Geology 381 Midterm II-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam II

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Question 1

Alluvial fans dominated by debris flows tend to form with __A__, while stream-flow dominated fans tend to form with __B__. (ID-SSM2-25)

A	A. steeper slopes in a small area B. shallower slopes in a small area
B	A. steeper slopes in a small area B. shallower slopes in a wide area
C	A. shallower slopes in a small area B. steeper slopes in a wide area
D	A. steeper slopes in a wide area B. shallower slopes in a small area
E	A. shallower slopes in a small area B. steeper slopes in a small area

Question 2

Which type of alluvial fans most likely to preserve imbrication of clasts and up stream cross-stratification? (ID-SSM2-85)

A	Subaerial debris flows
B	Channel banks
C	Sheetflood deposition
D	Stream-channel fans

Question 3

Where do you expect the highest pressure on a meandering system? (ID-SSM2-51)

A	Near the point bar.
B	Shallowest part of the river.
C	Floodplains on both sides of the river.
D	Near the outer cut bank. Hint: aka outer bank

Question 3 Explanation:

This pressure difference result in helicoidal flow which cause erosion on the cut bank(aka outer bank) of the meandering system.

Question 4

Which of the following describes characteristics of floatstones according to Dunham Classification? (ID-SSM2-68)

A	Grain supported with some mud within the matrix.
B	Mud supported with more than 10% grains.
C	Matrix supported with more than 10% grains.
D	Mud supported with less than 10% grains.
E	Organic framework supported with original components organically bounded.

Question 4 Explanation:

Some instructors do not require students to know this.

Question 5

Turbidity flows can most likely occur in what kind of environment? (ID-SSM2-08)

A	areas with high friction
B	this question is stupid
C	rivers with low sediment load
D	muddy rivers enter the lake

Question 6

What is Eustasy? (ID-SSM2-31)

A	It is the term given to absolute sea level.
B	It is a drug that most geologists take to get high in the woods.
C	It is the term given to local base level of a fluvial system.
D	It is the term given to local sea level.

Question 7

On the following diagram, the type of delta that would formed at point 3 (blue) can be described as... (ID-SSM2-43)

A	tidal energy based delta (smear)
B	tidal energy based delta (bird's foot)
C	wave energy based delta (cupcake)
D	wave energy based delta (smear)

Question 8

Typically what is the radius of debris flow alluvial fans? (ID-SSM2-82)

A	100s of meters to a few kilometers.
B	Less than 20 meters.
C	One to ten kilometers.
D	1 km to tens of kilometers.
E	Hundreds of thousands of kilometers.

Question 8 Explanation:

As a good Geologist, you should know the typical shapes and sizes for different types of alluvial fans. This will help identify different environments and improve geological interpretations.

Question 9

When working on a scientific project,__A__ comes before__B__. (ID-SSM2-12)

A	A. interpretations B. observations
B	A. observations B. interpretations
C	A. observations B. analysis
D	A. analysis B. observations
E	A. alcohol B. dirty girls

Question 10

Where can you find the apex of the alluvial fan? (ID-SSM2-19)

A	Close to an extinct channel.
B	In the most expanded area.
C	Close to the canyon.
D	Close to the lowest base level.

Question 10 Explanation:

Apex is the first point in which the flow expansion occur as a result of widening the area of flow.

Question 11

In alluvial fan transverse cross sections a geologist will___. (ID-SSM2-20)

A	observe a increase in base level moving downstream (positive change in slope).
B	observe a no change in base level or overall elevation since the sediments get deposited in a rapid rate.
C	observe an increase and then a decrease in base level moving downstream (like a bra cup).
D	observe a drop in base level moving downstream (negative change in slope).

Question 12

Majority of modern day seawater is concentrated with which of the following ion? (ID-SSM2-69)

A	Potassium
B	Calcium
C	Sodium
D	Chlorine
E	Magnesium

Question 13

On the following diagram, the type of delta that would formed in section A is.... (ID-SSM2-40)

A	tidal dominated.
B	wave dominated.
C	fluvial dominated.
D	alluvial dominated.

