Basic concepts: cell structure and functions, diffusion, permeability, energy, enzymes, cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, caner, chromosomes, DNA and RNA replication / translation / transcription, mutations, genetic diseases, inheritance, molecular genetics, proteins, amino acids, polymers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Enthropy increased with... (ID-BIF-78)

A	...increased in in energy.
B	...decreased in in energy.
C	...released of energy.
D	...decrease in collisions among atoms.

Question 2

What is the genetic property in which a single gene controls several phenotype characters? (ID-BIF-36)

A	Achondroplasia
B	Promoter
C	Pleiotropy
D	Monogenetic inheritance
E	Polygenetic inheritance

Question 3

Mitosis is composed of how many stages? (ID-BIF-06)

A	4
B	3
C	5
D	2

Question 4

In genetics, what is a locus (loci)? (ID-BIF-62)

A	The region of a duplicated chromosomes where two sister chromatids are joined.
B	A site in which a particular gene is located in the chromosome.
C	A region where the start codon is located.
D	A region where the end codon is located.
E	A type of mutation within a chromosome caused by an unmatched allele.

Question 5

Consider to following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (ID-BIF-46)

A	The dog dog did not eat.
B	The dod idn ote at.
C	The did not eat.
D	The did dog not eat.
E	The dog did dog did not eat.

Question 6

What is the best definition for vaccine? (ID-BIF-37)

A	A lead-based compound used in medical substances usually added to host's blood stream that boost immune system.
B	A synthetic virus used for infecting the host organism in order to prevent more dangerous strain of the virus from infecting the host.
C	A derivative of a pathogen used to simulate a host organism's immune system.
D	A genetically modified version of the the virus used to suppress the host organism's immune system.

Question 7

Which of the following best describe a testcross? (ID-BIF-59)

A	Cross between a F1 hybrid and the homozygous dominant parent.
B	Cross between two F1 hybrids.
C	Cross between a F1 hybrid and a heterozygous organism.
D	Cross between a F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.
E	Cross between two parental organisms.

Question 8

Genetic diversity increased at a faster rate with ___ than with ___. (ID-BIF-03)

A	mitosis cell division , meiosis cell division
B	natural gene evolution , genetic mutations
C	asexual reproduction , sexual reproduction
D	sexual reproduction , asexual reproduction
E	genetic mutations , natural gene evolution

Question 8 Explanation:

Note the genetic mutations can actually reduce the genetic diversity.

Question 9

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand, A-G-T-C-T-G-C? (ID-BIF-20)

A	T-A-G-A-T-C-G
B	G-T-A-G-A-C-T
C	T-G-T-G-T-A-G
D	T-C-A-G-A-C-G
E	G-A-T-C-A-C-A

Question 9 Explanation:

Remember, A - T and C - G.

Question 10

Scientists working for NASA found an organism on Mars. After analyzing the DNA structure, they found the organization contains 60 chromosomes. Assuming the exact same process of mitosis occur on Martian life as our humans, what is the expected number of chromosomes in the Martian gametes? (ID-BIF-34)

A	60
B	10
C	30
D	6

Question 11

At what stage of the mitosis process do the chromatids align in the center of the cell forming a plate like structure? (ID-BIF-07)

A	Anaphase
B	Telophase
C	Prophase
D	Prometaphase
E	Metaphase

Question 12

The crossing over regions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as... (ID-BIF-33)

A	...tetrads.
B	...recombs.
C	...chiasmas.
D	...loci.

Question 13

Substrates bind to an enzyme’s ________ site. (ID-BIF-16)

A	phosphate
B	active
C	allosteric
D	inhibitory

Question 14

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _____ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. (ID-BIF-44)

A	two
B	three
C	one
D	four
E	five

Question 14 Explanation:

Eg. UAC-AUG start codon.

Question 15

Multiple effects of a single gene is known as... (ID-BIF-73)

A	...penetrance.
B	...codominance.
C	...expressivity.
D	...multiple alleles.
E	...pleiotropy.

Question 16

What is the best genetic descriptor for an X-linked carrier? (ID-BIF-75)

A	Homozygous recessive female
B	Homozygous male
C	Homozygous dominant female
D	Heterozygous female
E	Heterozygous male

Question 17

What does transformation involve in bacteria? (ID-BIF-70)

A	The creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule.
B	Assimilation of external DNA into a cell.
C	The type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA.
D	The infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule.
E	The creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule.

Question 18

Large solid molecules are transported across cell membrane through what process? (ID-BIF-19)

A	Facilitated diffusion
B	Receptor-neduated endocytosis
C	Active diffusion
D	Phagacytosis
E	Pinocytosis

Question 19

Which of the following statement is correct about gene regulation? (ID-BIF-32)

A	It is a laboratory process used for production of genetically modified foods.
B	It is the process in which the speed of the cell division is controlled by several genetic factors.
C	It is the process in which genes are turned "on" and "off" as a response to stimuli.
D	It is a laboratory process used in in vitro fertilization.

Question 20

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that of the inside, it is known as a ____ condition. (ID-BIF-10)

A	hypotonic
B	hypertonic
C	isotonic
D	non-equilibrium
E	diffusion

Question 21

What would be the most likely cause for high rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) among people in the isolated region, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec? (ID-BIF-35)

A	Increased in genetic diversity.
B	Inbreeding
C	Genetic mutations caused by external factors.
D	Naturally occurring genetic mutations.

Question 21 Explanation:

This is an example used in the textbook for inbreeding. When a student reads "isolated region" in the question, the answer should be obvious.

Question 22

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome? (ID-BIF-24)

A	The frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other.
B	The frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father.
C	The frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring.
D	The frequencies of mutations in the genes.

Question 23

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced? (ID-BIF-66)

A	All Dd
B	1/2 Dd, 1/2 dd
C	1/2 DD, 1/2 Dd
D	All dd
E	All DD

Question 24

Which of the following statement is correct about the diffusion chemical equilibrium? (ID-BIF-09)

A	At equilibrium, transport still occurs but there is no net change in concentration.
B	At equilibrium, transport of particles ceased and there is no net change in concentration.
C	The diffusion does not allow chemical equilibrium because particles will still be moved across through active transport.
D	Even at equilibrium, there is a net diffusion direction but this is balanced by other sources of input into the cell.

Question 25

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because... (ID-BIF-23)

A	...men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
B	...the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
C	...the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.
D	...men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.

Question 26

What is energy coupling? (ID-BIF-67)

A	Use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
B	Breaking down of molecules to obtain energy from both ATP and ADP.
C	Use of two ATPs to drive a single reaction.
D	Use of two phosphates from ATP to drive a single reaction.

Question 27

Which of the of the following statements is correct on chromosome theory of inheritance? (ID-BIF-29)

A	Chromosomes themselves do not control the patterns of inheritance.
B	Chromosomes undergo segregation and but do not independent assortment.
C	Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.
D	Only few selected chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.

Question 28

The condition in which the water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate is known as... (ID-BIF-49)

A	...hypertonic.
B	...static.
C	...hypotonic.
D	...isotonic.
E	...hydrotonic.

Question 29

During which phase of mitosis the sister chromatids separates and become daughter chromosomes? (ID-BIF-27)

A	Anaphase
B	Metaphase
C	Prophase
D	Telophase
E	Interphase

Question 30

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb _ AaBb? (ID-BIF-22)

A	8:4:2:2
B	16:0:0:0
C	9:3:3:1
D	1:3:3:2
E	1:1:1:1

Question 31

The theory of segregation... (ID-BIF-71)

A	...deals with the alleles governing two different traits.
B	...explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.
C	applies only to linked genes.
D	...applies only to sex-linked genes.

Question 32

During which phase the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear in mitosis? (ID-BIF-14)

A	Prophase
B	Metaphase
C	Prometaphase
D	Anaphase
E	Interphase

Question 33

Hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation? (ID-BIF-64)

A	F1 generation
B	A1 generation
C	P2 generation
D	H1 generation
E	P1 generation
F	F2 generation

Question 34

Which of the following statements about the the reaction A = B + C + heat is true? (ID-BIF-17)

A	The potential energy of the products is more than that of the reactant.
B	The reaction require a catalyst such as an enzyme to proceed.
C	The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.
D	The reaction is an endothermic reaction.

Question 35

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is known as... (ID-BIF-76)

A	Energization
B	Phosphorylation
C	Hydrolysis
D	Polymerization

Question 36

According the Mendelian genetics, which of the following statement(s) on characters and traits are correct? (ID-BIF-57)

I. Colour of human skin is a character.
II. Green colour of peas as opposed to yellow is a trait.
III. Tall trees as opposed to short trees is a character.
IV. Shape of brain is a character.

A	All four statements are correct.
B	II and III only.
C	I and III only.
D	II and IV only.
E	I, II and IV only.
F	I, II and III only.

Question 37

In DNA and RNDA, the nitrogenous bases are attached to what structure? (ID-BIF-39)

A	Complementary RNA strand
B	Amino acid and protein sequences
C	Sugar-phosphate backbone
D	Nucleotides and polynucleotides framework

Question 38

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? (ID-BIF-15)

A	Positivity charged sodium ion.
B	Oxygen
C	A small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀).
D	Carbon dioxide

Question 39

An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes? (ID-BIF-72)

A	Seven
B	Four
C	Eight
D	Three
E	Two

Question 40

Which of the following indicates homozygous genotypes? (ID-BIF-63)

A	AA
B	AA and Aa
C	aa
D	Aa
E	AA and aa

Question 41

Which of the following features would characterize a lytic cycle of a viral infection? (ID-BIF-45)

A	The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.
B	The virus reproduces outside of the host cell.
C	The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell.
D	The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.
E	The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome.

Question 42

The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome is... (ID-BIF-25)

A	...an inversion.
B	...a duplication.
C	...a translocation.
D	...a deletion.

Question 43

Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to... (ID-BIF-11)

A	... all forms of reproduction.
B	...sexual reproduction between different species.
C	...asexual reproduction only.
D	...sexual reproduction only.

Question 44

How did the Scientists Hershey-Chase discovered that DNA as the primary genetic material? (ID-BIF-38)

A	They observed the nucleus under high powered microscopes and discovered that the DNA is much larger than proteins.
B	They injected different radioactive isotopes label DNA and protein then trace it using phage.
C	They separated the DNA from the rest of the cell structure using centrifuged mixture and discovered DNA is the only living material.
D	They were able to identify nucleotides which provided the proof needed to show that DNA is the genetic material.

Question 45

What is the term given to describe the condition when an organism has a 2n + 1 chromosome composition? (ID-BIF-80)

A	Haploid
B	Monosomy
C	Trisomy
D	Muted
E	Diploid

Question 46

What do you call a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination? (ID-BIF-74)

A	Nucleosomes
B	Autosomes
C	Heterosomes
D	Genomes
E	Alleles

Question 47

Translation of RNA is performed by what structure? (ID-BIF-54)

A	Polypeptides
B	tRNAs
C	Ribosomes
D	Codons and anticodons

Question 48

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called... (ID-BIF-13)

A	...DNA transcripts.
B	...sister chromosomes.
C	...sister chromatids.
D	...homolgous chromosomes.
E	...chromatin.

Question 49

Which of the following statement is correct about reproduction? (ID-BIF-02)

A	Early humans asexually reproduced their offspring.
B	Both plants and animals can produce offspring through sexual reproduction.
C	Early plants sexually reproduced their offspring.
D	Multicultural organisms only reproduce through sexual reproduction and are not capable of asexual reproduction.
E	Only the organisms in the Kingdom Animalia undergo sexual reproduction.

Question 50

In Mendel's time, which of the following is a popular belief? (ID-BIF-69)

A	Only certain forms of domesticated plants and animals bred true.
B	The inheritance of traits was controlled by blood.
C	All genetic traits bred true.
D	The characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring.
E	Acquired characteristics were inherited.

Question 51

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation by preventing the binding of tRNA. What is the direct effect of tetracycline? (ID-BIF-52)

A	Prevention of transcription.
B	Prevention of translation.
C	Prevention of the nucleic acid formation.
D	Interruption of DNA replication.
E	Interruption of phospholipid synthesis.

Question 52

Chromosomes made of what biological materials? (ID-BIF-01)

A	DNA and Proteins
B	DNA and RNA
C	Proteins
D	DNA
E	RNA

Question 53

The __I__ pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules while __II__ pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller, simpler compounds. (ID-BIF-77)

A	I. anabolic II. metabolic
B	I. catabolic II. anabolic
C	I. catabolic II. metabolic
D	I. metabolic II. anabolic
E	I. anabolic II. catabolic
F	I. metabolic II. catabolic

Question 54

Which of the following mutation will most likely have no adverse effect on the protein coded by the mutated gene? (ID-BIF-53)

A	Nucleotide insertion.
B	Nucleotide substitution.
C	Nucleotide deletion.
D	Alteration of the start codon.
E	Rearrangement of codons.

Question 55

How much time a cell would typically spend in the M phase of cell division? (ID-BIF-05)

A	About 90% of the total time of the cell cycle.
B	About 10% of the total time of the cell cycle.
C	About 50% of the total time of the cell cycle.
D	About 35% of the total time of the cell cycle.

Question 56

In genetics, what is a promoter? (ID-BIF-41)

A	A protein which can attached to RNA to produce complementary DNA strand.
B	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to pass information to proteins.
C	A protein which encourages DNA replication by stimulating the DNA.
D	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to obtain information from the nucleus.
E	A specific binding site for sigma factor in DNA which the RNA can bind.

Question 57

What is the primary compound or structure that controls the movement of daughter chromosomes during cell division? (ID-BIF-31)

A	Size and type of the chromosome.
B	The location of the centrosomes.
C	Type of ATP compound that assist in the movement.
D	Shape of the mitotic spindle.

Question 58

An abnormalities in ATP production will most likely result in... (ID-BIF-18)

A	...destruction of the nucleus.
B	...reduction in RNA replication.
C	...destruction of the cell.
D	...reduction in protein synthesis.

Question 59

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur? (ID-BIF-28)

A	Metaphase I
B	Interphase I
C	Metaphase II
D	Prophase I
E	Prophase II

Question 60

According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F1 pea plants? (ID-BIF-65)

A	Lethal
B	Sex-linked
C	Dominant
D	Recessive
E	Codominant

Question 61

If a cell has three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions, how many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport? (ID-BIF-48)

A	Four
B	Three
C	One
D	Two
E	Nine

Question 62

At what stage of the mitosis process the nuclear envelope breaks down? (ID-BIF-08)

A	Prophase
B	Anaphase
C	Metaphase
D	Telophase
E	Prometaphase

Question 63

A situation where change in amino acid codon into a stop codon is most likely caused by what type of mutation? (ID-BIF-30)

A	Silent mutation
B	Reading frame mutation
C	Missense mutation
D	Nonsense mutation

Question 64

What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? (ID-BIF-47)

A	DNA Pectinase
B	DNA polymerase
C	DNA ligase
D	DNA Invertase
E	DNA thymine

Question 65

Place the following steps of polypeptide formation in proper order. (ID-BIF-51)

I. Translocation
II. Renegotiation of the start codon.
III. Codon recognition by pairing tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon.
IV. Peptide bond formation.

A	II (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
B	III (first) --> II --> I--> IV (last)
C	III (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
D	II (first) --> III --> II--> IV (last)

Question 66

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water. He/she started to drink salt water as a substitute to fresh water. Why is drinking salt water harmful? (ID-BIF-50)

A	It creates a hypotonic condition in which the cells lose water.
B	It leads to lysed condition which eventually caused the bursting of the cell membrane.
C	It leads to isotonic situation where cells could not obtain nutrients from outside and could not remove waste to outside.
D	It creates a hypertonic condition in which the cells lose water.

Question 67

What type of cell division do the prokaryotes undergo? (ID-BIF-04)

A	meiosis
B	replication
C	mitosis
D	binary fission

Question 68

Which of the following bond breaks down in ATP in order to release energy? (ID-BIF-26)

Credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:ATP_chemical_structure.png

A	I
B	IV
C	III
D	II

Question 69

What does tRNA transport? (ID-BIF-43)

A	Polymers
B	Nucleic acids
C	Nucleotides
D	Amino acids
E	DNA

Question 70

In most plants and animal genes, the non-cording region is known as... (ID-BIF-40)

A	...exon.
B	...intron.
C	...centromere.
D	...loci.
E	...splicer.

Question 71

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? (ID-BIF-12)

A	DNA packing/unpacking
B	Translation
C	Transcription
D	RNA splicing
E	Adding a cap and tail to RNA

Question 72

DNA damage caused by UV radiation result in thymine dimer. This can be repaired by a processed called ___ which detects the distortion in the DNA structure. (ID-BIF-56)

A	nucleotide excision repair
B	DNA ligase repair
C	nucleic acid bond repair
D	thymine insertion repair
E	DNA polymer repair

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true? (ID-BIF-60)

A	Darwin received Mendel's paper but did not understand its significance.
B	Darwin did not know which mechanisms were responsible for the variation he saw.
C	Darwin did not know that mechanisms that causes genetic variations in plants are similar to that of animals.
D	The explanation for genetics had no implications for evolution.
E	The blending theory of inheritance provides support for evolution.

Question 74

What factor(s) that affect the activity of an enzyme if anything but the optimal conditions? (ID-BIF-79)

A	pH, chemical balance and temperature
B	pH and temperature
C	temperature only
D	pH only
E	temperature and chemical balance

Question 75

What is a monohybrid cross? (ID-BIF-58)

A	A cross between individuals that only differ in one character.
B	A cross between individuals that only differ due to one F-generation.
C	A cross between individuals from the same species.
D	A cross between individuals that are identical. In other words, no difference between any charter.
E	A cross between individuals with different P-generations.

Question 76

In his experiments with plants, Mendel removed which part of the plant to prevent unwanted fertilizations? (ID-BIF-61)

A	Stigmas
B	Stamens
C	Petals
D	Flowers
E	Pistils

Question 77

Which of the following statement is false about antibiotics? (ID-BIF-55)

A	Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a fungi and belongs to β-Lactam antibiotics class.
B	Antibiotics not only can be used as a preventive medication, but also can be used to treat existing infections.
C	Excessive use of antibiotics will create drug resistant bacteria also known as superbugs.
D	Antibiotics work by either killing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria.

Question 77 Explanation:

The use of antibiotic only increase the frequency of drug resistance bacteria that were already present in bacterial population. It cannot "create" a drug resistant bacteria.

Question 78

An enzyme inhibitor process in which an excessive amount of the product will result in suppression of the starting reaction is known as... (ID-BIF-68)

A	...reactant inhibitor.
B	...feedback inhibitor.
C	...competitive inhibitor.
D	...product inhibitor.
E	...noncompetitive inhibitor.

Question 79

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? (ID-BIF-21)

A	Initiation of a new polypeptide chain.
B	Elongation of the growing RNA molecule.
C	Initiation of a new RNA molecule.
D	Termination of the RNA molecule.

Question 80

In tRNA where does the anticodon structure located? (ID-BIF-42)

A	At the amino acid attachment site of tRNA.
B	Deep inside the tRNA structure.
C	Outside but exposed within the ribosome.
D	Outside sticking out of the ribosome.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Lohmeier-Vogel during Fall 2014. Additional study material: Ch. 5, 8, 9, 10 Campbell Biology ISBN-10: 1-269-98476-4.
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Biology 205 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants