Basic concepts: cell structure and functions, diffusion, permeability, energy, enzymes, cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, caner, chromosomes, DNA and RNA replication / translation / transcription, mutations, genetic diseases, inheritance, molecular genetics, proteins, amino acids, polymers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

An enzyme inhibitor process in which an excessive amount of the product will result in suppression of the starting reaction is known as... (ID-BIF-68)

A	...competitive inhibitor.
B	...feedback inhibitor.
C	...product inhibitor.
D	...reactant inhibitor.
E	...noncompetitive inhibitor.

Question 2

In his experiments with plants, Mendel removed which part of the plant to prevent unwanted fertilizations? (ID-BIF-61)

A	Stamens
B	Pistils
C	Flowers
D	Stigmas
E	Petals

Question 3

Which of the following bond breaks down in ATP in order to release energy? (ID-BIF-26)

Credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:ATP_chemical_structure.png

A	IV
B	II
C	I
D	III

Question 4

Which of the following best describe a testcross? (ID-BIF-59)

A	Cross between a F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.
B	Cross between two F1 hybrids.
C	Cross between a F1 hybrid and the homozygous dominant parent.
D	Cross between a F1 hybrid and a heterozygous organism.
E	Cross between two parental organisms.

Question 5

The crossing over regions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as... (ID-BIF-33)

A	...loci.
B	...chiasmas.
C	...recombs.
D	...tetrads.

Question 6

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? (ID-BIF-21)

A	Elongation of the growing RNA molecule.
B	Initiation of a new polypeptide chain.
C	Initiation of a new RNA molecule.
D	Termination of the RNA molecule.

Question 7

Which of the following statement is false about antibiotics? (ID-BIF-55)

A	Antibiotics not only can be used as a preventive medication, but also can be used to treat existing infections.
B	Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a fungi and belongs to β-Lactam antibiotics class.
C	Antibiotics work by either killing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria.
D	Excessive use of antibiotics will create drug resistant bacteria also known as superbugs.

Question 7 Explanation:

The use of antibiotic only increase the frequency of drug resistance bacteria that were already present in bacterial population. It cannot "create" a drug resistant bacteria.

Question 8

Substrates bind to an enzyme’s ________ site. (ID-BIF-16)

A	inhibitory
B	active
C	phosphate
D	allosteric

Question 9

In Mendel's time, which of the following is a popular belief? (ID-BIF-69)

A	The characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring.
B	Only certain forms of domesticated plants and animals bred true.
C	The inheritance of traits was controlled by blood.
D	Acquired characteristics were inherited.
E	All genetic traits bred true.

Question 10

During which phase of mitosis the sister chromatids separates and become daughter chromosomes? (ID-BIF-27)

A	Anaphase
B	Metaphase
C	Telophase
D	Interphase
E	Prophase

Question 11

Which of the of the following statements is correct on chromosome theory of inheritance? (ID-BIF-29)

A	Chromosomes themselves do not control the patterns of inheritance.
B	Only few selected chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.
C	Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.
D	Chromosomes undergo segregation and but do not independent assortment.

Question 12

An abnormalities in ATP production will most likely result in... (ID-BIF-18)

A	...destruction of the nucleus.
B	...reduction in protein synthesis.
C	...reduction in RNA replication.
D	...destruction of the cell.

Question 13

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that of the inside, it is known as a ____ condition. (ID-BIF-10)

A	diffusion
B	hypertonic
C	non-equilibrium
D	hypotonic
E	isotonic

Question 14

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called... (ID-BIF-13)

A	...sister chromatids.
B	...DNA transcripts.
C	...chromatin.
D	...homolgous chromosomes.
E	...sister chromosomes.

Question 15

The condition in which the water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate is known as... (ID-BIF-49)

A	...hypertonic.
B	...isotonic.
C	...static.
D	...hypotonic.
E	...hydrotonic.

Question 16

The theory of segregation... (ID-BIF-71)

A	applies only to linked genes.
B	...explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.
C	...deals with the alleles governing two different traits.
D	...applies only to sex-linked genes.

Question 17

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand, A-G-T-C-T-G-C? (ID-BIF-20)

A	T-C-A-G-A-C-G
B	T-G-T-G-T-A-G
C	G-T-A-G-A-C-T
D	T-A-G-A-T-C-G
E	G-A-T-C-A-C-A

Question 17 Explanation:

Remember, A - T and C - G.

Question 18

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because... (ID-BIF-23)

A	...men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
B	...the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.
C	...the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
D	...men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.

Question 19

What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? (ID-BIF-47)

A	DNA Pectinase
B	DNA thymine
C	DNA ligase
D	DNA Invertase
E	DNA polymerase

Question 20

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _____ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. (ID-BIF-44)

A	five
B	one
C	four
D	two
E	three

Question 20 Explanation:

Eg. UAC-AUG start codon.

Question 21

Which of the following indicates homozygous genotypes? (ID-BIF-63)

A	aa
B	AA and Aa
C	Aa
D	AA
E	AA and aa

Question 22

What is energy coupling? (ID-BIF-67)

A	Use of two phosphates from ATP to drive a single reaction.
B	Breaking down of molecules to obtain energy from both ATP and ADP.
C	Use of two ATPs to drive a single reaction.
D	Use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 23

Which of the following features would characterize a lytic cycle of a viral infection? (ID-BIF-45)

A	The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.
B	The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome.
C	The virus reproduces outside of the host cell.
D	The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.
E	The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell.

Question 24

How much time a cell would typically spend in the M phase of cell division? (ID-BIF-05)

A	About 90% of the total time of the cell cycle.
B	About 35% of the total time of the cell cycle.
C	About 10% of the total time of the cell cycle.
D	About 50% of the total time of the cell cycle.

Question 25

At what stage of the mitosis process the nuclear envelope breaks down? (ID-BIF-08)

A	Telophase
B	Anaphase
C	Prometaphase
D	Prophase
E	Metaphase

Question 26

What does tRNA transport? (ID-BIF-43)

A	Nucleotides
B	Polymers
C	DNA
D	Nucleic acids
E	Amino acids

Question 27

Large solid molecules are transported across cell membrane through what process? (ID-BIF-19)

A	Receptor-neduated endocytosis
B	Active diffusion
C	Facilitated diffusion
D	Pinocytosis
E	Phagacytosis

Question 28

DNA damage caused by UV radiation result in thymine dimer. This can be repaired by a processed called ___ which detects the distortion in the DNA structure. (ID-BIF-56)

A	thymine insertion repair
B	DNA ligase repair
C	nucleic acid bond repair
D	nucleotide excision repair
E	DNA polymer repair

Question 29

Hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation? (ID-BIF-64)

A	P2 generation
B	F1 generation
C	H1 generation
D	F2 generation
E	P1 generation
F	A1 generation

Question 30

In most plants and animal genes, the non-cording region is known as... (ID-BIF-40)

A	...splicer.
B	...intron.
C	...loci.
D	...exon.
E	...centromere.

Question 31

In DNA and RNDA, the nitrogenous bases are attached to what structure? (ID-BIF-39)

A	Nucleotides and polynucleotides framework
B	Amino acid and protein sequences
C	Complementary RNA strand
D	Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 32

According the Mendelian genetics, which of the following statement(s) on characters and traits are correct? (ID-BIF-57)

I. Colour of human skin is a character.
II. Green colour of peas as opposed to yellow is a trait.
III. Tall trees as opposed to short trees is a character.
IV. Shape of brain is a character.

A	I, II and IV only.
B	All four statements are correct.
C	II and IV only.
D	II and III only.
E	I and III only.
F	I, II and III only.

Question 33

Which of the following mutation will most likely have no adverse effect on the protein coded by the mutated gene? (ID-BIF-53)

A	Nucleotide substitution.
B	Alteration of the start codon.
C	Nucleotide deletion.
D	Nucleotide insertion.
E	Rearrangement of codons.

Question 34

What is the best definition for vaccine? (ID-BIF-37)

A	A synthetic virus used for infecting the host organism in order to prevent more dangerous strain of the virus from infecting the host.
B	A genetically modified version of the the virus used to suppress the host organism's immune system.
C	A derivative of a pathogen used to simulate a host organism's immune system.
D	A lead-based compound used in medical substances usually added to host's blood stream that boost immune system.

Question 35

What is the term given to describe the condition when an organism has a 2n + 1 chromosome composition? (ID-BIF-80)

A	Monosomy
B	Haploid
C	Diploid
D	Trisomy
E	Muted

Question 36

Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to... (ID-BIF-11)

A	...sexual reproduction between different species.
B	... all forms of reproduction.
C	...asexual reproduction only.
D	...sexual reproduction only.

Question 37

Translation of RNA is performed by what structure? (ID-BIF-54)

A	Ribosomes
B	tRNAs
C	Codons and anticodons
D	Polypeptides

Question 38

What is the genetic property in which a single gene controls several phenotype characters? (ID-BIF-36)

A	Pleiotropy
B	Polygenetic inheritance
C	Achondroplasia
D	Monogenetic inheritance
E	Promoter

Question 39

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome? (ID-BIF-24)

A	The frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring.
B	The frequencies of mutations in the genes.
C	The frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father.
D	The frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other.

Question 40

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation by preventing the binding of tRNA. What is the direct effect of tetracycline? (ID-BIF-52)

A	Interruption of DNA replication.
B	Prevention of the nucleic acid formation.
C	Interruption of phospholipid synthesis.
D	Prevention of transcription.
E	Prevention of translation.

Question 41

In tRNA where does the anticodon structure located? (ID-BIF-42)

A	Outside but exposed within the ribosome.
B	Outside sticking out of the ribosome.
C	Deep inside the tRNA structure.
D	At the amino acid attachment site of tRNA.

Question 42

How did the Scientists Hershey-Chase discovered that DNA as the primary genetic material? (ID-BIF-38)

A	They separated the DNA from the rest of the cell structure using centrifuged mixture and discovered DNA is the only living material.
B	They were able to identify nucleotides which provided the proof needed to show that DNA is the genetic material.
C	They observed the nucleus under high powered microscopes and discovered that the DNA is much larger than proteins.
D	They injected different radioactive isotopes label DNA and protein then trace it using phage.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about the the reaction A = B + C + heat is true? (ID-BIF-17)

A	The reaction require a catalyst such as an enzyme to proceed.
B	The potential energy of the products is more than that of the reactant.
C	The reaction is an endothermic reaction.
D	The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.

Question 44

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is known as... (ID-BIF-76)

A	Phosphorylation
B	Hydrolysis
C	Polymerization
D	Energization

Question 45

What type of cell division do the prokaryotes undergo? (ID-BIF-04)

A	meiosis
B	binary fission
C	mitosis
D	replication

Question 46

Chromosomes made of what biological materials? (ID-BIF-01)

A	DNA and RNA
B	RNA
C	DNA
D	Proteins
E	DNA and Proteins

Question 47

At what stage of the mitosis process do the chromatids align in the center of the cell forming a plate like structure? (ID-BIF-07)

A	Telophase
B	Metaphase
C	Prometaphase
D	Anaphase
E	Prophase

Question 48

What do you call a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination? (ID-BIF-74)

A	Genomes
B	Autosomes
C	Alleles
D	Heterosomes
E	Nucleosomes

Question 49

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water. He/she started to drink salt water as a substitute to fresh water. Why is drinking salt water harmful? (ID-BIF-50)

A	It leads to lysed condition which eventually caused the bursting of the cell membrane.
B	It leads to isotonic situation where cells could not obtain nutrients from outside and could not remove waste to outside.
C	It creates a hypertonic condition in which the cells lose water.
D	It creates a hypotonic condition in which the cells lose water.

Question 50

In genetics, what is a locus (loci)? (ID-BIF-62)

A	A region where the end codon is located.
B	The region of a duplicated chromosomes where two sister chromatids are joined.
C	A region where the start codon is located.
D	A type of mutation within a chromosome caused by an unmatched allele.
E	A site in which a particular gene is located in the chromosome.

Question 51

What would be the most likely cause for high rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) among people in the isolated region, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec? (ID-BIF-35)

A	Increased in genetic diversity.
B	Inbreeding
C	Genetic mutations caused by external factors.
D	Naturally occurring genetic mutations.

Question 51 Explanation:

This is an example used in the textbook for inbreeding. When a student reads "isolated region" in the question, the answer should be obvious.

Question 52

Place the following steps of polypeptide formation in proper order. (ID-BIF-51)

I. Translocation
II. Renegotiation of the start codon.
III. Codon recognition by pairing tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon.
IV. Peptide bond formation.

A	III (first) --> II --> I--> IV (last)
B	II (first) --> III --> II--> IV (last)
C	II (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
D	III (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)

Question 53

The __I__ pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules while __II__ pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller, simpler compounds. (ID-BIF-77)

A	I. metabolic II. anabolic
B	I. metabolic II. catabolic
C	I. anabolic II. catabolic
D	I. catabolic II. anabolic
E	I. anabolic II. metabolic
F	I. catabolic II. metabolic

Question 54

The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome is... (ID-BIF-25)

A	...a translocation.
B	...a deletion.
C	...a duplication.
D	...an inversion.

Question 55

A situation where change in amino acid codon into a stop codon is most likely caused by what type of mutation? (ID-BIF-30)

A	Silent mutation
B	Missense mutation
C	Nonsense mutation
D	Reading frame mutation

Question 56

What is the best genetic descriptor for an X-linked carrier? (ID-BIF-75)

A	Homozygous dominant female
B	Homozygous recessive female
C	Heterozygous male
D	Heterozygous female
E	Homozygous male

Question 57

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? (ID-BIF-12)

A	Transcription
B	RNA splicing
C	Translation
D	Adding a cap and tail to RNA
E	DNA packing/unpacking

Question 58

In genetics, what is a promoter? (ID-BIF-41)

A	A specific binding site for sigma factor in DNA which the RNA can bind.
B	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to pass information to proteins.
C	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to obtain information from the nucleus.
D	A protein which can attached to RNA to produce complementary DNA strand.
E	A protein which encourages DNA replication by stimulating the DNA.

Question 59

What does transformation involve in bacteria? (ID-BIF-70)

A	The creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule.
B	Assimilation of external DNA into a cell.
C	The creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule.
D	The type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA.
E	The infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule.

Question 60

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur? (ID-BIF-28)

A	Metaphase I
B	Interphase I
C	Prophase II
D	Prophase I
E	Metaphase II

Question 61

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? (ID-BIF-15)

A	A small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀).
B	Oxygen
C	Positivity charged sodium ion.
D	Carbon dioxide

Question 62

Which of the following statement is correct about gene regulation? (ID-BIF-32)

A	It is a laboratory process used for production of genetically modified foods.
B	It is the process in which genes are turned "on" and "off" as a response to stimuli.
C	It is a laboratory process used in in vitro fertilization.
D	It is the process in which the speed of the cell division is controlled by several genetic factors.

Question 63

If a cell has three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions, how many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport? (ID-BIF-48)

A	Three
B	Two
C	Four
D	One
E	Nine

Question 64

Enthropy increased with... (ID-BIF-78)

A	...released of energy.
B	...increased in in energy.
C	...decrease in collisions among atoms.
D	...decreased in in energy.

Question 65

Which of the following statement is correct about the diffusion chemical equilibrium? (ID-BIF-09)

A	At equilibrium, transport still occurs but there is no net change in concentration.
B	At equilibrium, transport of particles ceased and there is no net change in concentration.
C	The diffusion does not allow chemical equilibrium because particles will still be moved across through active transport.
D	Even at equilibrium, there is a net diffusion direction but this is balanced by other sources of input into the cell.

Question 66

What is a monohybrid cross? (ID-BIF-58)

A	A cross between individuals that are identical. In other words, no difference between any charter.
B	A cross between individuals that only differ in one character.
C	A cross between individuals from the same species.
D	A cross between individuals with different P-generations.
E	A cross between individuals that only differ due to one F-generation.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true? (ID-BIF-60)

A	Darwin received Mendel's paper but did not understand its significance.
B	The blending theory of inheritance provides support for evolution.
C	Darwin did not know that mechanisms that causes genetic variations in plants are similar to that of animals.
D	Darwin did not know which mechanisms were responsible for the variation he saw.
E	The explanation for genetics had no implications for evolution.

Question 68

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced? (ID-BIF-66)

A	All DD
B	All Dd
C	1/2 DD, 1/2 Dd
D	1/2 Dd, 1/2 dd
E	All dd

Question 69

Consider to following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (ID-BIF-46)

A	The dog dog did not eat.
B	The dod idn ote at.
C	The did dog not eat.
D	The did not eat.
E	The dog did dog did not eat.

Question 70

During which phase the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear in mitosis? (ID-BIF-14)

A	Metaphase
B	Interphase
C	Prophase
D	Prometaphase
E	Anaphase

Question 71

Genetic diversity increased at a faster rate with ___ than with ___. (ID-BIF-03)

A	sexual reproduction , asexual reproduction
B	genetic mutations , natural gene evolution
C	asexual reproduction , sexual reproduction
D	natural gene evolution , genetic mutations
E	mitosis cell division , meiosis cell division

Question 71 Explanation:

Note the genetic mutations can actually reduce the genetic diversity.

Question 72

Multiple effects of a single gene is known as... (ID-BIF-73)

A	...pleiotropy.
B	...codominance.
C	...multiple alleles.
D	...expressivity.
E	...penetrance.

Question 73

An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes? (ID-BIF-72)

A	Seven
B	Four
C	Three
D	Two
E	Eight

Question 74

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb _ AaBb? (ID-BIF-22)

A	1:3:3:2
B	8:4:2:2
C	9:3:3:1
D	1:1:1:1
E	16:0:0:0

Question 75

Mitosis is composed of how many stages? (ID-BIF-06)

A	3
B	5
C	2
D	4

Question 76

Which of the following statement is correct about reproduction? (ID-BIF-02)

A	Multicultural organisms only reproduce through sexual reproduction and are not capable of asexual reproduction.
B	Both plants and animals can produce offspring through sexual reproduction.
C	Early humans asexually reproduced their offspring.
D	Early plants sexually reproduced their offspring.
E	Only the organisms in the Kingdom Animalia undergo sexual reproduction.

Question 77

What factor(s) that affect the activity of an enzyme if anything but the optimal conditions? (ID-BIF-79)

A	pH, chemical balance and temperature
B	pH and temperature
C	temperature only
D	temperature and chemical balance
E	pH only

Question 78

Scientists working for NASA found an organism on Mars. After analyzing the DNA structure, they found the organization contains 60 chromosomes. Assuming the exact same process of mitosis occur on Martian life as our humans, what is the expected number of chromosomes in the Martian gametes? (ID-BIF-34)

A	6
B	10
C	30
D	60

Question 79

What is the primary compound or structure that controls the movement of daughter chromosomes during cell division? (ID-BIF-31)

A	The location of the centrosomes.
B	Size and type of the chromosome.
C	Type of ATP compound that assist in the movement.
D	Shape of the mitotic spindle.

Question 80

According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F1 pea plants? (ID-BIF-65)

A	Sex-linked
B	Codominant
C	Recessive
D	Lethal
E	Dominant

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Lohmeier-Vogel during Fall 2014. Additional study material: Ch. 5, 8, 9, 10 Campbell Biology ISBN-10: 1-269-98476-4.
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Biology 205 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants