GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Urochordates
B	Cephalochordates
C	Enterponeuts
D	Tunicates

Question 2

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	stipe
B	autotheca
C	theca
D	nema
E	sicula
F	nema

Question 3

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several sets of eyes.
B	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
C	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
D	they have many feet.
E	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.

Question 4

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	contracted
B	peristome projections
C	visored
D	open
E	constricted

Question 5

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Ventral
B	Posterior
C	Anterior
D	Dorsal

Question 6

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Upper Ordovician , Permian
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
D	Early Ordovician, Permian
E	Early Silurian , Permian

Question 7

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	inhalant siphon
C	byssal threads
D	digestive track

Question 8

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Ordovician
B	Ediacaran
C	Cambrian
D	Silurian
E	Permian

Question 9

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By splitting the tail into parts.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 10

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Lichida
B	Agnostida
C	Redlichiida
D	Asaphida
E	Proetida

Question 11

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 12

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Middle Cambrian
B	Late Devonian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Early Devonian
E	Late Cambrian

Question 13

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	visored
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	open
E	contracted

Question 14

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	delicious
B	calcitic
C	arragonitic
D	biochemical
E	siliceous

Question 15

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. dips
B	I. peaks II. troughs
C	I. nodes II. sulci
D	I. lobes II. dips
E	I. lobes II. sulci

Question 16

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 17

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	False
B	True

Question 18

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	180 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	150 million years old
D	50 million years old
E	160 million years old
F	110 million years old

Question 19

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Gyrocone
B	Evolute
C	Involute
D	Brevicone
E	Torticone

Question 20

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	democrystals
B	bio-calcites
C	synthetically produced calcites
D	oligocrystals

Question 21

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
B	They reproduce asexually.
C	They have no known predators.
D	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
E	They are marine organisms.

Question 22

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
B	They are Invertebrates.
C	They are mammals.
D	They do not have organs or specialized cells.

Question 23

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Lasanius
B	Placoderms
C	Astraspis
D	Saccabambaspis

Question 24

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Sexual reproduction
B	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
C	Defense and prey
D	Movement across surfaces

Question 24 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 25

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
B	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
D	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 26

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
B	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
C	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
E	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria

Question 27

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
B	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	Their colour will varies with heat.

Question 28

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	II
B	VII
C	V
D	I
E	IV
F	III

Question 29

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 30 cm
C	~ 5 cm
D	~ 70 cm

Question 30

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Mid Devonian
E	Mid Cretaceous

Question 31

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Evolute
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Involute
E	Brevicone

Question 32

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	septal
B	posterior
C	anterior
D	ventral

Question 33

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 34

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
B	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
C	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
D	Based on the length to width ratio.
E	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.

Question 35

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Middle Devonian
D	Middle Ordovician
E	Early Ordovician

Question 36

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
C	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 37

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	visored
C	open
D	constricted
E	peristome projections

Question 38

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 38 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 39

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Segmented carapace
B	Spines
C	Large, 360-degree type eyes
D	Smooth outer shell (carapace)

Question 40

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Middle Permian

Question 41

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Silurian
D	Devonian
E	Carboniferous

Question 42

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	axial lobe
B	pygidium
C	thorax
D	cephalon
E	siphuncle

Question 43

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 44

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anterior suture
B	mural
C	anulus (or annulus)
D	septum
E	hyponomic sinus

Question 45

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Silurian
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Permian

Question 46

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 46 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 47

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Permian/Triassic
C	At the Ordovician/Silurian
D	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene

Question 48

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Respiratory
B	Chewing
C	Circulatory
D	Movement

Question 49

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Irregular
B	Regular
C	two-fold with a mirrored plane
D	Pentameral

Question 50

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 35 cm
B	~ 100 cm
C	~12 cm
D	~ 150 cm

Question 51

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 51 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 52

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	septal neck
B	cardinal sinus
C	proloculus
D	hyponomic sinus

Question 53

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Nautilids
B	Belemnites
C	Ceratites
D	Bactritoids

Question 54

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	lacks symmetry
B	radial
C	spherical
D	bilateral
E	pentameral

Question 55

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	decurved
B	reclined
C	nema
D	pendent
E	scandent
F	recurved

Question 56

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Late Devonian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Early Devonian
E	Lower Cambrian
F	Upper Cambrian

Question 57

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Isotelus rex
B	Trinucleus
C	Niobids
D	Eurypterus
E	Ogygites

Question 58

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Middle Triassic
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 59

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 190 - 300
C	~ 100 - 190
D	~ 50 - 200

Question 59 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 60

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	IV
B	I
C	III
D	II
E	V
F	VII
G	VI

Question 61

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Lower Silurian
D	Permian

Question 62

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
B	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
C	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
D	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
F	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)

Question 63

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
B	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
C	True
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 64

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Middle Permian
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 65

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Baculites
B	Aragonauta
C	Ceratites
D	Nautilus
E	Nipponites

Question 66

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Phacopida
B	Proetida
C	Agnostida
D	Asaphida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 67

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Evolute
B	Brevicone
C	Involute
D	Torticone
E	Gyrocone

Question 68

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Aragonauta
B	Nautilus
C	Ceratites
D	Nipponites
E	Baculites

Question 69

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 70

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	reclined , horizontal
B	recurved , pendent
C	decurved , horizontal
D	scandent , horizontal
E	decurved , pendent
F	scandent , pendent
G	recurved , horizontal

Question 71

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Permian
B	Jurassic
C	Cambrian
D	Silurian
E	Ordovician

Question 71 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 72

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	visored
B	constricted
C	peristome projections
D	contracted
E	open

Question 73

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the pale-enviroment.
B	Determining the depth of burial.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.

Question 73 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 74

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	Bilateral
C	Pentameral
D	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.

Question 75

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Lower Devonian
E	Lower Permian

Question 76

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
B	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
C	Compression of shell structures.
D	Development of feet.

Question 77

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , scandent
B	decurved , pendent
C	recurved , declined
D	decurved , recurved
E	decurved , declined
F	recurved , pendent

Question 78

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Redlichiida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Corynexochida
E	Agnostida

Question 79

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Jurassic
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Silurian
F	Devonian

Question 80

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
B	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
C	They are valuable as a jewellery.
D	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.

Question 81

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Permian
E	Carboniferous

Question 82

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
B	Cambrian to Late Permian
C	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
D	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).