GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. lobes II. dips
B	I. lobes II. sulci
C	I. nodes II. dips
D	I. nodes II. sulci
E	I. peaks II. troughs

Question 2

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Enterponeuts
B	Tunicates
C	Cephalochordates
D	Urochordates

Question 3

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	constricted
B	open
C	peristome projections
D	visored
E	contracted

Question 4

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	False
B	True

Question 4 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 5

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Evolute
B	Brevicone
C	Torticone
D	Gyrocone
E	Involute

Question 6

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	contracted
B	peristome projections
C	visored
D	open
E	constricted

Question 7

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.
B	They are valuable as a jewellery.
C	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
D	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.

Question 8

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Late Devonian
B	Early Devonian
C	Middle Cambrian
D	Early Cambrian
E	Late Cambrian

Question 9

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 70 cm
B	~ 5 cm
C	~ 30 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 10

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	pygidium
B	thorax
C	cephalon
D	axial lobe
E	siphuncle

Question 11

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Devonian
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Silurian
E	Carboniferous

Question 12

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the pale-enviroment.
B	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.

Question 12 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 13

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	inhalant siphon
B	byssal threads
C	digestive track
D	exhalant siphon

Question 14

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Ordovician
B	Cambrian
C	Silurian
D	Jurassic
E	Permian

Question 14 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 15

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Regular
B	Irregular
C	Pentameral
D	two-fold with a mirrored plane

Question 16

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	True
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 17

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Ceratites
B	Aragonauta
C	Nautilus
D	Baculites
E	Nipponites

Question 18

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Ceratites
B	Bactritoids
C	Belemnites
D	Nautilids

Question 19

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
B	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
C	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
D	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
E	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
F	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)

Question 20

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
B	Jurassic
C	Silurian
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Devonian
F	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 21

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Agnostida
B	Phacopida
C	Asaphida
D	Ptychopariida
E	Proetida

Question 22

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Late Silurian (aka upper S)
B	Mid Cretaceous
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Mid Devonian
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They reproduce asexually.
B	They have no known predators.
C	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
D	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
E	They are marine organisms.

Question 24

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	nema
B	pendent
C	recurved
D	reclined
E	decurved
F	scandent

Question 25

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 50 - 300
B	~ 50 - 200
C	~ 100 - 190
D	~ 190 - 300

Question 25 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 26

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Asaphida
B	Proetida
C	Redlichiida
D	Agnostida
E	Lichida

Question 27

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 27 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 28

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
B	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
D	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
E	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe
F	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 29

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	septal neck
B	proloculus
C	hyponomic sinus
D	cardinal sinus

Question 30

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Carboniferous
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Devonian
E	Cambrian

Question 31

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By increasing the size of the tail.
B	By increasing the size of gills.
C	By splitting the tail into parts.
D	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.

Question 32

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 32 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 33

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
B	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.
C	they have many feet.
D	they have several sets of eyes.
E	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.

Question 34

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	constricted
B	visored
C	peristome projections
D	open
E	contracted

Question 35

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
B	They are mammals.
C	They are Invertebrates.
D	They do not have organs or specialized cells.

Question 36

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Trinucleus
B	Niobids
C	Isotelus rex
D	Eurypterus
E	Ogygites

Question 37

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the length to width ratio.
B	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.
C	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
D	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
E	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.

Question 38

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Brevicone
B	Torticone
C	Gyrocone
D	Involute
E	Evolute

Question 39

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
B	Their colour will varies with heat.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.

Question 40

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Permian
B	Lower Silurian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.

Question 41

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 42

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	III
B	IV
C	II
D	V
E	VII
F	I

Question 43

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Middle Triassic

Question 44

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	sicula
B	theca
C	autotheca
D	stipe
E	nema
F	nema

Question 45

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , scandent
B	decurved , pendent
C	decurved , recurved
D	decurved , declined
E	recurved , pendent
F	recurved , declined

Question 46

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Ventral
B	Anterior
C	Dorsal
D	Posterior

Question 47

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Ordovician
B	Early Cambrian
C	Middle Devonian
D	Middle Ordovician
E	Early Silurian

Question 48

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Segmented carapace
B	Large, 360-degree type eyes
C	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
D	Spines

Question 49

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	peristome projections
B	open
C	constricted
D	contracted
E	visored

Question 50

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
B	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
C	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
D	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus
E	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria

Question 51

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	ventral
B	septal
C	posterior
D	anterior

Question 52

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Movement
C	Circulatory
D	Respiratory

Question 53

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Middle Cambrian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Early Devonian
E	Late Devonian
F	Early Cambrian

Question 54

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Triassic/Jurassic
B	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
C	At the Ordovician/Silurian
D	At the Permian/Triassic

Question 55

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
C	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 56

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Agnostida
B	Phacopida
C	Ptychopariida
D	Corynexochida
E	Redlichiida

Question 57

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Middle Permian
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 58

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	democrystals
B	synthetically produced calcites
C	oligocrystals
D	bio-calcites

Question 59

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~ 35 cm
B	~ 150 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~12 cm

Question 60

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	decurved , horizontal
B	scandent , pendent
C	decurved , pendent
D	recurved , pendent
E	reclined , horizontal
F	recurved , horizontal
G	scandent , horizontal

Question 61

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 62

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Silurian
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Middle Jurassic
D	Lower Devonian
E	Lower Permian

Question 63

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
B	Development of feet.
C	Compression of shell structures.
D	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.

Question 64

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anterior suture
B	anulus (or annulus)
C	mural
D	hyponomic sinus
E	septum

Question 65

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Bilateral
B	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.
C	Pentameral
D	Coiled

Question 66

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Astraspis
B	Saccabambaspis
C	Placoderms
D	Lasanius

Question 67

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	180 million years old
B	210 million years old
C	160 million years old
D	110 million years old
E	50 million years old
F	150 million years old

Question 68

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
F	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

Question 69

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
E	Middle Permian

Question 70

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	delicious
B	arragonitic
C	calcitic
D	biochemical
E	siliceous

Question 71

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	II
B	VI
C	III
D	V
E	VII
F	IV
G	I

Question 72

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Nipponites
B	Baculites
C	Ceratites
D	Nautilus
E	Aragonauta

Question 73

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	spherical
B	bilateral
C	lacks symmetry
D	pentameral
E	radial

Question 74

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
B	Cambrian to Late Permian
C	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)
D	Devonian to Early Carboniferous

Question 75

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Ediacaran
C	Permian
D	Silurian
E	Ordovician

Question 76

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
C	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
D	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 77

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 78

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Ordovician, Permian
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician , Permian
D	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous
E	Early Silurian , Permian

Question 79

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Sexual reproduction
B	Movement across surfaces
C	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
D	Defense and prey

Question 79 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 80

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Brevicone
B	Evolute
C	Involute
D	Torticone
E	Gyrocone

Question 81

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 82

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Permian

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).