GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 200
B	~ 190 - 300
C	~ 50 - 300
D	~ 100 - 190

Question 1 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 2

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Early Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Early Cambrian
E	Upper Cambrian
F	Late Devonian

Question 3

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Agnostida
B	Redlichiida
C	Proetida
D	Asaphida
E	Lichida

Question 4

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , scandent
B	decurved , recurved
C	recurved , declined
D	recurved , pendent
E	decurved , pendent
F	decurved , declined

Question 5

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Urochordates
B	Cephalochordates
C	Tunicates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 6

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	digestive track
B	exhalant siphon
C	inhalant siphon
D	byssal threads

Question 7

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. sulci
B	I. lobes II. dips
C	I. nodes II. dips
D	I. nodes II. sulci
E	I. peaks II. troughs

Question 8

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	synthetically produced calcites
B	democrystals
C	bio-calcites
D	oligocrystals

Question 9

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	nema
B	sicula
C	nema
D	autotheca
E	theca
F	stipe

Question 10

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Early Cambrian
C	Middle Ordovician
D	Middle Devonian
E	Early Ordovician

Question 11

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Phacopida
B	Ptychopariida
C	Proetida
D	Asaphida
E	Agnostida

Question 12

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	recurved , pendent
B	decurved , horizontal
C	decurved , pendent
D	scandent , pendent
E	scandent , horizontal
F	recurved , horizontal
G	reclined , horizontal

Question 13

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Large, 360-degree type eyes
B	Spines
C	Segmented carapace
D	Smooth outer shell (carapace)

Question 14

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Nautilids
B	Belemnites
C	Ceratites
D	Bactritoids

Question 15

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Silurian
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Devonian

Question 16

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Phacopida
B	Agnostida
C	Corynexochida
D	Ptychopariida
E	Redlichiida

Question 17

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Nautilus
B	Aragonauta
C	Ceratites
D	Nipponites
E	Baculites

Question 18

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
B	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 19

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Late Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Late Devonian
E	Middle Cambrian

Question 20

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are valuable as a jewellery.
B	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 21

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Trinucleus
B	Ogygites
C	Niobids
D	Isotelus rex
E	Eurypterus

Question 22

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Gyrocone
B	Brevicone
C	Torticone
D	Evolute
E	Involute

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
B	They reproduce asexually.
C	They are marine organisms.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They have no known predators.

Question 24

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 5 cm
B	~ 70 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 30 cm

Question 25

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Movement across surfaces
B	Defense and prey
C	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
D	Sexual reproduction

Question 25 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 26

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	VI
B	II
C	III
D	V
E	I
F	VII
G	IV

Question 27

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Respiratory
C	Movement
D	Circulatory

Question 28

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	Bilateral
C	Pentameral
D	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.

Question 29

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	contracted
C	visored
D	constricted
E	open

Question 30

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	Their colour will varies with heat.
B	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.

Question 31

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
C	Determining the pale-enviroment.
D	Determining the depth of burial.

Question 31 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 32

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	posterior
B	anterior
C	ventral
D	septal

Question 33

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
B	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
C	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
E	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus

Question 34

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Jurassic
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Permian
E	Silurian

Question 34 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 35

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 100 cm
B	~ 35 cm
C	~ 150 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 36

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	open
C	visored
D	peristome projections
E	constricted

Question 37

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	hyponomic sinus
B	proloculus
C	cardinal sinus
D	septal neck

Question 38

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Middle Triassic
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)

Question 39

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
D	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 40

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 40 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 41

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
D	True

Question 42

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	visored
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	open

Question 43

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Jurassic
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Devonian
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Silurian
F	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 44

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	peristome projections
B	visored
C	contracted
D	open
E	constricted

Question 45

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 45 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 46

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	delicious
B	calcitic
C	siliceous
D	biochemical
E	arragonitic

Question 47

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	180 million years old
B	110 million years old
C	160 million years old
D	210 million years old
E	50 million years old
F	150 million years old

Question 48

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
B	They are Invertebrates.
C	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
D	They are mammals.

Question 49

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Silurian
B	Carboniferous
C	Devonian
D	Cambrian
E	Permian

Question 50

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Lower Silurian

Question 51

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anterior suture
B	hyponomic sinus
C	mural
D	septum
E	anulus (or annulus)

Question 52

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
B	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
D	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
F	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe

Question 53

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	III
B	I
C	VII
D	IV
E	II
F	V

Question 54

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the length to width ratio.
B	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
C	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
D	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
E	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.

Question 55

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
B	Upper Ordovician , Permian
C	Late Silurian , Devonian
D	Early Ordovician, Permian
E	Early Silurian , Permian

Question 56

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	True
B	False

Question 57

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	pendent
B	decurved
C	scandent
D	recurved
E	reclined
F	nema

Question 58

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Permian/Triassic
C	At the Ordovician/Silurian
D	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene

Question 59

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Mid Cretaceous
C	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
D	Mid Devonian
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 60

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Ordovician
D	Ediacaran
E	Silurian

Question 61

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Silurian
B	Middle Jurassic
C	Lower Devonian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Lower Permian

Question 62

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Ceratites
B	Aragonauta
C	Nipponites
D	Nautilus
E	Baculites

Question 63

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
B	Development of feet.
C	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 64

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 65

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
B	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
C	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
D	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
F	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)

Question 66

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 67

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Involute
B	Evolute
C	Gyrocone
D	Torticone
E	Brevicone

Question 68

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	two-fold with a mirrored plane
B	Pentameral
C	Regular
D	Irregular

Question 69

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Lasanius
B	Placoderms
C	Saccabambaspis
D	Astraspis

Question 70

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 70 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 71

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Middle Permian
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 72

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Evolute
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Brevicone
E	Involute

Question 73

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 74

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Carboniferous

Question 75

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	lacks symmetry
B	radial
C	spherical
D	bilateral
E	pentameral

Question 76

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Middle Permian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 77

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 78

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	they have several sets of eyes.
B	they have many feet.
C	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
D	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
E	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.

Question 79

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Posterior
B	Anterior
C	Dorsal
D	Ventral

Question 80

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 81

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
B	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
C	Cambrian to Late Permian
D	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)

Question 82

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	siphuncle
B	cephalon
C	pygidium
D	thorax
E	axial lobe

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
FAQ | Report an Error

Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).