GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Late Devonian
B	Middle Cambrian
C	Early Cambrian
D	Upper Cambrian
E	Lower Cambrian
F	Early Devonian

Question 2

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Carboniferous
B	Ordovician
C	Permian
D	Cambrian
E	Devonian

Question 3

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
D	True

Question 4

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , scandent
B	decurved , declined
C	recurved , declined
D	decurved , pendent
E	recurved , pendent
F	decurved , recurved

Question 5

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. dips
B	I. nodes II. dips
C	I. lobes II. sulci
D	I. nodes II. sulci
E	I. peaks II. troughs

Question 6

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	Their colour will varies with heat.
B	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.

Question 7

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	pendent
B	reclined
C	nema
D	scandent
E	recurved
F	decurved

Question 8

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
B	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
C	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
D	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
E	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus

Question 9

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Permian
B	Jurassic
C	Silurian
D	Cambrian
E	Ordovician

Question 9 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 10

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
B	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
C	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
D	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 11

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They are Invertebrates.
B	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
C	They are mammals.
D	They do not have organs or specialized cells.

Question 12

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 13

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Development of feet.
B	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
C	Compression of shell structures.
D	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.

Question 14

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
B	Cambrian to Late Permian
C	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
D	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic

Question 15

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Silurian
B	Permian
C	Devonian
D	Cambrian

Question 16

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	False
B	True

Question 16 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 17

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
E	Middle Permian

Question 18

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Silurian
B	Middle Ordovician
C	Middle Devonian
D	Early Ordovician
E	Early Cambrian

Question 19

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
B	Early Permian (aka lower P)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 20

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Middle Permian

Question 21

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	arragonitic
B	calcitic
C	siliceous
D	delicious
E	biochemical

Question 22

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Brevicone
B	Torticone
C	Evolute
D	Gyrocone
E	Involute

Question 23

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	anterior
B	posterior
C	ventral
D	septal

Question 24

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	digestive track
B	exhalant siphon
C	byssal threads
D	inhalant siphon

Question 25

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 100 - 190
C	~ 190 - 300
D	~ 50 - 200

Question 25 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 26

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
B	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
D	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
E	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
F	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 27

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Baculites
B	Nautilus
C	Ceratites
D	Aragonauta
E	Nipponites

Question 28

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~12 cm
B	~ 150 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 35 cm

Question 29

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Pentameral
B	Bilateral
C	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
D	Coiled

Question 30

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	constricted
B	open
C	visored
D	contracted
E	peristome projections

Question 31

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Nautilids
B	Ceratites
C	Belemnites
D	Bactritoids

Question 32

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
B	Sexual reproduction
C	Defense and prey
D	Movement across surfaces

Question 32 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 33

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They reproduce asexually.
B	They have no known predators.
C	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
D	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
E	They are marine organisms.

Question 34

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Brevicone
B	Gyrocone
C	Torticone
D	Involute
E	Evolute

Question 35

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Aragonauta
B	Nipponites
C	Baculites
D	Nautilus
E	Ceratites

Question 36

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
F	Jurassic

Question 37

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Mid Cretaceous
B	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
C	Mid Devonian
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 38

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Silurian , Permian
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Early Ordovician, Permian
D	Upper Ordovician , Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous

Question 39

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
B	they have many feet.
C	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
D	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
E	they have several sets of eyes.

Question 40

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 40 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 41

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Ptychopariida
B	Phacopida
C	Proetida
D	Agnostida
E	Asaphida

Question 42

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Ptychopariida
B	Redlichiida
C	Agnostida
D	Phacopida
E	Corynexochida

Question 43

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Cambrian
B	Carboniferous
C	Silurian
D	Permian
E	Devonian

Question 44

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Silurian
B	Permian
C	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
D	Lower Cambrian

Question 45

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anulus (or annulus)
B	anterior suture
C	mural
D	septum
E	hyponomic sinus

Question 46

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	sicula
B	nema
C	nema
D	stipe
E	theca
F	autotheca

Question 47

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	axial lobe
B	thorax
C	siphuncle
D	cephalon
E	pygidium

Question 48

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	bio-calcites
B	oligocrystals
C	synthetically produced calcites
D	democrystals

Question 49

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	radial
B	lacks symmetry
C	pentameral
D	spherical
E	bilateral

Question 50

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Posterior
B	Anterior
C	Ventral
D	Dorsal

Question 51

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Niobids
B	Eurypterus
C	Ogygites
D	Isotelus rex
E	Trinucleus

Question 52

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
B	They are valuable as a jewellery.
C	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
D	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.

Question 53

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
C	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician

Question 54

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	II
B	VII
C	V
D	IV
E	I
F	III

Question 55

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
D	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 56

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Lasanius
B	Saccabambaspis
C	Astraspis
D	Placoderms

Question 57

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Late Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Middle Cambrian
E	Late Devonian

Question 58

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	visored
B	peristome projections
C	constricted
D	open
E	contracted

Question 59

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	visored
B	open
C	constricted
D	peristome projections
E	contracted

Question 60

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
B	Large, 360-degree type eyes
C	Segmented carapace
D	Spines

Question 61

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Upper Cambrian
B	Lower Devonian
C	Lower Permian
D	Silurian
E	Middle Jurassic

Question 62

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
C	At the Ordovician/Silurian
D	At the Permian/Triassic

Question 63

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
B	Based on the length to width ratio.
C	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
D	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
E	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).

Question 64

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Lichida
B	Agnostida
C	Proetida
D	Redlichiida
E	Asaphida

Question 65

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of gills.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By increasing the size of the tail.

Question 66

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	I
B	IV
C	II
D	V
E	VI
F	VII
G	III

Question 67

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Ediacaran
B	Ordovician
C	Silurian
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 68

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	hyponomic sinus
B	cardinal sinus
C	proloculus
D	septal neck

Question 69

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	True
B	False

Question 70

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Enterponeuts
B	Cephalochordates
C	Tunicates
D	Urochordates

Question 71

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Irregular
C	Pentameral
D	two-fold with a mirrored plane

Question 72

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	False
B	True

Question 72 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 73

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Gyrocone
B	Brevicone
C	Evolute
D	Torticone
E	Involute

Question 74

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 75

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	contracted
B	constricted
C	visored
D	open
E	peristome projections

Question 76

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
B	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
C	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
D	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
F	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)

Question 77

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the depth of burial.
B	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
C	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 77 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 78

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 79

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	recurved , horizontal
B	decurved , horizontal
C	recurved , pendent
D	reclined , horizontal
E	scandent , horizontal
F	decurved , pendent
G	scandent , pendent

Question 80

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 30 cm
B	~ 70 cm
C	~ 5 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 81

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	110 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	150 million years old
D	160 million years old
E	180 million years old
F	50 million years old

Question 82

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Respiratory
B	Chewing
C	Circulatory
D	Movement

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).