Basic concepts: cell structure and functions, diffusion, permeability, energy, enzymes, cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, caner, chromosomes, DNA and RNA replication / translation / transcription, mutations, genetic diseases, inheritance, molecular genetics, proteins, amino acids, polymers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

In genetics, what is a locus (loci)? (ID-BIF-62)

A	A region where the start codon is located.
B	The region of a duplicated chromosomes where two sister chromatids are joined.
C	A region where the end codon is located.
D	A type of mutation within a chromosome caused by an unmatched allele.
E	A site in which a particular gene is located in the chromosome.

Question 2

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because... (ID-BIF-23)

A	...the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.
B	...men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
C	...men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.
D	...the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.

Question 3

What is energy coupling? (ID-BIF-67)

A	Breaking down of molecules to obtain energy from both ATP and ADP.
B	Use of two phosphates from ATP to drive a single reaction.
C	Use of two ATPs to drive a single reaction.
D	Use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 4

An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes? (ID-BIF-72)

A	Three
B	Eight
C	Two
D	Seven
E	Four

Question 5

At what stage of the mitosis process the nuclear envelope breaks down? (ID-BIF-08)

A	Prometaphase
B	Anaphase
C	Prophase
D	Metaphase
E	Telophase

Question 6

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called... (ID-BIF-13)

A	...sister chromosomes.
B	...homolgous chromosomes.
C	...chromatin.
D	...DNA transcripts.
E	...sister chromatids.

Question 7

Which of the following statement is false about antibiotics? (ID-BIF-55)

A	Excessive use of antibiotics will create drug resistant bacteria also known as superbugs.
B	Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a fungi and belongs to β-Lactam antibiotics class.
C	Antibiotics work by either killing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria.
D	Antibiotics not only can be used as a preventive medication, but also can be used to treat existing infections.

Question 7 Explanation:

The use of antibiotic only increase the frequency of drug resistance bacteria that were already present in bacterial population. It cannot "create" a drug resistant bacteria.

Question 8

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome? (ID-BIF-24)

A	The frequencies of mutations in the genes.
B	The frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other.
C	The frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring.
D	The frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father.

Question 9

What is a monohybrid cross? (ID-BIF-58)

A	A cross between individuals that only differ due to one F-generation.
B	A cross between individuals from the same species.
C	A cross between individuals that only differ in one character.
D	A cross between individuals with different P-generations.
E	A cross between individuals that are identical. In other words, no difference between any charter.

Question 10

Multiple effects of a single gene is known as... (ID-BIF-73)

A	...multiple alleles.
B	...pleiotropy.
C	...codominance.
D	...penetrance.
E	...expressivity.

Question 11

Which of the following features would characterize a lytic cycle of a viral infection? (ID-BIF-45)

A	The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.
B	The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell.
C	The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome.
D	The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.
E	The virus reproduces outside of the host cell.

Question 12

What type of cell division do the prokaryotes undergo? (ID-BIF-04)

A	binary fission
B	mitosis
C	replication
D	meiosis

Question 13

Which of the of the following statements is correct on chromosome theory of inheritance? (ID-BIF-29)

A	Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.
B	Chromosomes themselves do not control the patterns of inheritance.
C	Only few selected chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.
D	Chromosomes undergo segregation and but do not independent assortment.

Question 14

What would be the most likely cause for high rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) among people in the isolated region, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec? (ID-BIF-35)

A	Naturally occurring genetic mutations.
B	Inbreeding
C	Genetic mutations caused by external factors.
D	Increased in genetic diversity.

Question 14 Explanation:

This is an example used in the textbook for inbreeding. When a student reads "isolated region" in the question, the answer should be obvious.

Question 15

An enzyme inhibitor process in which an excessive amount of the product will result in suppression of the starting reaction is known as... (ID-BIF-68)

A	...competitive inhibitor.
B	...product inhibitor.
C	...feedback inhibitor.
D	...noncompetitive inhibitor.
E	...reactant inhibitor.

Question 16

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? (ID-BIF-12)

A	Transcription
B	Translation
C	DNA packing/unpacking
D	RNA splicing
E	Adding a cap and tail to RNA

Question 17

Enthropy increased with... (ID-BIF-78)

A	...increased in in energy.
B	...released of energy.
C	...decreased in in energy.
D	...decrease in collisions among atoms.

Question 18

What is the primary compound or structure that controls the movement of daughter chromosomes during cell division? (ID-BIF-31)

A	The location of the centrosomes.
B	Type of ATP compound that assist in the movement.
C	Shape of the mitotic spindle.
D	Size and type of the chromosome.

Question 19

The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome is... (ID-BIF-25)

A	...a deletion.
B	...a translocation.
C	...an inversion.
D	...a duplication.

Question 20

How did the Scientists Hershey-Chase discovered that DNA as the primary genetic material? (ID-BIF-38)

A	They separated the DNA from the rest of the cell structure using centrifuged mixture and discovered DNA is the only living material.
B	They were able to identify nucleotides which provided the proof needed to show that DNA is the genetic material.
C	They observed the nucleus under high powered microscopes and discovered that the DNA is much larger than proteins.
D	They injected different radioactive isotopes label DNA and protein then trace it using phage.

Question 21

An abnormalities in ATP production will most likely result in... (ID-BIF-18)

A	...destruction of the cell.
B	...reduction in protein synthesis.
C	...reduction in RNA replication.
D	...destruction of the nucleus.

Question 22

Mitosis is composed of how many stages? (ID-BIF-06)

A	5
B	4
C	3
D	2

Question 23

In DNA and RNDA, the nitrogenous bases are attached to what structure? (ID-BIF-39)

A	Complementary RNA strand
B	Nucleotides and polynucleotides framework
C	Amino acid and protein sequences
D	Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 24

Which of the following best describe a testcross? (ID-BIF-59)

A	Cross between a F1 hybrid and a heterozygous organism.
B	Cross between a F1 hybrid and the homozygous dominant parent.
C	Cross between two parental organisms.
D	Cross between a F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.
E	Cross between two F1 hybrids.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true? (ID-BIF-60)

A	Darwin received Mendel's paper but did not understand its significance.
B	The blending theory of inheritance provides support for evolution.
C	The explanation for genetics had no implications for evolution.
D	Darwin did not know which mechanisms were responsible for the variation he saw.
E	Darwin did not know that mechanisms that causes genetic variations in plants are similar to that of animals.

Question 26

Large solid molecules are transported across cell membrane through what process? (ID-BIF-19)

A	Facilitated diffusion
B	Active diffusion
C	Receptor-neduated endocytosis
D	Pinocytosis
E	Phagacytosis

Question 27

Which of the following indicates homozygous genotypes? (ID-BIF-63)

A	AA and aa
B	Aa
C	AA
D	aa
E	AA and Aa

Question 28

In genetics, what is a promoter? (ID-BIF-41)

A	A protein which can attached to RNA to produce complementary DNA strand.
B	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to obtain information from the nucleus.
C	A protein which encourages DNA replication by stimulating the DNA.
D	A specific binding site for sigma factor in DNA which the RNA can bind.
E	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to pass information to proteins.

Question 29

What does tRNA transport? (ID-BIF-43)

A	DNA
B	Nucleic acids
C	Nucleotides
D	Polymers
E	Amino acids

Question 30

What do you call a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination? (ID-BIF-74)

A	Autosomes
B	Nucleosomes
C	Heterosomes
D	Alleles
E	Genomes

Question 31

How much time a cell would typically spend in the M phase of cell division? (ID-BIF-05)

A	About 10% of the total time of the cell cycle.
B	About 50% of the total time of the cell cycle.
C	About 35% of the total time of the cell cycle.
D	About 90% of the total time of the cell cycle.

Question 32

What does transformation involve in bacteria? (ID-BIF-70)

A	The creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule.
B	The type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA.
C	Assimilation of external DNA into a cell.
D	The infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule.
E	The creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule.

Question 33

What is the best genetic descriptor for an X-linked carrier? (ID-BIF-75)

A	Heterozygous female
B	Homozygous recessive female
C	Heterozygous male
D	Homozygous dominant female
E	Homozygous male

Question 34

At what stage of the mitosis process do the chromatids align in the center of the cell forming a plate like structure? (ID-BIF-07)

A	Anaphase
B	Prophase
C	Metaphase
D	Telophase
E	Prometaphase

Question 35

According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F1 pea plants? (ID-BIF-65)

A	Lethal
B	Dominant
C	Codominant
D	Sex-linked
E	Recessive

Question 36

During which phase of mitosis the sister chromatids separates and become daughter chromosomes? (ID-BIF-27)

A	Interphase
B	Anaphase
C	Telophase
D	Metaphase
E	Prophase

Question 37

Which of the following mutation will most likely have no adverse effect on the protein coded by the mutated gene? (ID-BIF-53)

A	Rearrangement of codons.
B	Nucleotide substitution.
C	Nucleotide deletion.
D	Nucleotide insertion.
E	Alteration of the start codon.

Question 38

Place the following steps of polypeptide formation in proper order. (ID-BIF-51)

I. Translocation
II. Renegotiation of the start codon.
III. Codon recognition by pairing tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon.
IV. Peptide bond formation.

A	III (first) --> II --> I--> IV (last)
B	III (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
C	II (first) --> III --> II--> IV (last)
D	II (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)

Question 39

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? (ID-BIF-15)

A	Carbon dioxide
B	A small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀).
C	Oxygen
D	Positivity charged sodium ion.

Question 40

Which of the following statement is correct about gene regulation? (ID-BIF-32)

A	It is a laboratory process used for production of genetically modified foods.
B	It is a laboratory process used in in vitro fertilization.
C	It is the process in which the speed of the cell division is controlled by several genetic factors.
D	It is the process in which genes are turned "on" and "off" as a response to stimuli.

Question 41

The __I__ pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules while __II__ pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller, simpler compounds. (ID-BIF-77)

A	I. metabolic II. anabolic
B	I. metabolic II. catabolic
C	I. anabolic II. metabolic
D	I. catabolic II. metabolic
E	I. anabolic II. catabolic
F	I. catabolic II. anabolic

Question 42

Hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation? (ID-BIF-64)

A	P1 generation
B	F1 generation
C	A1 generation
D	P2 generation
E	F2 generation
F	H1 generation

Question 43

What factor(s) that affect the activity of an enzyme if anything but the optimal conditions? (ID-BIF-79)

A	pH only
B	temperature and chemical balance
C	temperature only
D	pH, chemical balance and temperature
E	pH and temperature

Question 44

A situation where change in amino acid codon into a stop codon is most likely caused by what type of mutation? (ID-BIF-30)

A	Missense mutation
B	Reading frame mutation
C	Silent mutation
D	Nonsense mutation

Question 45

Which of the following statement is correct about reproduction? (ID-BIF-02)

A	Early humans asexually reproduced their offspring.
B	Only the organisms in the Kingdom Animalia undergo sexual reproduction.
C	Both plants and animals can produce offspring through sexual reproduction.
D	Early plants sexually reproduced their offspring.
E	Multicultural organisms only reproduce through sexual reproduction and are not capable of asexual reproduction.

Question 46

In Mendel's time, which of the following is a popular belief? (ID-BIF-69)

A	Only certain forms of domesticated plants and animals bred true.
B	Acquired characteristics were inherited.
C	The characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring.
D	All genetic traits bred true.
E	The inheritance of traits was controlled by blood.

Question 47

Scientists working for NASA found an organism on Mars. After analyzing the DNA structure, they found the organization contains 60 chromosomes. Assuming the exact same process of mitosis occur on Martian life as our humans, what is the expected number of chromosomes in the Martian gametes? (ID-BIF-34)

A	6
B	30
C	60
D	10

Question 48

The crossing over regions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as... (ID-BIF-33)

A	...recombs.
B	...tetrads.
C	...loci.
D	...chiasmas.

Question 49

In his experiments with plants, Mendel removed which part of the plant to prevent unwanted fertilizations? (ID-BIF-61)

A	Pistils
B	Petals
C	Flowers
D	Stamens
E	Stigmas

Question 50

Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to... (ID-BIF-11)

A	...asexual reproduction only.
B	...sexual reproduction only.
C	... all forms of reproduction.
D	...sexual reproduction between different species.

Question 51

Consider to following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (ID-BIF-46)

A	The did not eat.
B	The dog dog did not eat.
C	The dog did dog did not eat.
D	The did dog not eat.
E	The dod idn ote at.

Question 52

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _____ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. (ID-BIF-44)

A	four
B	two
C	one
D	five
E	three

Question 52 Explanation:

Eg. UAC-AUG start codon.

Question 53

In most plants and animal genes, the non-cording region is known as... (ID-BIF-40)

A	...splicer.
B	...intron.
C	...centromere.
D	...exon.
E	...loci.

Question 54

DNA damage caused by UV radiation result in thymine dimer. This can be repaired by a processed called ___ which detects the distortion in the DNA structure. (ID-BIF-56)

A	DNA polymer repair
B	thymine insertion repair
C	nucleic acid bond repair
D	DNA ligase repair
E	nucleotide excision repair

Question 55

Which of the following statements about the the reaction A = B + C + heat is true? (ID-BIF-17)

A	The potential energy of the products is more than that of the reactant.
B	The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.
C	The reaction is an endothermic reaction.
D	The reaction require a catalyst such as an enzyme to proceed.

Question 56

In tRNA where does the anticodon structure located? (ID-BIF-42)

A	Deep inside the tRNA structure.
B	Outside but exposed within the ribosome.
C	At the amino acid attachment site of tRNA.
D	Outside sticking out of the ribosome.

Question 57

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced? (ID-BIF-66)

A	All dd
B	All DD
C	All Dd
D	1/2 Dd, 1/2 dd
E	1/2 DD, 1/2 Dd

Question 58

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb _ AaBb? (ID-BIF-22)

A	9:3:3:1
B	16:0:0:0
C	1:1:1:1
D	8:4:2:2
E	1:3:3:2

Question 59

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur? (ID-BIF-28)

A	Prophase I
B	Prophase II
C	Interphase I
D	Metaphase I
E	Metaphase II

Question 60

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is known as... (ID-BIF-76)

A	Polymerization
B	Phosphorylation
C	Energization
D	Hydrolysis

Question 61

During which phase the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear in mitosis? (ID-BIF-14)

A	Anaphase
B	Metaphase
C	Interphase
D	Prophase
E	Prometaphase

Question 62

What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? (ID-BIF-47)

A	DNA polymerase
B	DNA ligase
C	DNA Pectinase
D	DNA thymine
E	DNA Invertase

Question 63

Genetic diversity increased at a faster rate with ___ than with ___. (ID-BIF-03)

A	mitosis cell division , meiosis cell division
B	natural gene evolution , genetic mutations
C	genetic mutations , natural gene evolution
D	sexual reproduction , asexual reproduction
E	asexual reproduction , sexual reproduction

Question 63 Explanation:

Note the genetic mutations can actually reduce the genetic diversity.

Question 64

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand, A-G-T-C-T-G-C? (ID-BIF-20)

A	T-C-A-G-A-C-G
B	T-A-G-A-T-C-G
C	G-A-T-C-A-C-A
D	G-T-A-G-A-C-T
E	T-G-T-G-T-A-G

Question 64 Explanation:

Remember, A - T and C - G.

Question 65

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation by preventing the binding of tRNA. What is the direct effect of tetracycline? (ID-BIF-52)

A	Interruption of phospholipid synthesis.
B	Interruption of DNA replication.
C	Prevention of the nucleic acid formation.
D	Prevention of transcription.
E	Prevention of translation.

Question 66

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? (ID-BIF-21)

A	Elongation of the growing RNA molecule.
B	Initiation of a new polypeptide chain.
C	Termination of the RNA molecule.
D	Initiation of a new RNA molecule.

Question 67

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water. He/she started to drink salt water as a substitute to fresh water. Why is drinking salt water harmful? (ID-BIF-50)

A	It leads to lysed condition which eventually caused the bursting of the cell membrane.
B	It creates a hypertonic condition in which the cells lose water.
C	It leads to isotonic situation where cells could not obtain nutrients from outside and could not remove waste to outside.
D	It creates a hypotonic condition in which the cells lose water.

Question 68

Which of the following bond breaks down in ATP in order to release energy? (ID-BIF-26)

Credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:ATP_chemical_structure.png

A	I
B	III
C	II
D	IV

Question 69

If a cell has three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions, how many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport? (ID-BIF-48)

A	Nine
B	Three
C	One
D	Four
E	Two

Question 70

The condition in which the water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate is known as... (ID-BIF-49)

A	...hypotonic.
B	...isotonic.
C	...hydrotonic.
D	...hypertonic.
E	...static.

Question 71

Translation of RNA is performed by what structure? (ID-BIF-54)

A	Polypeptides
B	Ribosomes
C	tRNAs
D	Codons and anticodons

Question 72

What is the genetic property in which a single gene controls several phenotype characters? (ID-BIF-36)

A	Achondroplasia
B	Pleiotropy
C	Promoter
D	Polygenetic inheritance
E	Monogenetic inheritance

Question 73

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that of the inside, it is known as a ____ condition. (ID-BIF-10)

A	diffusion
B	isotonic
C	non-equilibrium
D	hypertonic
E	hypotonic

Question 74

Chromosomes made of what biological materials? (ID-BIF-01)

A	DNA and RNA
B	DNA
C	DNA and Proteins
D	Proteins
E	RNA

Question 75

What is the best definition for vaccine? (ID-BIF-37)

A	A synthetic virus used for infecting the host organism in order to prevent more dangerous strain of the virus from infecting the host.
B	A derivative of a pathogen used to simulate a host organism's immune system.
C	A lead-based compound used in medical substances usually added to host's blood stream that boost immune system.
D	A genetically modified version of the the virus used to suppress the host organism's immune system.

Question 76

What is the term given to describe the condition when an organism has a 2n + 1 chromosome composition? (ID-BIF-80)

A	Haploid
B	Monosomy
C	Diploid
D	Muted
E	Trisomy

Question 77

Substrates bind to an enzyme’s ________ site. (ID-BIF-16)

A	allosteric
B	active
C	phosphate
D	inhibitory

Question 78

According the Mendelian genetics, which of the following statement(s) on characters and traits are correct? (ID-BIF-57)

I. Colour of human skin is a character.
II. Green colour of peas as opposed to yellow is a trait.
III. Tall trees as opposed to short trees is a character.
IV. Shape of brain is a character.

A	I and III only.
B	II and III only.
C	II and IV only.
D	All four statements are correct.
E	I, II and IV only.
F	I, II and III only.

Question 79

Which of the following statement is correct about the diffusion chemical equilibrium? (ID-BIF-09)

A	Even at equilibrium, there is a net diffusion direction but this is balanced by other sources of input into the cell.
B	The diffusion does not allow chemical equilibrium because particles will still be moved across through active transport.
C	At equilibrium, transport still occurs but there is no net change in concentration.
D	At equilibrium, transport of particles ceased and there is no net change in concentration.

Question 80

The theory of segregation... (ID-BIF-71)

A	...applies only to sex-linked genes.
B	...deals with the alleles governing two different traits.
C	applies only to linked genes.
D	...explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Lohmeier-Vogel during Fall 2014. Additional study material: Ch. 5, 8, 9, 10 Campbell Biology ISBN-10: 1-269-98476-4.
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Standing on the shoulders of giants