Basic concepts: cell structure and functions, diffusion, permeability, energy, enzymes, cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, caner, chromosomes, DNA and RNA replication / translation / transcription, mutations, genetic diseases, inheritance, molecular genetics, proteins, amino acids, polymers, etc.

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Multiple effects of a single gene is known as... (ID-BIF-73)

A	...pleiotropy.
B	...codominance.
C	...multiple alleles.
D	...penetrance.
E	...expressivity.

Question 2

Mitosis is composed of how many stages? (ID-BIF-06)

A	5
B	2
C	3
D	4

Question 3

What is the term given to describe the condition when an organism has a 2n + 1 chromosome composition? (ID-BIF-80)

A	Monosomy
B	Diploid
C	Muted
D	Haploid
E	Trisomy

Question 4

Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? (ID-BIF-21)

A	Termination of the RNA molecule.
B	Initiation of a new RNA molecule.
C	Elongation of the growing RNA molecule.
D	Initiation of a new polypeptide chain.

Question 5

During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur? (ID-BIF-28)

A	Prophase II
B	Interphase I
C	Metaphase II
D	Metaphase I
E	Prophase I

Question 6

According the Mendelian genetics, which of the following statement(s) on characters and traits are correct? (ID-BIF-57)

I. Colour of human skin is a character.
II. Green colour of peas as opposed to yellow is a trait.
III. Tall trees as opposed to short trees is a character.
IV. Shape of brain is a character.

A	II and IV only.
B	I, II and IV only.
C	II and III only.
D	I and III only.
E	I, II and III only.
F	All four statements are correct.

Question 7

Which of the following best describe a testcross? (ID-BIF-59)

A	Cross between a F1 hybrid and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.
B	Cross between two parental organisms.
C	Cross between a F1 hybrid and a heterozygous organism.
D	Cross between two F1 hybrids.
E	Cross between a F1 hybrid and the homozygous dominant parent.

Question 8

Which of the following mutation will most likely have no adverse effect on the protein coded by the mutated gene? (ID-BIF-53)

A	Nucleotide substitution.
B	Nucleotide deletion.
C	Nucleotide insertion.
D	Alteration of the start codon.
E	Rearrangement of codons.

Question 9

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand, A-G-T-C-T-G-C? (ID-BIF-20)

A	G-T-A-G-A-C-T
B	G-A-T-C-A-C-A
C	T-A-G-A-T-C-G
D	T-G-T-G-T-A-G
E	T-C-A-G-A-C-G

Question 9 Explanation:

Remember, A - T and C - G.

Question 10

Which of the following statement is correct about gene regulation? (ID-BIF-32)

A	It is a laboratory process used in in vitro fertilization.
B	It is the process in which the speed of the cell division is controlled by several genetic factors.
C	It is a laboratory process used for production of genetically modified foods.
D	It is the process in which genes are turned "on" and "off" as a response to stimuli.

Question 11

In tRNA where does the anticodon structure located? (ID-BIF-42)

A	At the amino acid attachment site of tRNA.
B	Outside sticking out of the ribosome.
C	Outside but exposed within the ribosome.
D	Deep inside the tRNA structure.

Question 12

An abnormalities in ATP production will most likely result in... (ID-BIF-18)

A	...destruction of the cell.
B	...destruction of the nucleus.
C	...reduction in RNA replication.
D	...reduction in protein synthesis.

Question 13

How did the Scientists Hershey-Chase discovered that DNA as the primary genetic material? (ID-BIF-38)

A	They observed the nucleus under high powered microscopes and discovered that the DNA is much larger than proteins.
B	They were able to identify nucleotides which provided the proof needed to show that DNA is the genetic material.
C	They injected different radioactive isotopes label DNA and protein then trace it using phage.
D	They separated the DNA from the rest of the cell structure using centrifuged mixture and discovered DNA is the only living material.

Question 14

Which of the following indicates homozygous genotypes? (ID-BIF-63)

A	AA
B	AA and aa
C	AA and Aa
D	Aa
E	aa

Question 15

What type of cell division do the prokaryotes undergo? (ID-BIF-04)

A	binary fission
B	mitosis
C	meiosis
D	replication

Question 16

A situation where change in amino acid codon into a stop codon is most likely caused by what type of mutation? (ID-BIF-30)

A	Reading frame mutation
B	Missense mutation
C	Silent mutation
D	Nonsense mutation

Question 17

Translation of RNA is performed by what structure? (ID-BIF-54)

A	Codons and anticodons
B	tRNAs
C	Ribosomes
D	Polypeptides

Question 18

In genetics, what is a promoter? (ID-BIF-41)

A	A specific binding site for sigma factor in DNA which the RNA can bind.
B	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to pass information to proteins.
C	A protein which can attached to RNA to produce complementary DNA strand.
D	A transcription enzyme within the RNA structure that allow it to obtain information from the nucleus.
E	A protein which encourages DNA replication by stimulating the DNA.

Question 19

In his experiments with plants, Mendel removed which part of the plant to prevent unwanted fertilizations? (ID-BIF-61)

A	Petals
B	Stigmas
C	Stamens
D	Pistils
E	Flowers

Question 20

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? (ID-BIF-12)

A	Adding a cap and tail to RNA
B	Transcription
C	RNA splicing
D	DNA packing/unpacking
E	Translation

Question 21

The theory of segregation... (ID-BIF-71)

A	applies only to linked genes.
B	...explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis.
C	...deals with the alleles governing two different traits.
D	...applies only to sex-linked genes.

Question 22

Substrates bind to an enzyme’s ________ site. (ID-BIF-16)

A	allosteric
B	active
C	phosphate
D	inhibitory

Question 23

In Mendel's time, which of the following is a popular belief? (ID-BIF-69)

A	Acquired characteristics were inherited.
B	The characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring.
C	The inheritance of traits was controlled by blood.
D	All genetic traits bred true.
E	Only certain forms of domesticated plants and animals bred true.

Question 24

What do you call a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination? (ID-BIF-74)

A	Genomes
B	Nucleosomes
C	Alleles
D	Autosomes
E	Heterosomes

Question 25

What is the best genetic descriptor for an X-linked carrier? (ID-BIF-75)

A	Heterozygous male
B	Homozygous male
C	Homozygous dominant female
D	Heterozygous female
E	Homozygous recessive female

Question 26

What is energy coupling? (ID-BIF-67)

A	Use of two ATPs to drive a single reaction.
B	Breaking down of molecules to obtain energy from both ATP and ADP.
C	Use of two phosphates from ATP to drive a single reaction.
D	Use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 27

Scientists working for NASA found an organism on Mars. After analyzing the DNA structure, they found the organization contains 60 chromosomes. Assuming the exact same process of mitosis occur on Martian life as our humans, what is the expected number of chromosomes in the Martian gametes? (ID-BIF-34)

A	60
B	30
C	6
D	10

Question 28

Genetic diversity increased at a faster rate with ___ than with ___. (ID-BIF-03)

A	genetic mutations , natural gene evolution
B	sexual reproduction , asexual reproduction
C	natural gene evolution , genetic mutations
D	asexual reproduction , sexual reproduction
E	mitosis cell division , meiosis cell division

Question 28 Explanation:

Note the genetic mutations can actually reduce the genetic diversity.

Question 29

In genetics, what is a locus (loci)? (ID-BIF-62)

A	The region of a duplicated chromosomes where two sister chromatids are joined.
B	A region where the end codon is located.
C	A region where the start codon is located.
D	A type of mutation within a chromosome caused by an unmatched allele.
E	A site in which a particular gene is located in the chromosome.

Question 30

The condition in which the water enters and leaves the cell at an equal rate is known as... (ID-BIF-49)

A	...hypotonic.
B	...hydrotonic.
C	...isotonic.
D	...static.
E	...hypertonic.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the the reaction A = B + C + heat is true? (ID-BIF-17)

A	The reaction is an endothermic reaction.
B	The potential energy of the products is more than that of the reactant.
C	The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.
D	The reaction require a catalyst such as an enzyme to proceed.

Question 32

What does transformation involve in bacteria? (ID-BIF-70)

A	The type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA.
B	The infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule.
C	The creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule.
D	The creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule.
E	Assimilation of external DNA into a cell.

Question 33

If a cell has three different amino acids, four different sugars, and two different ions, how many different proteins does the cell need to move these molecules across the plasma membrane using facilitated transport? (ID-BIF-48)

A	Two
B	Nine
C	Four
D	Three
E	One

Question 34

At what stage of the mitosis process do the chromatids align in the center of the cell forming a plate like structure? (ID-BIF-07)

A	Prometaphase
B	Prophase
C	Metaphase
D	Telophase
E	Anaphase

Question 35

Which of the following features would characterize a lytic cycle of a viral infection? (ID-BIF-45)

A	The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell.
B	The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial chromosome.
C	The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.
D	The virus reproduces outside of the host cell.
E	The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.

Question 36

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _____ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. (ID-BIF-44)

A	one
B	four
C	three
D	two
E	five

Question 36 Explanation:

Eg. UAC-AUG start codon.

Question 37

Which of the of the following statements is correct on chromosome theory of inheritance? (ID-BIF-29)

A	Only few selected chromosomes are responsible for inheritance.
B	Chromosomes undergo segregation and but do not independent assortment.
C	Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.
D	Chromosomes themselves do not control the patterns of inheritance.

Question 38

Large solid molecules are transported across cell membrane through what process? (ID-BIF-19)

A	Pinocytosis
B	Active diffusion
C	Facilitated diffusion
D	Phagacytosis
E	Receptor-neduated endocytosis

Question 39

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because... (ID-BIF-23)

A	...men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization.
B	...the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women.
C	...the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.
D	...men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.

Question 40

Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is known as... (ID-BIF-76)

A	Polymerization
B	Energization
C	Phosphorylation
D	Hydrolysis

Question 41

What is the primary compound or structure that controls the movement of daughter chromosomes during cell division? (ID-BIF-31)

A	The location of the centrosomes.
B	Shape of the mitotic spindle.
C	Size and type of the chromosome.
D	Type of ATP compound that assist in the movement.

Question 42

Which of the following bond breaks down in ATP in order to release energy? (ID-BIF-26)

Credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:ATP_chemical_structure.png

A	II
B	III
C	IV
D	I

Question 43

What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand? (ID-BIF-47)

A	DNA Pectinase
B	DNA polymerase
C	DNA ligase
D	DNA thymine
E	DNA Invertase

Question 44

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that of the inside, it is known as a ____ condition. (ID-BIF-10)

A	isotonic
B	diffusion
C	hypotonic
D	hypertonic
E	non-equilibrium

Question 45

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water. He/she started to drink salt water as a substitute to fresh water. Why is drinking salt water harmful? (ID-BIF-50)

A	It leads to lysed condition which eventually caused the bursting of the cell membrane.
B	It creates a hypotonic condition in which the cells lose water.
C	It creates a hypertonic condition in which the cells lose water.
D	It leads to isotonic situation where cells could not obtain nutrients from outside and could not remove waste to outside.

Question 46

An enzyme inhibitor process in which an excessive amount of the product will result in suppression of the starting reaction is known as... (ID-BIF-68)

A	...noncompetitive inhibitor.
B	...competitive inhibitor.
C	...feedback inhibitor.
D	...reactant inhibitor.
E	...product inhibitor.

Question 47

Hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation? (ID-BIF-64)

A	A1 generation
B	P2 generation
C	F2 generation
D	P1 generation
E	F1 generation
F	H1 generation

Question 48

Enthropy increased with... (ID-BIF-78)

A	...released of energy.
B	...decreased in in energy.
C	...increased in in energy.
D	...decrease in collisions among atoms.

Question 49

Which of the following kinds of data could be used to map the relative position of three genes on a chromosome? (ID-BIF-24)

A	The frequencies with which the genes are inherited from the mother and from the father.
B	The frequencies with which the corresponding traits occur together in offspring.
C	The frequencies with which the genes exhibit incomplete dominance over each other.
D	The frequencies of mutations in the genes.

Question 50

Which of the following statement is false about antibiotics? (ID-BIF-55)

A	Antibiotics work by either killing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria.
B	Excessive use of antibiotics will create drug resistant bacteria also known as superbugs.
C	Antibiotics not only can be used as a preventive medication, but also can be used to treat existing infections.
D	Penicillin antibiotic is derived from a fungi and belongs to β-Lactam antibiotics class.

Question 50 Explanation:

The use of antibiotic only increase the frequency of drug resistance bacteria that were already present in bacterial population. It cannot "create" a drug resistant bacteria.

Question 51

Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called... (ID-BIF-13)

A	...chromatin.
B	...DNA transcripts.
C	...sister chromosomes.
D	...sister chromatids.
E	...homolgous chromosomes.

Question 52

Which of the following statement is correct about the diffusion chemical equilibrium? (ID-BIF-09)

A	The diffusion does not allow chemical equilibrium because particles will still be moved across through active transport.
B	At equilibrium, transport of particles ceased and there is no net change in concentration.
C	Even at equilibrium, there is a net diffusion direction but this is balanced by other sources of input into the cell.
D	At equilibrium, transport still occurs but there is no net change in concentration.

Question 53

What would be the most likely cause for high rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) among people in the isolated region, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec? (ID-BIF-35)

A	Increased in genetic diversity.
B	Naturally occurring genetic mutations.
C	Genetic mutations caused by external factors.
D	Inbreeding

Question 53 Explanation:

This is an example used in the textbook for inbreeding. When a student reads "isolated region" in the question, the answer should be obvious.

Question 54

According to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F1 pea plants? (ID-BIF-65)

A	Dominant
B	Recessive
C	Sex-linked
D	Codominant
E	Lethal

Question 55

Consider to following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (ID-BIF-46)

A	The dog dog did not eat.
B	The dod idn ote at.
C	The dog did dog did not eat.
D	The did dog not eat.
E	The did not eat.

Question 56

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation by preventing the binding of tRNA. What is the direct effect of tetracycline? (ID-BIF-52)

A	Prevention of the nucleic acid formation.
B	Prevention of transcription.
C	Prevention of translation.
D	Interruption of phospholipid synthesis.
E	Interruption of DNA replication.

Question 57

Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to... (ID-BIF-11)

A	...sexual reproduction between different species.
B	...sexual reproduction only.
C	... all forms of reproduction.
D	...asexual reproduction only.

Question 58

During which phase the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear in mitosis? (ID-BIF-14)

A	Prometaphase
B	Anaphase
C	Metaphase
D	Prophase
E	Interphase

Question 59

What factor(s) that affect the activity of an enzyme if anything but the optimal conditions? (ID-BIF-79)

A	pH, chemical balance and temperature
B	temperature only
C	pH only
D	pH and temperature
E	temperature and chemical balance

Question 60

DNA damage caused by UV radiation result in thymine dimer. This can be repaired by a processed called ___ which detects the distortion in the DNA structure. (ID-BIF-56)

A	nucleic acid bond repair
B	nucleotide excision repair
C	thymine insertion repair
D	DNA ligase repair
E	DNA polymer repair

Question 61

Which of the following statement is correct about reproduction? (ID-BIF-02)

A	Early humans asexually reproduced their offspring.
B	Multicultural organisms only reproduce through sexual reproduction and are not capable of asexual reproduction.
C	Early plants sexually reproduced their offspring.
D	Both plants and animals can produce offspring through sexual reproduction.
E	Only the organisms in the Kingdom Animalia undergo sexual reproduction.

Question 62

What is the genetic property in which a single gene controls several phenotype characters? (ID-BIF-36)

A	Pleiotropy
B	Monogenetic inheritance
C	Promoter
D	Polygenetic inheritance
E	Achondroplasia

Question 63

The __I__ pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules while __II__ pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller, simpler compounds. (ID-BIF-77)

A	I. anabolic II. catabolic
B	I. metabolic II. anabolic
C	I. metabolic II. catabolic
D	I. catabolic II. anabolic
E	I. catabolic II. metabolic
F	I. anabolic II. metabolic

Question 64

What is a monohybrid cross? (ID-BIF-58)

A	A cross between individuals with different P-generations.
B	A cross between individuals that only differ due to one F-generation.
C	A cross between individuals from the same species.
D	A cross between individuals that only differ in one character.
E	A cross between individuals that are identical. In other words, no difference between any charter.

Question 65

In DNA and RNDA, the nitrogenous bases are attached to what structure? (ID-BIF-39)

A	Amino acid and protein sequences
B	Nucleotides and polynucleotides framework
C	Sugar-phosphate backbone
D	Complementary RNA strand

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true? (ID-BIF-60)

A	Darwin did not know that mechanisms that causes genetic variations in plants are similar to that of animals.
B	Darwin received Mendel's paper but did not understand its significance.
C	Darwin did not know which mechanisms were responsible for the variation he saw.
D	The blending theory of inheritance provides support for evolution.
E	The explanation for genetics had no implications for evolution.

Question 67

Place the following steps of polypeptide formation in proper order. (ID-BIF-51)

I. Translocation
II. Renegotiation of the start codon.
III. Codon recognition by pairing tRNA anticodon with mRNA codon.
IV. Peptide bond formation.

A	III (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
B	III (first) --> II --> I--> IV (last)
C	II (first) --> III --> IV --> I (last)
D	II (first) --> III --> II--> IV (last)

Question 68

If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced? (ID-BIF-66)

A	All dd
B	1/2 DD, 1/2 Dd
C	1/2 Dd, 1/2 dd
D	All DD
E	All Dd

Question 69

The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome is... (ID-BIF-25)

A	...a duplication.
B	...a translocation.
C	...a deletion.
D	...an inversion.

Question 70

How much time a cell would typically spend in the M phase of cell division? (ID-BIF-05)

A	About 50% of the total time of the cell cycle.
B	About 35% of the total time of the cell cycle.
C	About 10% of the total time of the cell cycle.
D	About 90% of the total time of the cell cycle.

Question 71

The crossing over regions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes are known as... (ID-BIF-33)

A	...chiasmas.
B	...loci.
C	...recombs.
D	...tetrads.

Question 72

Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? (ID-BIF-15)

A	Oxygen
B	A small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C₄H₁₀).
C	Positivity charged sodium ion.
D	Carbon dioxide

Question 73

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb _ AaBb? (ID-BIF-22)

A	9:3:3:1
B	16:0:0:0
C	1:3:3:2
D	1:1:1:1
E	8:4:2:2

Question 74

What is the best definition for vaccine? (ID-BIF-37)

A	A lead-based compound used in medical substances usually added to host's blood stream that boost immune system.
B	A genetically modified version of the the virus used to suppress the host organism's immune system.
C	A synthetic virus used for infecting the host organism in order to prevent more dangerous strain of the virus from infecting the host.
D	A derivative of a pathogen used to simulate a host organism's immune system.

Question 75

During which phase of mitosis the sister chromatids separates and become daughter chromosomes? (ID-BIF-27)

A	Prophase
B	Anaphase
C	Metaphase
D	Telophase
E	Interphase

Question 76

An individual with a genotype of Aa Bb CC is able to produce how many different kinds of gametes? (ID-BIF-72)

A	Eight
B	Two
C	Four
D	Seven
E	Three

Question 77

Chromosomes made of what biological materials? (ID-BIF-01)

A	Proteins
B	DNA and Proteins
C	DNA
D	RNA
E	DNA and RNA

Question 78

What does tRNA transport? (ID-BIF-43)

A	Nucleic acids
B	Nucleotides
C	Polymers
D	Amino acids
E	DNA

Question 79

In most plants and animal genes, the non-cording region is known as... (ID-BIF-40)

A	...intron.
B	...loci.
C	...splicer.
D	...centromere.
E	...exon.

Question 80

At what stage of the mitosis process the nuclear envelope breaks down? (ID-BIF-08)

A	Metaphase
B	Prophase
C	Anaphase
D	Telophase
E	Prometaphase

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Lohmeier-Vogel during Fall 2014. Additional study material: Ch. 5, 8, 9, 10 Campbell Biology ISBN-10: 1-269-98476-4.
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Biology 205 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Biology 205 (BIOL 205-UCAL) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants