Basic concepts: cell structure and functions, diffusion, permeability, energy, enzymes, cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, caner, chromosomes, DNA and RNA replication / translation / transcription, mutations, genetic diseases, inheritance, molecular genetics, proteins, amino acids, polymers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Large solid molecules are transported across cell membrane through what process? (ID-BIF-19)

A	Facilitated diffusion
B	Active diffusion
C	Pinocytosis
D	Receptor-neduated endocytosis
E	Phagacytosis

Question 2

The __I__ pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules while __II__ pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller, simpler compounds. (ID-BIF-77)

A	I. anabolic II. metabolic
B	I. catabolic II. anabolic
C	I. metabolic II. catabolic
D	I. metabolic II. anabolic
E	I. catabolic II. metabolic
F	I. anabolic II. catabolic

Question 3

Which of the following statement is correct about reproduction? (ID-BIF-02)

A	Early humans asexually reproduced their offspring.
B	Only the organisms in the Kingdom Animalia undergo sexual reproduction.
C	Both plants and animals can produce offspring through sexual reproduction.
D	Early plants sexually reproduced their offspring.
E	Multicultural organisms only reproduce through sexual reproduction and are not capable of asexual reproduction.

Question 4

Hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation? (ID-BIF-64)

A	F2 generation
B	H1 generation
C	P1 generation
D	A1 generation
E	F1 generation
F	P2 generation

Question 5

DNA damage caused by UV radiation result in thymine dimer. This can be repaired by a processed called ___ which detects the distortion in the DNA structure. (ID-BIF-56)

A	DNA ligase repair
B	thymine insertion repair
C	nucleic acid bond repair
D	nucleotide excision repair
E	DNA polymer repair

Question 6

What is energy coupling? (ID-BIF-67)

A	Use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
B	Use of two ATPs to drive a single reaction.
C	Use of two phosphates from ATP to drive a single reaction.
D	Breaking down of molecules to obtain energy from both ATP and ADP.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? (ID-BIF-21)

A	Initiation of a new RNA molecule.
B	Termination of the RNA molecule.
C	Initiation of a new polypeptide chain.
D	Elongation of the growing RNA molecule.

Question 8

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _____ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. (ID-BIF-44)

A	one
B	five
C	four
D	two
E	three

Question 8 Explanation:

Eg. UAC-AUG start codon.

Question 9

If a cell has three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions, how many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport? (ID-BIF-48)

A	Three
B	Four
C	Nine
D	One
E	Two

Question 10

What is the best genetic descriptor for an X-linked carrier? (ID-BIF-75)

A	Homozygous dominant female
B	Homozygous recessive female
C	Homozygous male
D	Heterozygous female
E	Heterozygous male

Question 11

Multiple effects of a single gene is known as... (ID-BIF-73)

A	...penetrance.
B	...codominance.
C	...multiple alleles.
D	...expressivity.
E	...pleiotropy.

Question 12

During which phase of mitosis the sister chromatids separates and become daughter chromosomes? (ID-BIF-27)

A	Telophase
B	Interphase
C	Prophase
D	Metaphase
E	Anaphase

Question 13

Translation of RNA is performed by what structure? (ID-BIF-54)

A	Ribosomes
B	Codons and anticodons
C	tRNAs
D	Polypeptides

Question 14

How did the Scientists Hershey-Chase discovered that DNA as the primary genetic material? (ID-BIF-38)

A	They injected different radioactive isotopes label DNA and protein then trace it using phage.
B	They were able to identify nucleotides which provided the proof needed to show that DNA is the genetic material.
C	They observed the nucleus under high powered microscopes and discovered that the DNA is much larger than proteins.
D	They separated the DNA from the rest of the cell structure using centrifuged mixture and discovered DNA is the only living material.