Question 14

How does large scale oxbow lakes get filled up by sediments? (ID-SSM2-80)

A	During a flooding event.
B	Development of soil form vegetation. Hint: Yes, but typically for smaller oxbow lakes.
C	Gravel deposits through biological activities in the surrounding area.
D	Collapse of sediments from overbanks.

Question 15

Where would you expect braided rivers to form? (ID-SSM2-79)

A	Between meandering section and the upstream of rivers with high sediment load.
B	Between meandering section and the upstream of rivers with low sediment load.
C	At low gradient slopes near the mouth of the river with low sediment load.
D	At low gradient slopes near the mouth of the river with high sediment load.

Question 16

The process which the pressure difference drives the water from cut bank to point bar is caused by... (ID-SSM2-44)

A	gravitational force.
B	helicoidal flow.
C	gravitational flow.
D	sediment accumulation.

Question 17

What is the process of transgressions? (ID-SSM2-13)

A	Seaward movement of the shore line often as a direct result of drop in sea level.
B	Landward movement of the shore line often as a direct result of fall in sea level.
C	Seaward movement of the shore line often as a direct result of rise in sea level.
D	Landward movement of the shore line often as a direct result of rise in sea level.

Question 18

How large is the lateral width of a crevasse splay(generally)? (ID-SSM2-37)

A	100s of ms
B	100s of Kms
C	10 of cms
D	1000s of Kms
E	It can varies widely between 10 of cms to 1000s of Kms depend on the environment.

Question 19

What are ephemeral lakes? (ID-SSM2-89)

A	Lakes with very high heat capacity hence able to reduce the temperate of the surrounding regions.
B	Lakes that form in a volcanic crater or caldera.
C	Lake that are hydrologically closed and produce large deposits of precipitate minerals.
D	Lakes that are temporary bodies of water that exist for short periods of time.

Question 20

Bonus; Calgary Elbow River will fall under what type of river system? (ID-SSM2-59)

A	graded
B	anastomosing
C	meandering
D	braided

Question 21

What can be interpreted from presence of histosols in a core sample? (ID-SSM2-87)

A	This particular core section must have been taken from the distal edge of a weave dominated delta deposit.
B	The area must have been enriched in organic matter.
C	This particular core section represents a channel bar deposit.
D	The area must have been arid.
E	The area must have been concentrated with poorly developed soil.

Question 22

Due to modern day global warming, the change in overall global sediment accommodation space has undergone.... (ID-SSM2-15)

A	base level increase
B	regression
C	transgression
D	erosion
E	subsidence

Question 23

On the following diagram, the type of delta that would formed in section C is__I__ and these deltas become__II__. (ID-SSM2-41)

A	I. wave dominated II. estuary
B	I. tidal dominated II. flood plains
C	I. tidal dominated II. flood plains
D	I. tidal dominated II. estuary

Question 23 Explanation:

Estuary is an area which mixing of salt and fresh water can occur as a direct result of low slope and reverse(landwards) ocean tides.

Question 24

Which of the following describe oncoids? (ID-SSM2-66)

A	Very fine grained material that precipitate by the breakdown of skeletal fragments.
B	Fragments of calcium carbonate material that has been partly lithified.
C	Bodies of calcium carbonate less than 2mm in diameter and form by the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
D	Layers bound by cyanobacteria found as clasts within carbonate sediments.
E	Planktonic yellowgreen algae that are extremely important contributors to marine sediments.

Question 25

As the amount of evaporation increases in lakes, the type of mineral precipitation varies. Which of the following has the correct order of mineral precipitation as lakes environment move from low evaporation to high evaporation? (ID-SSM2-94)

A	Gypsum - Calcium carbonate - Sodium sulphates (eg. mirabilite) - Halite
B	Calcium carbonate - Halite - Sodium sulphates (eg. mirabilite) - Gypsum
C	Calcium carbonate - Gypsum - Sodium sulphates (eg. mirabilite) - Halite
D	Calcium carbonate - Sodium sulphates (eg. mirabilite) - Gypsum - Halite
E	Gypsum - Sodium sulphates (eg. mirabilite) - Calcium carbonate - Halite

Question 26

What is the difference between Calcite and Aragonite? (ID-SSM2-61)

A	Calcite is calcium carbonate, CaCO₃ while aragonite is iron carbonate, FeCO₃.
B	Calcite is a carbonate mineral while aragonite is a silicate mineral.
C	Calcite is calcium carbonate, CaCO₃ while aragonite is calcium magnesium carbonate, CaMg(CO₃)₂.
D	Calcite has a different chemical properties than aragonite because calcite has an extra calcium ion.
E	Calcite has a trigonal crystal form, aragonite has an orthorhombic crystal form.

Question 27

How is scars different from oxbow lakes? (ID-SSM2-33)

A	Scars are produced by anastomating rivers and oxbow lakes are produced by meandering rivers.
B	They are the same thing, scars formed in dry-humid environment and oxbow lakes formed in wet environments.
C	Scars and oxbow lakes are produced by meandering rivers. The difference is where oxbow lakes are filled with water.
D	Scars are produced by braided rivers and oxbow lakes are produced by meandering rivers.

Question 27 Explanation:

aka meandering scars

Question 28

Which of the following characteristic of lake deposit is incorrect? (ID-SSM2-95)

A	Dominated by sandstone, mudstone, fine-grained limestones and evaporites lithologies.
B	Very high degree of palaeocurrents preservation with extensive paleocurrent networks.
C	Facies an be best described as commonly occur with fluvial deposits, evaporites and associated with aeolian facies.
D	Often wave ripples and very fine parallel lamination are observed.
E	Typically sands are moderately well sorted.

Question 28 Explanation:

The lake environments are relatively clam. Hence, development of palaeocurrents is very minimal and in most cases insignificant. While clam waters are good for preservation of sedimentary structures, palaeocurrents are not usually observed in lake type settings.

Question 29

Which of the following statement is true about facies and/or beds? (ID-SSM2-10)

A	Bed are vertical planer features resulted from recent geologic activities.
B	A rock or lithologic unit that has consistent properties is known as a facies.
C	Beds are composed of several facies.
D	Facies only form in complex geologic environments.

Question 30

An oxbow lake most likely to be formed... (ID-SSM2-32)

A	in a high density flow dominated stream.
B	in the anastomosing river.
C	in a braided river.
D	near a braided river.
E	near a meandering river.

Question 31

What is the most common type of flow that contributes to the creation of alluvial fans? (ID-SSM2-22)

A	oscillatory flows
B	diagenesis flow
C	density flows
D	sediment-gravity flows

Question 32

Cyanobacterial communities that have an irregular rather than layered form is known as... (ID-SSM2-63)

A	Stromatoporoids
B	Oncoids
C	Thrombolites
D	Ahermatypic serpulids
E	Stromatolites

Question 33

What is the best reasonable paleoenvironment interpretation for the following geological observations? (ID-SSM2-81)
-Several channels filled with sandy to muddy deposits
-Most of the channel fills overlaps each others
-Both vertically and laterally the channels are closer to each other

A	Several rivers must have been cut across the paleo flood plane at the same period of time, resulting multiple channels.
B	River avulsion must have occurred with a much higher rate of channel fill and slow subsidence rate relative to the rate of overbank fill.
C	River avulsion must have occurred with a much lower rate of channel fill and higher subsidence rate relative to the rate of overbank fill.
D	Must have been a submarine deposit channels within a large underwater deltaic environment.
E	Sediment load must have been enriched in sand relative to muddy and other materials.

Question 34

These type of fragments commonly found within limestone are faecal pellets of marine organisms such as gastropods. (ID-SSM2-64)

A	Ooids
B	Peloids
C	Pisoids
D	Oncoids

Question 35

When you move from bottom to top in ideal turbidite Bouma sequence (A -> E), the flow velocity will... (ID-SSM2-03)

A	None of the answers are correct because it could either increase or decrease depending on the environment.
B	decrease
C	remain consent
D	fluctuate between high and low
E	increase

Question 36

What are Tufa or travertine? (ID-SSM2-93)

A	A type of sediment that was undergoing transition to coal from peat.
B	Clastic lake margin deposits.
C	Inorganic precipitate of calcium carbonate.
D	Deep lake facies characterized by high concentrations of oncoids.
E	Organic precipitate of calcium carbonate.

Question 37

What is flow expansion? (ID-SSM2-21)

A	Flow expansion is caused by increase in sediment load of the fluid flow.
B	Flow expansion is caused by increase in area of the fluid flow.
C	Flow expansion is caused by decrease in area of the fluid flow.
D	Flow expansion is caused by decrease in sediment load of the fluid flow.

Question 38

On tidally dominated delta formations, lagoons can be identified by their fine grained mud (Fm) and/or rich organic content. (ID-SSM2-58)

A	True
B	False, that's a point bar.
C	False, that's a longitudinal bar.

Question 39

According to Dunham Classification, this type of rock has an extensive organic framework. (ID-SSM2-67)

A	Wackestone
B	Grainstone
C	Carbonate mudstone
D	Boundstone
E	Rudstone

Question 39 Explanation:

Some instructors do not require students to know this.

Question 40

The submarine delta deposits from when... (ID-SSM2-47)

A	density of effluent = density of the ambient
B	density of effluent/density of the ambient = infinity
C	density of effluent > density of the ambient Hint: aka hyperpycnal flow
D	density of effluent < density of the ambient

Question 40 Explanation:

Density of effluent (river water) is higher than the density of the ambient (sea water) causing river sediments to transport further and deposit in the ocean.

Question 41

Crevasse splays are deposits found in __A__ systems and generally have __B__ grains than flood plain facies. (ID-SSM2-36)

A	A. alluvial B. coarser
B	A. fluvial B. coarser
C	A. fluvial B. finer
D	A. alluvial B. finer

Question 42

When moving from A to B on the following flow chart (with respect to deltas), (ID-SSM2-52)

(A) Channels --> Levees --> Crevasse splay --> Floodplain (B)

A	the density increases.
B	the grain size decreases.
C	the density decreases.
D	the bioturbation decreases.
E	the grain size increases.

Question 43

Walther's law state... (ID-SSM2-30)

A	the vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in environment.
B	only beds with above 6 cm in thickness can be consider as a facies.
C	high energy currents can flow upstream, if the total energy of the current is higher than the gravitational gradient.
D	rise in sea level cause regression.

Question 43 Explanation:

Another way to state this would be; only those facies that were deposited side-by-side may be juxtaposed vertically.

Question 44

A Geologist noticed that Bouma sequence in the area only indicate deposition of lower units (ex A and B only). He/she is most likely at the... (ID-SSM2-04)

A	end of flow.
B	middle of the flow.
C	beginning of the flow.

Question 45

Your job title is "Master of Exploitation of Natural Resources". If you were to search for hydro-carbons, which would be the best place to start(with the lowest cost to the company)? (ID-SSM2-27)

A	on a river bed
B	an oxbow lake
C	on a large vegetated point bar
D	an alluvial fan

Question 45 Explanation:

An oxbow lake is the best for coal formation. In general it takes less resources(both human and technological) to extract coal from an oxbow lake than extract oil from an alluvial fan. This question is testing your IQ. 🙂

Question 46

What type of environment would you expect to find this type of facies? (ID-SSM2-46)

A	meandering river
B	fluvial dominated delta
C	alluvial fan
D	tidal dominated delta
E	braided river
F	wave dominated delta

Question 47

How is Alizarin Red-S staining agent is used to identify dolomite? (ID-SSM2-62)

A	It will not stain dolomite but colours the other carbonates pink.
B	It will stain dolomite red but will not stain the other carbonates.
C	It will increase the relief by staining the dolomite grain boundaries.
D	It will react with dolomite and stain it in green.

Question 48

Turbidity flows result in deposits known as turbidites. In the ideal turbidite sequence, where would you expect to find ripples? (ID-SSM2-02)

A	Section D; the fourth one from the bottom.
B	Section A; the first one from the bottom.
C	Section C; the third one from the bottom.
D	Section B; the second one from the bottom.
E	Section E; the fifth one from the bottom.

Question 49

A geological formation can have several lithofacies. (ID-SSM2-28)

A	False
B	True

Question 50

What is cementation? (ID-SSM2-06)

A	Precipitation of minerals into the pore spaces reducing the porosity.
B	Precipitation of minerals into the pore spaces increasing the porosity.
C	Addition of chemicals from outside of the strata into the pore spaces increasing the porosity.
D	Addition of chemicals from outside of the strata into the pore spaces reducing the porosity.

Question 51

Pedogenesis is caused by which of the following processes within sediments? (ID-SSM2-86)

A	Chemical and mechanical
B	Physical and chemical
C	Chemical and biological
D	Chemical and nuclear
E	Physical, chemical and biological

Question 52

Where would you most likely to find palustrine environments? (ID-SSM2-92)

A	Lake margins with very gentle slopes.
B	Areas of mixing salt water with fresh water.
C	At the mouth of rivers that carry large sediment load.
D	At the toe of wave dominated deltas with large scale muddy deposits.
E	Within deep channels in a braided river system.

Question 53

Meandering rivers most likely to formed in areas with... (ID-SSM2-34)

A	stable channels carrying a lose sediment load (such as sand/mud).
B	high gradient.
C	rivers with high width to depth ratio.
D	low gradient.
E	shallow unstable channels.

Question 53 Explanation:

Low gradient=low width to depth ratio. In some areas the difference is so small, it is harder for a Geologist to find the downstream direction (assuming river is not flowing).

While the meander is caused by several factors; the main factor is the low slope of the channel.

Question 54

What is the most common type of cements in nature? (ID-SSM2-07)

A	calcite and silica
B	silica and iron
C	silica and pyrite
D	pyrite and calcite

Question 55

Ogoki River hydro power dam in Ontario will result in___. (ID-SSM2-16)

A	fall in local base level.
B	fall in global base level.
C	rise in global base level.
D	rise in local base level.

Question 56

What would you always expect to find in an alluvial fan? (ID-SSM2-18)

A	Extinct channels.
B	Avulsion
C	Overbanks
D	Distributaries
E	Tributaries

Question 57

On the following diagram, the type of delta that would formed in section B is.... (ID-SSM2-39)

A	tidal dominated.
B	fluvial dominated.
C	alluvial dominated.
D	wave dominated.

Question 58

A fan delta is a depositional feature that is formed where an alluvial fan develops directly in a body of standing water(lake/ocean) as a result of streams originating from a steep environment. (ID-SSM2-23)

A	True
B	False

Question 59

Which of the following is a characteristic of wave dominated delta? (ID-SSM2-84)

A	Large distributary channels developed well into the distal regions.
B	Lobe shaped bay fill towards the sea with a shape like a "bird's foot".
C	Flat or straight distal edge.
D	Increase in sediment accumulation towards the distal edge due to sandy deposits.

Question 60

This is an areal image taken in 1996 of a geologic feature in Skeidararsandur (Iceland). What is the best interpretation for this image? (ID-SSM2-48)

Copyrighted to Magnus Tumi Gumundsson and Finnur Palsson

A	Delta formed due to hyperpycnal flow
B	Delta formed due to tidal flow
C	Delta formed due to hyperpycnal flow
D	Alluvial fan formed by a stream with high density sediment load
E	Alluvial fan formed by a stream with heavy sediment load

Question 60 Explanation:

This is a difficult question, but a fair question.

Question 61

It is impossible to have a base level lower than the sea level. (ID-SSM2-14)

A	False
B	True

Question 61 Explanation:

Because the base level is actually the LOCAL lowest point in a river/lake. Imagine if you have a river 100s of km long and base level in can be lower than sea level in some area, but as long as gradient of the overall slope is downwards, the water will flow.

Question 62

Multiple interconnected channels are most likely to form within.... (ID-SSM2-78)

A	underwater fluvial deposits.
B	meandering rivers.
C	overbanks of lakes.
D	anastomosing rivers.

Question 63

Inconsistent change in water level is the the primary driving force for meandering rivers. (ID-SSM2-35)

A	False
B	True

Question 63 Explanation:

Centrifugal force(F_c) is the the primary driving force for meandering rivers. While gravity also play a role, it is minor compared to F_c because the low-slope.

Question 64

Alluvial fan deposits are typically associated with ______ facies and rivers deposits are typically associated with ______ facies. (ID-SSM2-83)

A	sheet flood , aeolian dunes
B	ephemeral lake , estuarine
C	estuarine , sheet flood
D	delta , ephemeral lake

Question 65

Imbricated clasts often can be found in this type of system. (ID-SSM2-45)

A	gravel braided system.
B	sandy braided system.
C	wave energy delta system.
D	tidal energy delta system.

Question 66

Alluvial fans are differ from deltas because alluvial fans are formed as a direct result of flow expansion. (ID-SSM2-50)

A	True
B	False

Question 66 Explanation:

Both alluvial fans AND deltas are formed as a direct result of flow expansion. However, alluvial fans are deposited at the mouth of the canyon when it enters a low lying land while deltas are formed at the mouth of the river where a body of sediments deposited in a large body of standing water (ocean, lake).

Question 67

Chert is mostly composed of which of the following mineral? (ID-SSM2-72)

A	Glass
B	Halite
C	Apatite
D	Quartz
E	Epsomite

Question 68

Dedolomitisation result in which of the following? (ID-SSM2-76)

A	Increase in the normal level of water table.
B	Replacement of dolomite by anhydrites.
C	Decrease in the normal level of water table.
D	Increase the salinity of the groundwater.
E	Calcium sulphate enrichment of groundwater.

Question 69

What is anhydrite? (ID-SSM2-70)

A	It is the dehydrated version of gypsum.
B	It is the dehydrated and fibrous version of sylvite.
C	It is the fibrous mineral version of halite.
D	It is a type of precipitate occurs between grains of iron rich sediments.
E	It is a type of quartz that lacks water.

Question 70

Which of the following describe ooids? (ID-SSM2-65)

A	Very fine grained material that precipitate by the breakdown of skeletal fragments.
B	Bodies of calcium carbonate less than 2mm in diameter and form by the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
C	Layers bound by cyanobacteria found as clasts within carbonate sediments.
D	Fragments of calcium carbonate material that has been partly lithified.
E	Planktonic yellowgreen algae that are extremely important contributors to marine sediments.

Question 71

Choose all the correct statements. (more than one answer) (ID-SSM2-49)

A	imbricated clasts can be observed om gravel braided system.
B	point bar is an area of high erosion.
C	ε cross beds form in the point bar side of a meandering river.
D	braided rivers are part of alluvial systems.
E	anastomosing rivers are avulsion dominated rivers.

Question 72

Which of the following is associated with lake turbidite deposits? (ID-SSM2-90)

A	Sediment load dominated by fine grains
B	Epilimnion waters
C	Oxic environment
D	Hypolimnion waters
E	Thermocline waters

Question 72 Explanation:

Hypolimnion = cold water and it is below the thermocline. It is also anoxic.

Question 73

On a sandy braided river system, the slip face would form on transverse bars on the.... (ID-SSM2-55)

A	downstream side.
B	right side in N. America and left side in Australia.
C	left and right side, parallel to the flow.
D	left side in N. America and right side in Australia.
E	upstream side.

Question 74

Which of the following describes Banded Iron Formations or BIFs? (ID-SSM2-74)

A	BIFs forms in modern environment, but at much smaller scale and rate.
B	Typically thin iron rich beds are composed of haematite rich sediments.
C	BIFs most likely formed in deep basins with very high iron rich organic sediment influx.
D	Iron within BIFs must have been oxidized before they were deposited as bands of thin beds.

Question 75

In lakes where sediment plumes and turbidity currents are the main transport mechanisms... (ID-SSM2-91)

A	deep lake facies will consist of very finely laminated muds deposited from suspension alternating with thin graded turbidites.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	shallow lake facies will consist of alternating large scale muddy beds and sandy beds.
D	deep lake facies will consist of alternating large scale muddy beds and sandy beds.
E	shallow lake facies will consist of very finely laminated muds deposited from suspension alternating with thin graded turbidites.

Question 76

According the the classification of trace fossils based on interpretation of the activity of organism, which of the following is typically associated with crawling, gracing and feeding traces? (ID-SSM2-96)

A	Cubichina
B	Passichnia
C	Fodinichina
D	Dominichnia
E	Repichinia

Question 77

______ is an important source of industrial potash that occurs associated with halite. (ID-SSM2-71)

A	Epsomite
B	Gypsum
C	Sylvite
D	Apatite
E	Selenite

Question 78

A Professional Geologist have made the following observations: (ID-SSM2-24)
-active and extinct distributaries
-poorly sorted and mostly matrix supported
-reverse grading in basal section
-very steep surface with no vegetation
A possible environment for such observations could be....

A	high sediment load river bed
B	humid-desert extreme weather dominated river bed
C	stream flow dominated fan
D	low sediment load river bed
E	debris flow dominated fan

Question 79

Large scale sandy deposits, important to the petroleum industry, are most likely to be found within which of the following river system sub-environments? (ID-SSM2-75)

A	Channels
B	Floodplains
C	Crevasse Splays
D	Levees

Question 80

On the following diagram, the type of delta that would formed at point 2 (blue) can be described as... (ID-SSM2-42)

A	sediment impact delta with a shape of a bird's foot.
B	wave influx delta with a shape of a cupcake.
C	wave influx delta with a shape of a bird's foot.
D	tidal flow delta with a shape of a cupcake.

Question 81

What is the primary process that derive formation of rhizocretions? (ID-SSM2-88)

A	Chemical weathering
B	Physical weathering
C	Rise of water table
D	Gravity and pressure due to overburden sediment load
E	Fall of water table

Question 82

Which of the following would increase the sediment accommodation space? (ID-SSM2-53)

A	increase in elevation
B	increase in sediment load Hint: this will decrease the accommodation space due to higher rate of sed accumulation.
C	uplift
D	subsidence

Question 83

If you have to identify the single most cause(while it is a combination of many) of alluvial fans formation, it would be... (ID-SSM2-17)

A	the loss of energy(velocity) of the load bearing currents.
B	the change in base level.
C	the gain of energy(velocity) of the load bearing currents.
D	the change in elevation.

Question 83 Explanation:

This is a tricky question... While several answers above can be right, the fundamental cause is the velocity change which in trigger density change causing deposition.

Question 84

A core sample can be exclusively used to identify the depositional environment with strong geologic constraints. (ID-SSM2-11)

A	True if the core samples are taken within few lateral meters from each other.
B	False
C	True if the core penetrated across different strata.
D	True if the core is taken perpendicular to the natural depositional surfaces.

Question 84 Explanation:

A core sample by itself cannot be used to identify the depositional environment. Several samples are needed to analyze the geological conditions in a given area.

Question 85

In general, rivers are stable systems. (ID-SSM2-54)

A	True
B	False

Question 86

What is the difference between avulsion and migration? (ID-SSM2-38)

A	Migration is the rapid change of a river channel and usually caused by a sudden event such as a flood or an earthquake. Avulsion is the normal lateral motion of an alluvial river channel across its floodplain.
B	Avulsion and migration both caused by the rapid change of a river channel. But avulsion is found in braided rivers and migration found in meandering rivers.
C	Avulsion and migration both caused by the rapid change of a river channel. But migration is found in braided rivers and avulsion found in meandering rivers.
D	Avulsion is the rapid change of a river channel and usually caused by a sudden event such as a flood or an earthquake. Migration is the normal lateral motion of an alluvial river channel across its floodplain.

Question 87

Please the following items from bottom to top (aka, A to E) according to ideal Bouma sequence. (ID-SSM2-57)

1. normally graded bed (fining upwards)
2. silt and mud
3. ripples
4. lamination
5. fine lamination

A	3 (bottom) --> 4 --> 1 --> 2 --> 5 (top)
B	1 (bottom) --> 4 --> 3 --> 5 --> 2 (top)
C	1 (bottom) --> 4 --> 5 --> 3 --> 2 (top)
D	2 (bottom) --> 4 --> 3 --> 5 --> 1 (top)

Question 87 Explanation:

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 381 Midterm II-University of Calgary

Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam II

Some of the Lab Final sample images | Click here

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam II

Some of the Lab Final sample images | Click here

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Standing on the shoulders of giants