Basic concepts: molecular biology, DNA, RNAs, chemical bonds, importance of water, chemical reactions, organic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, cholesterol, proteins, amino acids, fats, steroids, emulsifiers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Midterm III

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Question 1

Which of the following statement is incorrect about RNA? (ID-B03-42)

A	Only the mRNA structure is linear.
B	Coding of the proteins is done by mRNAs.
C	The tRNA carries amino acids with high energy bound for making proteins.
D	Only the tRNA structure is linear.

Question 2

What is the atomic mass number of 14
6 C? (ID-B03-04)

A	7
B	6
C	8
D	14

Question 3

Living cells have the amazing ability to distinguish different isotopes of the same element. (ID-B03-09)

A	True
B	False

Question 4

Which of the following components/substances are present in Red Blood Cells (RBCs)? (ID-B03-88)

A	Nucleus, plasma membrane and hemoglobin.
B	Plasma membrane and hemoglobin.
C	Ribosomes, organelles and hemoglobin.
D	Ribosomes, plasma membrane and hemoglobin.
E	Nucleus, ribosomes and hemoglobin.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Red Blood Cells do not have nucleus, organelles or ribosomes.

Question 5

Polymers are broken down to monomers by what process? (ID-B03-79)

A	ATP injection
B	Heating
C	Hydrolysis
D	Protein pumps

Question 6

Plants store polysaccharides as what compound? (ID-B03-30)

A	Starch
B	Glycogen
C	Cellulose
D	Carboxylic acids

Question 7

Which of the following class of biological molecules is responsible for the structure of water insoluble membranes? (ID-B03-23)

A	Lipids
B	Carbohydrates
C	Nucleic Acids
D	Proteins

Question 8

Which of the following statement is true about monosaccharides? (ID-B03-25)

A	They usually characterized by three double bonded C-O structures.
B	They often form ring structures.
C	Most common two; glucose forms 5 membered structures while fructose forms 6 membered structure.
D	Their molecular formulas are usually multiples of CH2O2.

Question 9

Which of the following statement is true about enzymes? (ID-B03-81)

A	They slow down chemical reaction by acting as a buffer.
B	They speed up chemical reactions without participating in the reaction.
C	They speed up chemical reactions by participating in the reaction.
D	They slow down chemical reaction by participating in the reaction.

Question 10

How many different RNAs are discovered by biologists? (ID-B03-41)

A	2
B	3
C	4
D	5

Question 10 Explanation: 

They are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.

Question 11

What is chemotaxis? (ID-B03-64)

A	Movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
B	Process in which chemical difference between inside and outside the cell is maintained.
C	Production of proteins by the bone marrow to keep stable white blood cell count.
D	A digestive process used by herbivorous to break down the plant cells.

Question 11 Explanation: 

This is how Bacteria sense food.

Question 12

All living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells. What is this statement describing? (ID-B03-84)

A	Cell theory
B	Molecular theory
C	Theory of evolution
D	Genetic theory
E	Laws of inheritance

Question 13

The phospholipids that form the plasma membrane allow non-polar molecules such as oxygen to move across the cell membrane. How is the ionic and polar molecules move across the membrane? (ID-B03-56)

A	Receptor proteins codes the ionic and polar molecules so that it will be accepted by the phospholipids.
B	Transport proteins form channels which allow ions and polar molecules to move across.
C	The difference in pH levels inside and outside the cell facilitates movement of ionic and polar molecules.
D	Simple diffusion process.

Question 14

Choose the correct statement(s) from the following list. (ID-B03-13)

I. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
II. Chemical reactions always result in loss of electron(s).
III. Water is slightly polar.
IV. Ionic bonds are bound together with oppositely charged ions.

A	All of the above statements are correct.
B	I and III
C	I and II
D	I , III and IV
E	II and IV
F	I , II and III

Question 15

Why is the area/volume ratio has to be very small for biological cells to survive? (ID-B03-55)

A	To be able to stack together to form tissues.
B	To be able to communicate to the outside world.
C	To be able to process food and data.
D	To allow nutrients and gasses to pass across the cell surface.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Bit of tricky question because you may argue for few other answers listed above. However, there is a specific reason and that's what this question is asking for.

Question 16

What type of blood cells are formed in a process called erythropoiesis? (ID-B03-69)

A	Red blood cells
B	Platelets
C	Serum
D	White blood cells

Question 17

The chitin is a ____ and it is used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton. (ID-B03-35)

A	polysaccharide
B	protein
C	lipid
D	monsaccharide
E	disaccharide

Question 18

Organic chemical reactions takes place... (ID-B03-76)

A	...always outside cell walls.
B	...by heating the reactants.
C	...in aqueous environment of cells.
D	...only by breaking covalent bonds because living cells cannot break down ionic bonds.

Question 19

Fundamentally, functions of proteins are determine by... (ID-B03-32)

A	...their orientation of the hydrogen atoms.
B	...the type of translation.
C	...their chemical structures.
D	...water solubility level.

Question 20

With the development of advanced microscopes, why would you still use a light microscope? (ID-B03-54)

A	There is a world wide shortage of advanced microscopes.
B	The techniques used to study microscopic particles in cell biology has not changed since 1665.
C	Light microscopes are cheaper for a biologist to obtain.
D	Movement of organic material is magnified in advanced microscopes hence harder to study.

Question 21

A solution at pH 6 contains ___ than the same amount of solution at pH 4. (ID-B03-20)

A	2 times more H+
B	100 times less H+
C	10 times less H+
D	10 times more H+
E	100 times more H+

Question 21 Explanation: 

pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]
[H⁺] = 10^-pH

Question 22

The ___ is the site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and where ribosomes are assembled. (ID-B03-74)

A	Centriole
B	Golgi apparatus
C	Vesicles
D	Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E	Nucleolus

Question 23

What type of cell junction in animal cells provide the similar function as plasmodesmata in plant cells? (ID-B03-86)

A	Fiber junctions
B	Anchoring junctions
C	Gap junctions
D	Tight junctions

Question 24

Which of the following statement is correct about vacuoles in Endomembrane System? (ID-B03-70)

A	They are the transport vesicles that deliver glycoprotein from ER membrane to Golgi apparatus.
B	In plants, they store toxins to protect them from predators.
C	They process materials and produce usable energy for eukaryotic cells.
D	In humans, they acts as the digestive compartments within cells.

Question 25

What is good for human health? (ID-B03-47)

A	More triglycerides within the lipoprotein, hence away from the blood.
B	More cholesterol within the lipoprotein, hence away from the blood.
C	A very high LDL to HDL ratio.
D	A very low LDL to HDL ratio.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Medical professionals do not measure the LDL or HDL levels when testing for cholesterol. They test the ratio of LDL/HDL. HDL is good for health and therefore lower the ratio, even if it very high, better it is for the body.

Question 26

Which of the organic compounds illustrated below has a double bond? (ID-B03-21)

Image mod from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_group

A	I, II and IV
B	I only
C	II only
D	IV only
E	III only
F	II and IV

Question 27

What is the function of mitochondria in animal cells? (ID-B03-61)

A	Genetic control of the cell.
B	Provide structural support for the nucleus.
C	Manufacture and distribution of molecules.
D	Provide structural support for the cell wall.
E	Energy processing.

Question 27 Explanation: 

In plants, this function is carried out by chloroplasts.

Question 28

Atoms are split/sub-divided into how many subatomic particles? (ID-B03-07)

A	Five subatomic particles.
B	Two subatomic particles.
C	Three subatomic particles.
D	Hundreds of subatomic particles.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Although we have identified more than hundreds of subatomic particles, there are three important ones; Protons, Neutrons and Electrons. Read more at Wikipedia

Question 29

Which of the following that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have? (ID-B03-57)

A	DNA as genetic materials
B	Nucleus
C	Organelles
D	Cell walls

Question 29 Explanation: 

Note all prokaryotic cells have cell walls.

Question 30

Hydrogen ion (H⁺) and hydroxide ion (OH^-) are highly reactive. They play a major role in what process? (ID-B03-19)

A	Hydrogen bonding
B	Acid-base reactions
C	Chemical precipitation reactions
D	Vital hormone producing reactions

Question 31

A person who consumes a lot of fructose most likely experience... (ID-B03-27)

A	...high cholesterol.
B	...obesity.
C	...diabetes.
D	...thyroid problems.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Fructose that usually found in HFCS (corn syrup) increases the production of fats. Fructose does not give rise to an insulin response.

Question 32

Cell walls of bacteria is made up of what material? (ID-B03-63)

A	Flagella
B	Peptidoglycan
C	Chitin
D	Glucose

Question 33

What is the length range (size range) for most animal and plant cells? (ID-B03-53)

A	1.0 to 10 micrometres
B	100 to 1000 micrometres
C	0.1 to 1.0 micrometres
D	10 to 100 micrometres

Question 34

The classification organic compounds is based on the presence of what elements? (ID-B03-03)

A	Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen
B	Nitrogen and Oxygen
C	Hydrogen and Oxygen
D	Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen
E	Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
F	Carbon and Hydrogen

Question 35

An unknown element has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Which of the following element is most likely fit this atomic description? (ID-B03-05)

A	Carbon-13
B	Helium-4
C	Carbon-14
D	Carbon-12
E	Nitrogen-12

Question 35 Explanation: 

By calculating the atomic mass number with the given data, the ONLY possible answer is Carbon-14.

Question 36

Alberta has considerable deposits of Uranium. What cancer causing gas is produced as a result of Uranium decay? (ID-B03-10)

A	Radon gas
B	Natural gas
C	Sulfur mustard gas
D	Thorium gas

Question 37

How many different types of White Blood Cells (WBCs) have been identified? (ID-B03-87)

A	3
B	2
C	4
D	6
E	5

Question 38

How is nitrogenous bases of RNA differ from that of DNA? (ID-B03-38)

A	RNA has Adenine (Ade) nitrogenous base instead of Cytosine (Cyt).
B	RNA has Thymine (Thy) nitrogenous base instead of Adenine (Ade).
C	RNA has Thymine (Thy) nitrogenous base instead of Cytosine (Cyt).
D	RNA has Cytosine (Cyt) nitrogenous base instead of Adenine (Ade).
E	RNA has Uracil (Ura) nitrogenous base instead of Thymine (Thy).
F	RNA has Guanine (Gua) nitrogenous base instead of Cytosine (Cyt).

Question 39

Only the ionic compounds will effectively dissolve in water. (ID-B03-18)

A	True
B	False

Question 39 Explanation: 

Water can dissolve ionic compounds and polar molecules.

Question 40

Cytoskeleton is composed of... (ID-B03-62)

A	...Microtubule, Intermediate filament and Microfilament.
B	...Centriole, Golgi apparatus and Ribosomes.
C	...Plasma membrane, Ribosomes and Lysosome.
D	...Ribosomes, Lysosome and Centriole.
E	...Lysosome and Centriole.

Question 41

Which of the following integral membrane protein in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) provide gel-like barrier outside the cell? (ID-B03-89)

A	Ankrin protein
B	Aquaporins protein
C	Band 3 protein
D	Glycophorin protein
E	Spectrin protein

Question 42

Cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live. We use microscopes to study them. Which microscope would you use if you were to study intracellular structures? (ID-B03-52)

A	Light Microscope (LM)
B	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
C	Electron Microscope (EM)
D	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Question 43

Association of multiple polypeptides are often found in what level of protein structure? (ID-B03-37)

A	Primary structure
B	Tertiary structure
C	Quaternary structure
D	Secondary structure

Question 44

Iodine (I) is an essential trace element used to produce hormones by which gland? (ID-B03-06)

A	Pituitary gland
B	Salivary gland
C	Prostate gland
D	Pineal gland
E	Thyroid gland

Question 45

Chemically why water is important to life? (ID-B03-14)

A	The chemical properties such as high cohesion and polarity.
B	Very high reaction rate.
C	The physical properties such as very low angles between the two H-atoms and the O-atom.
D	Very high electron transfer rate and high electrical conduction rate.

Question 46

What is the function of flagella on prokaryotic cells? (ID-B03-59)

A	Enzyme and proteins synthesis.
B	Provide structural support.
C	Locomotion.
D	DNA and RNA replication.
E	Protection from the outside environment.

Question 47

Where are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic structures located on the following phospholipid diagram respectively? (ID-B03-48)

Image mod from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0301_Phospholipid_Structure.jpg

A	III and IV
B	III and I
C	I and III
D	I and IV
E	IV and I

Question 48

How many different nitrogenous bases that made up of DNA structures? (ID-B03-39)

A	2
B	5
C	4
D	3
E	6

Question 49

Which of the following statement is correct about microfilaments in the cytoskeleton? (ID-B03-68)

A	They made the various fiberous proteins of α-helical coiled-coils that transport materials from one area to another.
B	They are only found in plant cells because animal cells with movement cannot maintain the structure.
C	They are composed of globular proteins that are assembled and disassembled in different regions of the cell to form hollow pathways.
D	They are composed of action and involved in cell movement and maintaining cell structure.

Question 50

Which of the following statement is correct about DNA double helix? (ID-B03-40)

A	The base A pairs with base C while base G pairs with base T to form a double helix DNA.
B	The base A pairs with base T while base C pairs with base G to form a double helix DNA.
C	The base A pairs with base T while base G pairs with base T to form a double helix RNA.
D	The base A pairs with base G while base C pairs with base T to form a double helix RNA.
E	The base A pairs with base G while base C pairs with base T to form a double helix DNA.
F	The base A pairs with base C while base G pairs with base T to form a double helix RNA.

Question 51

A Carbon-14 atom (atomic number 6) that has lost an electron. What is the number of electrons remains? (ID-B03-72)

A	5 electrons.
B	13 electrons.
C	10 electrons.
D	5 electrons.
E	8 electrons.

Question 51 Explanation: 

Atomic number represents protons (+). A neutral atom will have equal number of protons (+) and electrons (-). If an electron is lost, then it must have one less electron than the atomic number.

Question 52

Which of the following is a polysaccharide? (ID-B03-28)

A	Maltose
B	Glucose
C	Fructose
D	Cellulose

Question 53

Which of the following occur during a chemical reaction? (ID-B03-11)

A	Produce molecules and compounds with polarity. Hint: Not always, but sometimes.
B	Number of electrons within the structure increases. Hint: Not always, but sometimes.
C	Valance shell electrons react with other atoms to form bonds.
D	Neutrons and protons from different atoms react with each other.

Question 54

All of the following chemical groups are hydrophilic except, (ID-B03-22)

A	Methyl group
B	Carboxyl group
C	Carbonyl group
D	Phosphate group
E	Hydroxyl group
F	Amino group

Question 55

What are the general parts of a nucleotide? (ID-B03-83)

A	3-carbin sugar, phosphate group and a adenine
B	5-carbin sugar, phosphate group and a adenine Hint: While it is true a adenine can be one, it is not a general part!
C	5-carbin sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
D	3-carbin sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 56

Fats come from animals are generally... (ID-B03-44)

A	...good for human health/digestive system.
B	...contain more nutrition than plant based fats.
C	...solid at room temperature.
D	...unsaturated fats.

Question 57

How many different amino acids are found in proteins? (ID-B03-36)

A	Millions
B	100
C	35
D	20
E	50

Question 58

Which of the following statement is true about biological cells? (ID-B03-51)

A	Biological cells have the ability to differentiate Carbon-12 from Carbon-14.
B	Majority of organic cells lacks nucleus.
C	Both animal and plant cells contains materials that move around (mobile).
D	Natural carbon is only produced by plant cells.
E	Only the animal cells that have materials that move around (mobile).

Question 59

Which of the following statements are true about protein structure? (ID-B03-82)

A	Hydrogen bonds are primary structures of proteins.
B	Some proteins only have α helix structures while others can have only β pleated sheet structures.
C	Protein structures have four levels of structures.
D	The α helix and the β pleated sheet structures are tertiary structure.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Note: Only some proteins have four levels while most have three levels of structures.

Question 60

Which of the following hydrocarbon that has a cyclic (ring) structure? (ID-B03-78)

A	Butane
B	Ethane
C	Methane
D	Benzene

Question 61

Why dissolution of CO₂ in ocean water result in ocean acidification? (ID-B03-77)

A	Because CO2 reacts with calcium to produce bicarbonate.
B	Because CO2 acts as a low pH buffer.
C	Because CO2 reacts with water to produce carbonic acid.
D	Because CO2 is an acid.

Question 62

What criterion is used to classify an element as "trace element" in humans by Biologists? (ID-B03-71)

A	The elemental abundance must be less than 0.2% of the human body weight.
B	The elemental abundance must be less than 0.01% of the human body weight.
C	The elemental abundance must be less than 0.1% of the human body weight.
D	The elemental abundance must be less than 1.0% of the human body weight.
E	The elemental abundance must be less than 0.4% of the human body weight.

Question 63

If you want to increase the internal temperature of Canadian moose dung while cooking, what should you do? (ID-B03-16)

Note: Moose dung is a traditional Canadian delicacy. Yum yum 🙂

A	Freeze the dung before cooking.
B	Add salts, ionic compounds, to the moose dung.
C	Increase the humidity of the cook pot.
D	Decrease the humidity of the cook pot.

Question 64

Why do manufactures use corn syrup derive fructose over glucose? (ID-B03-80)

A	Fructose is cheaper than glucose.
B	Fructose is a polymer while glucose is a monomer.
C	There is more fructose naturally in corn syrup.
D	Fructose is sweeter than glucose.

Question 65

What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth? (ID-B03-31)

A	Cellulose
B	Lipids
C	Chitin
D	Glycogen
E	Starch

Question 66

What is the primary function of RNAs? (ID-B03-45)

A	Carry information of amino acid sequence from the genes to make proteins in cells.
B	Provide energy for the DNA structure by converting energy from cells into ATP and transferring it to the nucleus.
C	Protect the nucleus from genetic mutations, even though this always does not work.
D	Develop new genetic codes for evolutionary adaptations.

Question 67

Which of the following statement is correct about saturated fats? (ID-B03-43)

A	Compared to unsaturated fatty acids, they have a very high melting point.
B	They are often found in olive oil and vegetable oils.
C	They have the maximum number of hydrogens (alkanes) in the fats and lipid group.
D	They have kinks caused by double bonding of carbon atoms.

Question 68

Which of the following is the functional group of fatty acids? (ID-B03-90)

A	Phosphate group
B	Carboxyl group
C	Amino group
D	Carbonyl group
E	Hydroxyl group

Question 69

The H-bonding networks in proteins is at what level of structure? (ID-B03-34)

A	Primary structure:
B	Quaternary structure
C	Secondary structure
D	Tertiary structure

Question 70

Higher the electronegativity, ... (ID-B03-12)

A	...higher the pull of electrons towards its nucleus.
B	...higher the radioactivity of the atom.
C	...lower the pull of electrons towards its nucleus.
D	...lower the radioactivity of the atom.
E	...more stable the atom.

Question 71

Arrange the following chemical groups diagrams from Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate and Methyl in that order. (ID-B03-75)

Suggestion: Take your time to answer this question. It can be confusing with 6 types!

A	IV , VI , II , III , V and I
B	I , III , IV , V , II and VI
C	IV , VI , III , II , V and I
D	VI , IV , III , II , V and I
E	VI , IV , II , V , III and I
F	IV , I , VI , V , II and III

Question 72

Isotopes of same element have different amounts of what subatomic particle(s)? (ID-B03-73)

A	Protons
B	Electrons
C	Neutrons
D	Protons and Neutrons
E	Protons and Electrons

Question 72 Explanation: 

Example; the Carbon-12 have 6 neutrons while Carbon-14 has 8. But both have exactly same amount of protons and if they are not at a charged state, same amount of electrons as well.

Question 73

What is the difference between temperature and heat? (ID-B03-15)

A	Heat is the amount of energy associated with movement of atoms while temperature is the intensity of heat (average speed of atoms).
B	Heat is produced through instantaneous reactions such as boiling water. Temperature is the quantitative measurement of heat.
C	Temperature is the amount of energy associated with movement of atoms while heat is the intensity of heat (average speed of atoms).
D	Temperature is a long term quantitative measurement of energy while heat is a short term measurement of energy.

Question 74

What is the difference between a compound and a molecule? (ID-B03-02)

A	Molecules composed of two or more different elements while compounds composed of two or more atoms.
B	Compounds composed of two or more different elements while molecules composed of two or more atoms.
C	Molecules are always ionic while compounds could be either ionic or covalent.
D	All organic matter is compounds while molecules are inorganic.
E	Molecules easily react with organic matter therefore they often involved in chemical reactions. Compounds are stable entities and are often inert.

Question 75

Communication between cells is maintained through allowing molecules to flow by what type of cell junctions? (ID-B03-67)

A	Tight junctions
B	Messenger junctions
C	Membrane junctions
D	Gap junctions
E	Anchoring junctions

Question 76

The surface tension of water is vital to organisms. Why does water has high surface tension? (ID-B03-50)

A	The very high electronegative nature of the molecule.
B	The hydrogen bonds.
C	The high atomic mass.
D	Low radioactivity and polarity.

Question 77

What is the relative size of a typical eukaryotic cell? (ID-B03-58)

A	1/50th of a typical prokaryotic celll.
B	1/10th of a typical prokaryotic celll.
C	1/30th of a typical prokaryotic celll.
D	1/25th of a typical prokaryotic celll.
E	1/100th of a typical prokaryotic celll.

Question 78

During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into __I__ structures and when the cell is not dividing, chromatin fibers are in structures called __II__. (ID-B03-65)

A	I. lysosomes II. nucleoli
B	I. ribosomes II. nucleoli
C	I. chromosomes II. chromatin
D	I. ribosomes II. lysosomes
E	I. chromosomes II. ribosomes

Question 79

You take a spoon full of cocoa powder and mix it in milk. Assuming no isolated reactions occurred, which of the statement is most likely describes your cocoa milk shake? (ID-B03-17)

A	The milk acted as the solute which breaks down the chemical compounds in the cocoa powder.
B	The temperature of the mixture should have increased as the mixing progresses.
C	Milk is the solvent while cocoa powder is the solute.
D	The mixing of the two most likely have broken down the molecular bounds of water and that resulted in reaction with cocoa powder.

Question 80

Proteins are bonded by __I__ and these linking bounds are known as __II__. (ID-B03-33)

A	I. ionic bonds II. nucleic bonds
B	I. covalent bonds II. nucleic bonds
C	I. ionic bonds II. peptide bonds
D	I. covalent bonds II. peptide bonds

Question 81

What is a chemical buffer? (ID-B03-49)

A	A substance that resists changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen irons.
B	A substance that prevent changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen irons.
C	A substance that prevent genetic mutations.
D	A substance that resists genetic mutations.
E	A substance that increase the pH level of a high pH solution while decrease the pH level of a low pH solution.

Question 82

Which of the following would you expect to observe on a person who is suffering from long term drug abuse? (ID-B03-66)

A	Decrease production in glycoprotein.
B	Increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum.
C	Increase production in glycoprotein.
D	Increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 83

What is the major function of phospholipids? (ID-B03-46)

A	Energy storage and release.
B	Forms cell membranes.
C	Synthesis of Amino acids, DNA and RNA.
D	Signaling molecules for sex hormones.

Question 84

DNA is made in a process called __I__ while RNA is made in a process called __II__. (ID-B03-24)

A	I. transcription II. translation
B	I. transcription II. replication
C	I. translation II. transcription
D	I. translation II. replication
E	I. replication II. transcription
F	I. replication II. translation

Question 85

There are ___ elements essential to life and the four most abundant includes hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and ___. (ID-B03-01)

A	15, iron
B	22 , iron
C	25 , nitrogen
D	15 , sodium
E	22 , sodium
F	15 , nitrogen

Question 86

What theory state that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell? (ID-B03-85)

A	Theory of inheritance
B	Endosymbiont theory
C	Genetic theory
D	Cell theory

Question 87

Lactose intolerant is caused due to lack of lactase enzyme, which hydrolyse what glycosidic bonds? (ID-B03-26)

A	β−1-->4
B	α−1-->4
C	α−1-->1
D	β−1-->1

Question 88

The fimbriae of a typical prokaryotic cell has what purpose? (ID-B03-60)

A	Facilitate active transport and diffusion.
B	Attaching to host surfaces.
C	Locomotion.
D	Isolation from the outside; like a cell wall.

Question 88 Explanation: 

It is composed of β-sheet type proteins with a sticky end.

Question 89

How is lipids different from other large biological molecules? (ID-B03-29)

A	They do not form polymers.
B	They are nonploar and therefore hydrophilic.
C	They are the largest biological molecules.
D	They can form many different shapes with random orientations.

Question 90

What is the abundance of most stable isotope of carbon, the Carbon-12, in nature? (ID-B03-08)

A	50%
B	75%
C	100%
D	65%
E	99%

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