Question 15

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur? (ID-BIF-28)

A	Prophase I
B	Prophase II
C	Metaphase I
D	Metaphase II
E	Interphase I

Question 16

What does tRNA transport? (ID-BIF-43)

A	DNA
B	Polymers
C	Nucleotides
D	Nucleic acids
E	Amino acids

Question 17

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water. He/she started to drink salt water as a substitute to fresh water. Why is drinking salt water harmful? (ID-BIF-50)

A	It creates a hypertonic condition in which the cells lose water.
B	It creates a hypotonic condition in which the cells lose water.
C	It leads to isotonic situation where cells could not obtain nutrients from outside and could not remove waste to outside.
D	It leads to lysed condition which eventually caused the bursting of the cell membrane.

Question 18

Which of the following statement is correct about the diffusion chemical equilibrium? (ID-BIF-09)

A	At equilibrium, transport of particles ceased and there is no net change in concentration.
B	The diffusion does not allow chemical equilibrium because particles will still be moved across through active transport.
C	Even at equilibrium, there is a net diffusion direction but this is balanced by other sources of input into the cell.
D	At equilibrium, transport still occurs but there is no net change in concentration.

Question 19

At what stage of the mitosis process the nuclear envelope breaks down? (ID-BIF-08)

A	Metaphase
B	Telophase
C	Prometaphase
D	Anaphase
E	Prophase

Question 20

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? (ID-BIF-15)

A	Positivity charged sodium ion.
B	Oxygen
C	A small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀).
D	Carbon dioxide

Question 21

What is the primary compound or structure that controls the movement of daughter chromosomes during cell division? (ID-BIF-31)

A	Type of ATP compound that assist in the movement.
B	Size and type of the chromosome.
C	The location of the centrosomes.
D	Shape of the mitotic spindle.

Question 22

A situation where change in amino acid codon into a stop codon is most likely caused by what type of mutation? (ID-BIF-30)

A	Reading frame mutation
B	Missense mutation
C	Silent mutation
D	Nonsense mutation

Question 23

What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? (ID-BIF-47)

A	DNA thymine
B	DNA Invertase
C	DNA ligase
D	DNA polymerase
E	DNA Pectinase

Question 24

In his experiments with plants, Mendel removed which part of the plant to prevent unwanted fertilizations? (ID-BIF-61)

A	Petals
B	Flowers
C	Stigmas
D	Stamens
E	Pistils

Question 25

At what stage of the mitosis process do the chromatids align in the center of the cell forming a plate like structure? (ID-BIF-07)

A	Telophase
B	Anaphase
C	Prophase
D	Prometaphase
E	Metaphase

Question 26

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that of the inside, it is known as a ____ condition. (ID-BIF-10)

A	hypotonic
B	non-equilibrium
C	hypertonic
D	isotonic
E	diffusion

Question 27

According the Mendelian genetics, which of the following statement(s) on characters and traits are correct? (ID-BIF-57)

I. Colour of human skin is a character.
II. Green colour of peas as opposed to yellow is a trait.
III. Tall trees as opposed to short trees is a character.
IV. Shape of brain is a character.

A	I and III only.
B	I, II and IV only.
C	I, II and III only.
D	All four statements are correct.
E	II and III only.
F	II and IV only.

Question 28

What is a monohybrid cross? (ID-BIF-58)

A	A cross between individuals that are identical. In other words, no difference between any charter.
B	A cross between individuals that only differ in one character.
C	A cross between individuals with different P-generations.
D	A cross between individuals that only differ due to one F-generation.
E	A cross between individuals from the same species.

Question 29

Which of the of the following statements is correct on chromosome theory of inheritance? (ID-BIF-29)

A	Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.
B	Chromosomes undergo segregation and but do not independent assortment.
C	Chromosomes themselves do not control the patterns of inheritance.
D	Only few selected chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.

Question 30

In DNA and RNDA, the nitrogenous bases are attached to what structure? (ID-BIF-39)

A	Complementary RNA strand
B	Amino acid and protein sequences
C	Nucleotides and polynucleotides framework
D	Sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 31

The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome is... (ID-BIF-25)

A	...an inversion.
B	...a deletion.
C	...a translocation.
D	...a duplication.

Question 32

What would be the most likely cause for high rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) among people in the isolated region, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec? (ID-BIF-35)

A	Increased in genetic diversity.
B	Genetic mutations caused by external factors.
C	Inbreeding
D	Naturally occurring genetic mutations.

Question 32 Explanation:

This is an example used in the textbook for inbreeding. When a student reads "isolated region" in the question, the answer should be obvious.

Question 33

What factor(s) that affect the activity of an enzyme if anything but the optimal conditions? (ID-BIF-79)

A	temperature only
B	pH, chemical balance and temperature
C	temperature and chemical balance
D	pH only
E	pH and temperature

Question 34

In most plants and animal genes, the non-cording region is known as... (ID-BIF-40)

A	...centromere.
B	...splicer.
C	...exon.
D	...intron.
E	...loci.

Question 35

Genetic diversity increased at a faster rate with ___ than with ___. (ID-BIF-03)

A	asexual reproduction , sexual reproduction
B	mitosis cell division , meiosis cell division
C	sexual reproduction , asexual reproduction
D	natural gene evolution , genetic mutations
E	genetic mutations , natural gene evolution

Question 35 Explanation:

Note the genetic mutations can actually reduce the genetic diversity.

Question 36

The crossing over regions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as... (ID-BIF-33)

A	...loci.
B	...tetrads.
C	...recombs.
D	...chiasmas.

Question 37

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation by preventing the binding of tRNA. What is the direct effect of tetracycline? (ID-BIF-52)

A	Prevention of the nucleic acid formation.
B	Prevention of translation.
C	Interruption of DNA replication.
D	Interruption of phospholipid synthesis.
E	Prevention of transcription.

Question 38

Consider to following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (ID-BIF-46)

A	The did not eat.
B	The dod idn ote at.
C	The dog did dog did not eat.
D	The did dog not eat.
E	The dog dog did not eat.

Question 39

Which of the following statement is correct about gene regulation? (ID-BIF-32)

A	It is the process in which genes are turned "on" and "off" as a response to stimuli.
B	It is a laboratory process used in in vitro fertilization.
C	It is the process in which the speed of the cell division is controlled by several genetic factors.
D	It is a laboratory process used for production of genetically modified foods.

Question 40

During which phase the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear in mitosis? (ID-BIF-14)

A	Anaphase
B	Prometaphase
C	Metaphase
D	Interphase
E	Prophase

Question 41

According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F1 pea plants? (ID-BIF-65)

A	Recessive
B	Lethal
C	Sex-linked
D	Codominant
E	Dominant

Question 42

What is the term given to describe the condition when an organism has a 2n + 1 chromosome composition? (ID-BIF-80)

A	Monosomy
B	Trisomy
C	Muted
D	Haploid
E	Diploid

Question 43

What is the best definition for vaccine? (ID-BIF-37)

A	A genetically modified version of the the virus used to suppress the host organism's immune system.
B	A synthetic virus used for infecting the host organism in order to prevent more dangerous strain of the virus from infecting the host.
C	A derivative of a pathogen used to simulate a host organism's immune system.
D	A lead-based compound used in medical substances usually added to host's blood stream that boost immune system.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true? (ID-BIF-60)

A	Darwin did not know that mechanisms that causes genetic variations in plants are similar to that of animals.
B	The explanation for genetics had no implications for evolution.
C	Darwin did not know which mechanisms were responsible for the variation he saw.
D	Darwin received Mendel's paper but did not understand its significance.
E	The blending theory of inheritance provides support for evolution.

Question 45

Enthropy increased with... (ID-BIF-78)

A	...decreased in in energy.
B	...released of energy.
C	...increased in in energy.
D	...decrease in collisions among atoms.

Question 46

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because... (ID-BIF-23)

A	...men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.
B	...the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
C	...the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.
D	...men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.

Question 47

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb _ AaBb? (ID-BIF-22)

A	1:1:1:1
B	9:3:3:1
C	1:3:3:2
D	16:0:0:0
E	8:4:2:2

Question 48

An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes? (ID-BIF-72)

A	Eight
B	Two
C	Four
D	Three
E	Seven

Question 49

Chromosomes made of what biological materials? (ID-BIF-01)

A	RNA
B	Proteins
C	DNA and RNA
D	DNA
E	DNA and Proteins

Question 50

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand, A-G-T-C-T-G-C? (ID-BIF-20)

A	T-A-G-A-T-C-G
B	G-T-A-G-A-C-T
C	T-C-A-G-A-C-G
D	T-G-T-G-T-A-G
E	G-A-T-C-A-C-A

Question 50 Explanation:

Remember, A - T and C - G.

Question 51

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called... (ID-BIF-13)

A	...sister chromatids.
B	...DNA transcripts.
C	...homolgous chromosomes.
D	...chromatin.
E	...sister chromosomes.

Question 52

Which of the following mutation will most likely have no adverse effect on the protein coded by the mutated gene? (ID-BIF-53)

A	Nucleotide deletion.
B	Nucleotide insertion.
C	Rearrangement of codons.
D	Alteration of the start codon.
E	Nucleotide substitution.

Question 53

What does transformation involve in bacteria? (ID-BIF-70)

A	The creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule.
B	The infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule.
C	Assimilation of external DNA into a cell.
D	The creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule.
E	The type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the the reaction A = B + C + heat is true? (ID-BIF-17)

A	The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.
B	The reaction is an endothermic reaction.
C	The potential energy of the products is more than that of the reactant.
D	The reaction require a catalyst such as an enzyme to proceed.

Question 55

Which of the following best describe a testcross? (ID-BIF-59)

A	Cross between a F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.
B	Cross between a F1 hybrid and a heterozygous organism.
C	Cross between two parental organisms.
D	Cross between two F1 hybrids.
E	Cross between a F1 hybrid and the homozygous dominant parent.

Question 56

The condition in which the water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate is known as... (ID-BIF-49)

A	...hypertonic.
B	...hypotonic.
C	...static.
D	...hydrotonic.
E	...isotonic.

Question 57

Which of the following statement is false about antibiotics? (ID-BIF-55)

A	Antibiotics not only can be used as a preventive medication, but also can be used to treat existing infections.
B	Excessive use of antibiotics will create drug resistant bacteria also known as superbugs.
C	Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a fungi and belongs to β-Lactam antibiotics class.
D	Antibiotics work by either killing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria.

Question 57 Explanation:

The use of antibiotic only increase the frequency of drug resistance bacteria that were already present in bacterial population. It cannot "create" a drug resistant bacteria.

Question 58

Scientists working for NASA found an organism on Mars. After analyzing the DNA structure, they found the organization contains 60 chromosomes. Assuming the exact same process of mitosis occur on Martian life as our humans, what is the expected number of chromosomes in the Martian gametes? (ID-BIF-34)

A	60
B	10
C	30
D	6

Question 59

What is the genetic property in which a single gene controls several phenotype characters? (ID-BIF-36)

A	Pleiotropy
B	Promoter
C	Polygenetic inheritance
D	Monogenetic inheritance
E	Achondroplasia

Question 60

Mitosis is composed of how many stages? (ID-BIF-06)

A	5
B	3
C	2
D	4

Question 61

Place the following steps of polypeptide formation in proper order. (ID-BIF-51)

I. Translocation
II. Renegotiation of the start codon.
III. Codon recognition by pairing tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon.
IV. Peptide bond formation.

A	II (first) --> III --> II--> IV (last)
B	III (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
C	III (first) --> II --> I--> IV (last)
D	II (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)

Question 62

What type of cell division do the prokaryotes undergo? (ID-BIF-04)

A	replication
B	binary fission
C	meiosis
D	mitosis

Question 63

In genetics, what is a promoter? (ID-BIF-41)

A	A protein which can attached to RNA to produce complementary DNA strand.
B	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to pass information to proteins.
C	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to obtain information from the nucleus.
D	A protein which encourages DNA replication by stimulating the DNA.
E	A specific binding site for sigma factor in DNA which the RNA can bind.

Question 64

An abnormalities in ATP production will most likely result in... (ID-BIF-18)

A	...destruction of the cell.
B	...reduction in RNA replication.
C	...reduction in protein synthesis.
D	...destruction of the nucleus.

Question 65

An enzyme inhibitor process in which an excessive amount of the product will result in suppression of the starting reaction is known as... (ID-BIF-68)

A	...product inhibitor.
B	...reactant inhibitor.
C	...feedback inhibitor.
D	...noncompetitive inhibitor.
E	...competitive inhibitor.

Question 66

In Mendel's time, which of the following is a popular belief? (ID-BIF-69)

A	All genetic traits bred true.
B	The characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring.
C	Only certain forms of domesticated plants and animals bred true.
D	Acquired characteristics were inherited.
E	The inheritance of traits was controlled by blood.

Question 67

How much time a cell would typically spend in the M phase of cell division? (ID-BIF-05)

A	About 50% of the total time of the cell cycle.
B	About 90% of the total time of the cell cycle.
C	About 10% of the total time of the cell cycle.
D	About 35% of the total time of the cell cycle.

Question 68

Which of the following bond breaks down in ATP in order to release energy? (ID-BIF-26)

Credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:ATP_chemical_structure.png

A	IV
B	III
C	II
D	I

Question 69

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced? (ID-BIF-66)

A	1/2 DD, 1/2 Dd
B	All DD
C	All dd
D	All Dd
E	1/2 Dd, 1/2 dd

Question 70

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is known as... (ID-BIF-76)

A	Phosphorylation
B	Hydrolysis
C	Energization
D	Polymerization

Question 71

Substrates bind to an enzyme’s ________ site. (ID-BIF-16)

A	allosteric
B	inhibitory
C	phosphate
D	active

Question 72

What do you call a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination? (ID-BIF-74)

A	Autosomes
B	Genomes
C	Alleles
D	Heterosomes
E	Nucleosomes

Question 73

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? (ID-BIF-12)

A	Adding a cap and tail to RNA
B	RNA splicing
C	Transcription
D	Translation
E	DNA packing/unpacking

Question 74

In tRNA where does the anticodon structure located? (ID-BIF-42)

A	At the amino acid attachment site of tRNA.
B	Outside sticking out of the ribosome.
C	Outside but exposed within the ribosome.
D	Deep inside the tRNA structure.

Question 75

The theory of segregation... (ID-BIF-71)

A	...applies only to sex-linked genes.
B	...deals with the alleles governing two different traits.
C	...explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.
D	applies only to linked genes.

Question 76

Which of the following features would characterize a lytic cycle of a viral infection? (ID-BIF-45)

A	The virus reproduces outside of the host cell.
B	The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell.
C	The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.
D	The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.
E	The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome.

Question 77

In genetics, what is a locus (loci)? (ID-BIF-62)

A	The region of a duplicated chromosomes where two sister chromatids are joined.
B	A region where the end codon is located.
C	A region where the start codon is located.
D	A type of mutation within a chromosome caused by an unmatched allele.
E	A site in which a particular gene is located in the chromosome.

Question 78

Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to... (ID-BIF-11)

A	...asexual reproduction only.
B	...sexual reproduction between different species.
C	...sexual reproduction only.
D	... all forms of reproduction.

Question 79

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome? (ID-BIF-24)

A	The frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father.
B	The frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other.
C	The frequencies of mutations in the genes.
D	The frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring.

Question 80

Which of the following indicates homozygous genotypes? (ID-BIF-63)

A	aa
B	AA and aa
C	AA
D	Aa
E	AA and Aa

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Lohmeier-Vogel during Fall 2014. Additional study material: Ch. 5, 8, 9, 10 Campbell Biology ISBN-10: 1-269-98476-4.
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Biology 205 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants