B	Early Ordovician
C	Early Silurian
D	Middle Devonian
E	Early Cambrian

Question 5

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 6

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
D	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
E	Based on the length to width ratio.

Question 7

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
B	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are valuable as a jewellery.

Question 8

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	calcitic
B	biochemical
C	siliceous
D	arragonitic
E	delicious

Question 9

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Circulatory
C	Respiratory
D	Movement

Question 10

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Silurian
D	Permian
E	Jurassic

Question 10 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 11

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Nipponites
B	Aragonauta
C	Baculites
D	Nautilus
E	Ceratites

Question 12

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
B	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
D	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
E	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 13

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Asaphida
B	Proetida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Agnostida
E	Phacopida

Question 14

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
B	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
C	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
D	Their colour will varies with heat.

Question 15

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 15 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 16

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Late Devonian
B	Early Devonian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Late Cambrian
E	Middle Cambrian

Question 17

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Agnostida
B	Asaphida
C	Proetida
D	Redlichiida
E	Lichida

Question 18

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	oligocrystals
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	bio-calcites
D	democrystals

Question 19

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	septal neck
B	hyponomic sinus
C	proloculus
D	cardinal sinus

Question 20

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anulus (or annulus)
B	mural
C	hyponomic sinus
D	septum
E	anterior suture

Question 21

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	contracted
B	visored
C	open
D	constricted
E	peristome projections

Question 22

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. dips
B	I. lobes II. dips
C	I. nodes II. sulci
D	I. peaks II. troughs
E	I. lobes II. sulci

Question 23

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Jurassic
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Devonian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
F	Silurian

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They reproduce asexually.
B	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
C	They are marine organisms.
D	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
E	They have no known predators.

Question 25

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 26

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
B	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
C	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician

Question 27

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Carboniferous
B	Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 28

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Middle Permian
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Early Permian (aka lower P)

Question 29

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
E	Mid Devonian

Question 30

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
B	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
C	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
D	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
F	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)

Question 31

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 190 - 300
B	~ 50 - 200
C	~ 50 - 300
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 31 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 32

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Late Silurian , Devonian
B	Early Silurian , Permian
C	Upper Ordovician , Permian
D	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
E	Early Ordovician, Permian

Question 33

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Cambrian to Late Permian
B	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
C	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
D	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic

Question 34

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	pygidium
B	axial lobe
C	siphuncle
D	thorax
E	cephalon

Question 35

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Ogygites
B	Isotelus rex
C	Eurypterus
D	Niobids
E	Trinucleus

Question 36

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	V
B	III
C	VII
D	I
E	II
F	IV
G	VI

Question 37

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Bactritoids
B	Ceratites
C	Nautilids
D	Belemnites

Question 38

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
C	Lower Silurian
D	Permian

Question 39

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	III
B	II
C	VII
D	I
E	IV
F	V

Question 40

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Baculites
B	Ceratites
C	Nipponites
D	Nautilus
E	Aragonauta

Question 41

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	inhalant siphon
B	byssal threads
C	digestive track
D	exhalant siphon

Question 42

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	ventral
B	septal
C	posterior
D	anterior

Question 43

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
B	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
C	Development of feet.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 44

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Astraspis
B	Lasanius
C	Saccabambaspis
D	Placoderms

Question 45

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 45 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 46

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 46 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 47

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Late Devonian
E	Early Cambrian
F	Upper Cambrian

Question 48

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 49

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	constricted
B	peristome projections
C	visored
D	contracted
E	open

Question 50

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Silurian
B	Ediacaran
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician
E	Permian

Question 51

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Permian

Question 52

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Cephalochordates
B	Tunicates
C	Urochordates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 53

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Agnostida
B	Redlichiida
C	Corynexochida
D	Ptychopariida
E	Phacopida

Question 54

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
B	Bilateral
C	Pentameral
D	Coiled

Question 55

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 150 cm
B	~ 100 cm
C	~ 35 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 56

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Segmented carapace
B	Large, 360-degree type eyes
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Spines

Question 57

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Ventral
B	Posterior
C	Dorsal
D	Anterior

Question 58

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Ordovician/Silurian
C	At the Permian/Triassic
D	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene

Question 59

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
B	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
E	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.

Question 60

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic

Question 61

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the pale-enviroment.
B	Determining the depth of burial.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.

Question 61 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 62

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Gyrocone
B	Evolute
C	Involute
D	Brevicone
E	Torticone

Question 63

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
B	They are Invertebrates.
C	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
D	They are mammals.

Question 64

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	50 million years old
B	150 million years old
C	110 million years old
D	180 million years old
E	160 million years old
F	210 million years old

Question 65

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
D	Middle Permian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 66

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Middle Triassic
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 67

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	open
B	contracted
C	visored
D	constricted
E	peristome projections

Question 68

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Involute
B	Brevicone
C	Evolute
D	Torticone
E	Gyrocone

Question 69

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of gills.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 70

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Silurian
B	Lower Devonian
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Lower Permian
E	Middle Jurassic

Question 71

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	decurved , pendent
B	decurved , horizontal
C	scandent , pendent
D	recurved , horizontal
E	reclined , horizontal
F	scandent , horizontal
G	recurved , pendent

Question 72

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	visored
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	open

Question 73

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	nema
B	recurved
C	scandent
D	reclined
E	decurved
F	pendent

Question 74

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 5 cm
B	~ 70 cm
C	~ 30 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 75

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Irregular
C	Pentameral
D	two-fold with a mirrored plane

Question 76

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 77

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
B	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
C	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
E	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea

Question 78

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	decurved , declined
B	decurved , recurved
C	decurved , pendent
D	recurved , scandent
E	recurved , pendent
F	recurved , declined

Question 79

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	spherical
B	pentameral
C	lacks symmetry
D	radial
E	bilateral

Question 80

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
B	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
C	True
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 81

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	sicula
B	nema
C	autotheca
D	nema
E	theca
F	stipe

Question 82

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Sexual reproduction
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
D	Defense and prey

Question 82 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).