Basic concepts: cell structure and functions, diffusion, permeability, energy, enzymes, cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, caner, chromosomes, DNA and RNA replication / translation / transcription, mutations, genetic diseases, inheritance, molecular genetics, proteins, amino acids, polymers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _____ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. (ID-BIF-44)

A	two
B	four
C	one
D	five
E	three

Question 1 Explanation:

Eg. UAC-AUG start codon.

Question 2

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? (ID-BIF-15)

A	Positivity charged sodium ion.
B	A small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀).
C	Carbon dioxide
D	Oxygen

Question 3

Which of the following statement is correct about reproduction? (ID-BIF-02)

A	Both plants and animals can produce offspring through sexual reproduction.
B	Early humans asexually reproduced their offspring.
C	Only the organisms in the Kingdom Animalia undergo sexual reproduction.
D	Early plants sexually reproduced their offspring.
E	Multicultural organisms only reproduce through sexual reproduction and are not capable of asexual reproduction.

Question 4

What is the primary compound or structure that controls the movement of daughter chromosomes during cell division? (ID-BIF-31)

A	Size and type of the chromosome.
B	The location of the centrosomes.
C	Type of ATP compound that assist in the movement.
D	Shape of the mitotic spindle.

Question 5

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb _ AaBb? (ID-BIF-22)

A	1:3:3:2
B	9:3:3:1
C	16:0:0:0
D	1:1:1:1
E	8:4:2:2

Question 6

The condition in which the water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate is known as... (ID-BIF-49)

A	...hypotonic.
B	...hypertonic.
C	...hydrotonic.
D	...isotonic.
E	...static.

Question 7

Translation of RNA is performed by what structure? (ID-BIF-54)

A	Polypeptides
B	tRNAs
C	Codons and anticodons
D	Ribosomes

Question 8

In his experiments with plants, Mendel removed which part of the plant to prevent unwanted fertilizations? (ID-BIF-61)

A	Stigmas
B	Stamens
C	Flowers
D	Pistils
E	Petals

Question 9

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced? (ID-BIF-66)

A	All DD
B	All dd
C	All Dd
D	1/2 DD, 1/2 Dd
E	1/2 Dd, 1/2 dd

Question 10

What is energy coupling? (ID-BIF-67)

A	Use of two phosphates from ATP to drive a single reaction.
B	Use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
C	Breaking down of molecules to obtain energy from both ATP and ADP.
D	Use of two ATPs to drive a single reaction.

Question 11

Hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation? (ID-BIF-64)

A	F1 generation
B	H1 generation
C	A1 generation
D	P2 generation
E	P1 generation
F	F2 generation

Question 12

At what stage of the mitosis process do the chromatids align in the center of the cell forming a plate like structure? (ID-BIF-07)

A	Anaphase
B	Prophase
C	Metaphase
D	Telophase
E	Prometaphase

Question 13

What do you call a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination? (ID-BIF-74)

A	Nucleosomes
B	Heterosomes
C	Alleles
D	Autosomes
E	Genomes

Question 14

According the Mendelian genetics, which of the following statement(s) on characters and traits are correct? (ID-BIF-57)

I. Colour of human skin is a character.
II. Green colour of peas as opposed to yellow is a trait.
III. Tall trees as opposed to short trees is a character.
IV. Shape of brain is a character.

A	I and III only.
B	II and III only.
C	II and IV only.
D	All four statements are correct.
E	I, II and III only.
F	I, II and IV only.

Question 15

Which of the following statement is correct about gene regulation? (ID-BIF-32)

A	It is the process in which the speed of the cell division is controlled by several genetic factors.
B	It is the process in which genes are turned "on" and "off" as a response to stimuli.
C	It is a laboratory process used for production of genetically modified foods.
D	It is a laboratory process used in in vitro fertilization.

Question 16

Chromosomes made of what biological materials? (ID-BIF-01)

A	RNA
B	DNA and Proteins
C	DNA
D	DNA and RNA
E	Proteins

Question 17

What is a monohybrid cross? (ID-BIF-58)

A	A cross between individuals that are identical. In other words, no difference between any charter.
B	A cross between individuals with different P-generations.
C	A cross between individuals from the same species.
D	A cross between individuals that only differ due to one F-generation.
E	A cross between individuals that only differ in one character.

Question 18

DNA damage caused by UV radiation result in thymine dimer. This can be repaired by a processed called ___ which detects the distortion in the DNA structure. (ID-BIF-56)

A	DNA ligase repair
B	thymine insertion repair
C	nucleotide excision repair
D	nucleic acid bond repair
E	DNA polymer repair

Question 19

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is known as... (ID-BIF-76)

A	Phosphorylation
B	Hydrolysis
C	Energization
D	Polymerization

Question 20

An enzyme inhibitor process in which an excessive amount of the product will result in suppression of the starting reaction is known as... (ID-BIF-68)

A	...competitive inhibitor.
B	...reactant inhibitor.
C	...product inhibitor.
D	...feedback inhibitor.
E	...noncompetitive inhibitor.

Question 21

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand, A-G-T-C-T-G-C? (ID-BIF-20)

A	T-A-G-A-T-C-G
B	G-A-T-C-A-C-A
C	T-G-T-G-T-A-G
D	T-C-A-G-A-C-G
E	G-T-A-G-A-C-T

Question 21 Explanation:

Remember, A - T and C - G.

Question 22

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that of the inside, it is known as a ____ condition. (ID-BIF-10)

A	isotonic
B	diffusion
C	hypertonic
D	non-equilibrium
E	hypotonic

Question 23

In genetics, what is a promoter? (ID-BIF-41)

A	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to obtain information from the nucleus.
B	A protein which encourages DNA replication by stimulating the DNA.
C	A specific binding site for sigma factor in DNA which the RNA can bind.
D	A protein which can attached to RNA to produce complementary DNA strand.
E	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to pass information to proteins.

Question 24

Which of the following statement is false about antibiotics? (ID-BIF-55)

A	Antibiotics not only can be used as a preventive medication, but also can be used to treat existing infections.
B	Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a fungi and belongs to β-Lactam antibiotics class.
C	Excessive use of antibiotics will create drug resistant bacteria also known as superbugs.
D	Antibiotics work by either killing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria.

Question 24 Explanation:

The use of antibiotic only increase the frequency of drug resistance bacteria that were already present in bacterial population. It cannot "create" a drug resistant bacteria.

Question 25

Substrates bind to an enzyme’s ________ site. (ID-BIF-16)

A	inhibitory
B	allosteric
C	active
D	phosphate

Question 26

In DNA and RNDA, the nitrogenous bases are attached to what structure? (ID-BIF-39)

A	Amino acid and protein sequences
B	Sugar-phosphate backbone
C	Complementary RNA strand
D	Nucleotides and polynucleotides framework

Question 27

If a cell has three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions, how many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport? (ID-BIF-48)

A	One
B	Four
C	Nine
D	Three
E	Two

Question 28

Enthropy increased with... (ID-BIF-78)

A	...increased in in energy.
B	...decreased in in energy.
C	...released of energy.
D	...decrease in collisions among atoms.

Question 29

What is the term given to describe the condition when an organism has a 2n + 1 chromosome composition? (ID-BIF-80)

A	Muted
B	Trisomy
C	Monosomy
D	Diploid
E	Haploid

Question 30

The __I__ pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules while __II__ pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller, simpler compounds. (ID-BIF-77)

A	I. catabolic II. anabolic
B	I. anabolic II. metabolic
C	I. anabolic II. catabolic
D	I. metabolic II. catabolic
E	I. metabolic II. anabolic
F	I. catabolic II. metabolic

Question 31

Consider to following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (ID-BIF-46)

A	The did dog not eat.
B	The dod idn ote at.
C	The dog did dog did not eat.
D	The did not eat.
E	The dog dog did not eat.

Question 32

Which of the of the following statements is correct on chromosome theory of inheritance? (ID-BIF-29)

A	Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.
B	Only few selected chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.
C	Chromosomes themselves do not control the patterns of inheritance.
D	Chromosomes undergo segregation and but do not independent assortment.

Question 33

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? (ID-BIF-12)

A	Translation
B	Adding a cap and tail to RNA
C	DNA packing/unpacking
D	Transcription
E	RNA splicing

Question 34

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water. He/she started to drink salt water as a substitute to fresh water. Why is drinking salt water harmful? (ID-BIF-50)

A	It creates a hypertonic condition in which the cells lose water.
B	It leads to isotonic situation where cells could not obtain nutrients from outside and could not remove waste to outside.
C	It creates a hypotonic condition in which the cells lose water.
D	It leads to lysed condition which eventually caused the bursting of the cell membrane.

Question 35

Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to... (ID-BIF-11)

A	...sexual reproduction between different species.
B	...sexual reproduction only.
C	... all forms of reproduction.
D	...asexual reproduction only.

Question 36

What factor(s) that affect the activity of an enzyme if anything but the optimal conditions? (ID-BIF-79)

A	temperature and chemical balance
B	pH, chemical balance and temperature
C	temperature only
D	pH and temperature
E	pH only

Question 37

The theory of segregation... (ID-BIF-71)

A	...deals with the alleles governing two different traits.
B	applies only to linked genes.
C	...explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.
D	...applies only to sex-linked genes.

Question 38

According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F1 pea plants? (ID-BIF-65)

A	Lethal
B	Codominant
C	Recessive
D	Sex-linked
E	Dominant

Question 39

Which of the following best describe a testcross? (ID-BIF-59)

A	Cross between two parental organisms.
B	Cross between a F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.
C	Cross between a F1 hybrid and the homozygous dominant parent.
D	Cross between two F1 hybrids.
E	Cross between a F1 hybrid and a heterozygous organism.

Question 40

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur? (ID-BIF-28)

A	Metaphase I
B	Interphase I
C	Metaphase II
D	Prophase II
E	Prophase I

Question 41

In tRNA where does the anticodon structure located? (ID-BIF-42)

A	Outside sticking out of the ribosome.
B	Outside but exposed within the ribosome.
C	At the amino acid attachment site of tRNA.
D	Deep inside the tRNA structure.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the the reaction A = B + C + heat is true? (ID-BIF-17)

A	The reaction require a catalyst such as an enzyme to proceed.
B	The potential energy of the products is more than that of the reactant.
C	The reaction is an endothermic reaction.
D	The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.

Question 43

What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? (ID-BIF-47)

A	DNA Invertase
B	DNA Pectinase
C	DNA ligase
D	DNA polymerase
E	DNA thymine

Question 44

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation by preventing the binding of tRNA. What is the direct effect of tetracycline? (ID-BIF-52)

A	Prevention of the nucleic acid formation.
B	Interruption of DNA replication.
C	Prevention of transcription.
D	Interruption of phospholipid synthesis.
E	Prevention of translation.

Question 45

What would be the most likely cause for high rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) among people in the isolated region, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec? (ID-BIF-35)

A	Inbreeding
B	Genetic mutations caused by external factors.
C	Naturally occurring genetic mutations.
D	Increased in genetic diversity.

Question 45 Explanation:

This is an example used in the textbook for inbreeding. When a student reads "isolated region" in the question, the answer should be obvious.

Question 46

The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome is... (ID-BIF-25)

A	...a translocation.
B	...a duplication.
C	...an inversion.
D	...a deletion.

Question 47

Genetic diversity increased at a faster rate with ___ than with ___. (ID-BIF-03)

A	mitosis cell division , meiosis cell division
B	natural gene evolution , genetic mutations
C	asexual reproduction , sexual reproduction
D	sexual reproduction , asexual reproduction
E	genetic mutations , natural gene evolution

Question 47 Explanation:

Note the genetic mutations can actually reduce the genetic diversity.

Question 48

Mitosis is composed of how many stages? (ID-BIF-06)

A	5
B	4
C	3
D	2

Question 49

Scientists working for NASA found an organism on Mars. After analyzing the DNA structure, they found the organization contains 60 chromosomes. Assuming the exact same process of mitosis occur on Martian life as our humans, what is the expected number of chromosomes in the Martian gametes? (ID-BIF-34)

A	10
B	60
C	6
D	30

Question 50

What is the best definition for vaccine? (ID-BIF-37)

A	A derivative of a pathogen used to simulate a host organism's immune system.
B	A genetically modified version of the the virus used to suppress the host organism's immune system.
C	A synthetic virus used for infecting the host organism in order to prevent more dangerous strain of the virus from infecting the host.
D	A lead-based compound used in medical substances usually added to host's blood stream that boost immune system.

Question 51

How did the Scientists Hershey-Chase discovered that DNA as the primary genetic material? (ID-BIF-38)

A	They separated the DNA from the rest of the cell structure using centrifuged mixture and discovered DNA is the only living material.
B	They injected different radioactive isotopes label DNA and protein then trace it using phage.
C	They observed the nucleus under high powered microscopes and discovered that the DNA is much larger than proteins.
D	They were able to identify nucleotides which provided the proof needed to show that DNA is the genetic material.

Question 52

In most plants and animal genes, the non-cording region is known as... (ID-BIF-40)

A	...exon.
B	...splicer.
C	...loci.
D	...intron.
E	...centromere.

Question 53

Which of the following bond breaks down in ATP in order to release energy? (ID-BIF-26)

Credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:ATP_chemical_structure.png

A	I
B	II
C	III
D	IV

Question 54

A situation where change in amino acid codon into a stop codon is most likely caused by what type of mutation? (ID-BIF-30)

A	Missense mutation
B	Reading frame mutation
C	Silent mutation
D	Nonsense mutation

Question 55

An abnormalities in ATP production will most likely result in... (ID-BIF-18)

A	...reduction in RNA replication.
B	...destruction of the cell.
C	...destruction of the nucleus.
D	...reduction in protein synthesis.

Question 56

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome? (ID-BIF-24)

A	The frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring.
B	The frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father.
C	The frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other.
D	The frequencies of mutations in the genes.

Question 57

During which phase of mitosis the sister chromatids separates and become daughter chromosomes? (ID-BIF-27)

A	Anaphase
B	Telophase
C	Prophase
D	Interphase
E	Metaphase

Question 58

What does tRNA transport? (ID-BIF-43)

A	Amino acids
B	Nucleotides
C	Polymers
D	DNA
E	Nucleic acids

Question 59

Which of the following indicates homozygous genotypes? (ID-BIF-63)

A	AA and aa
B	Aa
C	AA and Aa
D	aa
E	AA

Question 60

What type of cell division do the prokaryotes undergo? (ID-BIF-04)

A	mitosis
B	replication
C	binary fission
D	meiosis

Question 61

Which of the following mutation will most likely have no adverse effect on the protein coded by the mutated gene? (ID-BIF-53)

A	Nucleotide insertion.
B	Nucleotide deletion.
C	Rearrangement of codons.
D	Nucleotide substitution.
E	Alteration of the start codon.

Question 62

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? (ID-BIF-21)

A	Termination of the RNA molecule.
B	Initiation of a new polypeptide chain.
C	Elongation of the growing RNA molecule.
D	Initiation of a new RNA molecule.

Question 63

In genetics, what is a locus (loci)? (ID-BIF-62)

A	A region where the start codon is located.
B	A site in which a particular gene is located in the chromosome.
C	A region where the end codon is located.
D	The region of a duplicated chromosomes where two sister chromatids are joined.
E	A type of mutation within a chromosome caused by an unmatched allele.

Question 64

The crossing over regions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as... (ID-BIF-33)

A	...loci.
B	...tetrads.
C	...recombs.
D	...chiasmas.

Question 65

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called... (ID-BIF-13)

A	...sister chromatids.
B	...DNA transcripts.
C	...homolgous chromosomes.
D	...sister chromosomes.
E	...chromatin.

Question 66

What is the genetic property in which a single gene controls several phenotype characters? (ID-BIF-36)

A	Achondroplasia
B	Pleiotropy
C	Monogenetic inheritance
D	Polygenetic inheritance
E	Promoter

Question 67

What does transformation involve in bacteria? (ID-BIF-70)

A	The type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA.
B	The infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule.
C	Assimilation of external DNA into a cell.
D	The creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule.
E	The creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule.

Question 68

Large solid molecules are transported across cell membrane through what process? (ID-BIF-19)

A	Receptor-neduated endocytosis
B	Active diffusion
C	Phagacytosis
D	Pinocytosis
E	Facilitated diffusion

Question 69

At what stage of the mitosis process the nuclear envelope breaks down? (ID-BIF-08)

A	Telophase
B	Anaphase
C	Prometaphase
D	Prophase
E	Metaphase

Question 70

An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes? (ID-BIF-72)

A	Three
B	Two
C	Four
D	Eight
E	Seven

Question 71

Which of the following features would characterize a lytic cycle of a viral infection? (ID-BIF-45)

A	The virus reproduces outside of the host cell.
B	The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.
C	The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome.
D	The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.
E	The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell.

Question 72

During which phase the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear in mitosis? (ID-BIF-14)

A	Prometaphase
B	Prophase
C	Interphase
D	Anaphase
E	Metaphase

Question 73

In Mendel's time, which of the following is a popular belief? (ID-BIF-69)

A	Only certain forms of domesticated plants and animals bred true.
B	All genetic traits bred true.
C	The inheritance of traits was controlled by blood.
D	The characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring.
E	Acquired characteristics were inherited.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true? (ID-BIF-60)

A	The explanation for genetics had no implications for evolution.
B	The blending theory of inheritance provides support for evolution.
C	Darwin did not know that mechanisms that causes genetic variations in plants are similar to that of animals.
D	Darwin received Mendel's paper but did not understand its significance.
E	Darwin did not know which mechanisms were responsible for the variation he saw.

Question 75

What is the best genetic descriptor for an X-linked carrier? (ID-BIF-75)

A	Homozygous dominant female
B	Heterozygous male
C	Heterozygous female
D	Homozygous male
E	Homozygous recessive female

Question 76

How much time a cell would typically spend in the M phase of cell division? (ID-BIF-05)

A	About 90% of the total time of the cell cycle.
B	About 50% of the total time of the cell cycle.
C	About 10% of the total time of the cell cycle.
D	About 35% of the total time of the cell cycle.

Question 77

Multiple effects of a single gene is known as... (ID-BIF-73)

A	...pleiotropy.
B	...penetrance.
C	...codominance.
D	...expressivity.
E	...multiple alleles.

Question 78

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because... (ID-BIF-23)

A	...the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.
B	...the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
C	...men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
D	...men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.

Question 79

Place the following steps of polypeptide formation in proper order. (ID-BIF-51)

I. Translocation
II. Renegotiation of the start codon.
III. Codon recognition by pairing tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon.
IV. Peptide bond formation.

A	III (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
B	III (first) --> II --> I--> IV (last)
C	II (first) --> III --> II--> IV (last)
D	II (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)

Question 80

Which of the following statement is correct about the diffusion chemical equilibrium? (ID-BIF-09)

A	At equilibrium, transport of particles ceased and there is no net change in concentration.
B	The diffusion does not allow chemical equilibrium because particles will still be moved across through active transport.
C	At equilibrium, transport still occurs but there is no net change in concentration.
D	Even at equilibrium, there is a net diffusion direction but this is balanced by other sources of input into the cell.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Lohmeier-Vogel during Fall 2014. Additional study material: Ch. 5, 8, 9, 10 Campbell Biology ISBN-10: 1-269-98476-4.
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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants