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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. four (4) II. Undermat
B	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
C	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
D	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
E	I. four (4) II. Undermat

Question 2

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
B	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
C	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.
D	They are reef-builders and are colonial.

Question 3

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	False
B	True

Question 3 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 4

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis
B	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
C	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
D	During Permian/Triassic crisis

Question 5

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Zircon
C	Calcite - Dolomite
D	Quartz

Question 6

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

Question 7

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	False, because they are reef-builders.
B	True
C	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.

Question 8

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooid
B	zooarozoida
C	zooarium
D	zooecia

Question 9

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	False
B	True

Question 10

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 11

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
C	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).
D	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).

Question 12

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 13

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Charnia
B	Spriggina
C	Parvancorina
D	Tribrachidium

Question 14

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.
B	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
C	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
D	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.

Question 15

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Productida
B	Strophomenida
C	Pentamerida
D	Rhynchonellida
E	Orthida

Question 16

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Devonian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Upper Ordovician
D	Early Cretaceous

Question 17

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Mesoarchean
C	Neoproterozoic
D	Cambrian
E	Ediacaran

Question 18

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 18 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 19

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Dickinsonia
D	Charnia

Question 20

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Mesoproterozoic
D	Cambrian

Question 21

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Heterocoralia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 22

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)

Question 23

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Terebratulid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Zygospirid

Question 24

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Volcanic lava
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Graphite
D	Calcite based minerals

Question 25

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Isua Fm.
C	Apex Chert unit.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 26

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Neoarchean
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
D	Archean
E	Upper Cambrian

Question 27

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Atrypid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Spiriferid

Question 28

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	5
B	2
C	3
D	4

Question 29

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	False
B	True

Question 30

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 31

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	True
B	False

Question 31 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 32

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cretaceous
B	Devonian
C	Ordovician
D	Cambrian

Question 33

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Cloudina
B	Bonata
C	Spriggina
D	Terebratula

Question 34

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Neoproterozoic
B	Jurassic
C	Ordovician
D	Cambrian

Question 35

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Terebratulida
B	Rhynchonellida
C	Strophomenida
D	Atrypida
E	Productida

Question 36

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa
C	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
D	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa

Question 37

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Atrypid
B	Terebratulid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 38

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Octocoralia
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 39

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.2 billion years after
B	1.5 billion years after
C	4.0 billion years after
D	0.8 billion years after

Question 39 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 40

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Circulatory
B	Feeding
C	Movement
D	Defense/attack

Question 41

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Carbonizations
B	Impressions
C	Recrystallization
D	Mineralization

Question 42

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Aragonitic
B	Siliceous
C	Organophosphatic
D	Organocalcitic
E	Calcitic

Question 43

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)

Question 44

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	3
B	4
C	2
D	1

Question 45

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)

Question 46

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. lateral II. counter lateral
B	I. counter lateral II. lateral
C	I. cardinal II. counter
D	I. counter II. cardinal

Question 47

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Triassic
B	Cretaceous
C	Permian
D	Ordovician

Question 48

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Gunflint Formation
C	Isua Formation
D	Shark Bay stromatolites
E	Fig Tree Formation

Question 49

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
B	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
C	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 50

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 51

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Dickinsonia
B	Charnia
C	Tribrachidium
D	Parvancorina

Question 52

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cups.
B	True
C	False because they are known as cystiphragms.
D	False because they are known as plates.

Question 53

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 460 million years ago
C	~ 430 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 400 million years ago

Question 54

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Ordovician to Recent
B	Triassic to Recent
C	Cambrian to Permian
D	Ordovician to Permian

Question 55

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Invertebrates organisms
B	Prokaryotic organisms
C	Shelly organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 55 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 56

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 57

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they always have punctate shells.
C	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
D	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.

Question 58

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 510 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 500 million years ago
D	~ 470 million years ago
E	~ 410 million years ago

Question 59

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Linguliformea
B	Productida
C	Orthida
D	Pentamerida

Question 60

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Dikinsonians
B	Rugose corals
C	Stromatoporoids
D	Cyanobacteria

Question 60 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 61

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized tissues
B	Lungs
C	Specialized organs
D	Primitive organs

Question 62

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Paleoproterozoic
D	Hadean
E	Eoarchean

Question 63

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Oxygen-depleted zone
B	Stromatolite mass
C	Undermat
D	Growth surface

Question 64

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 4.2 billion years.
B	About 3.8 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 3.2 billion years.

Question 64 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 65

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
B	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.
C	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
D	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.

Question 66

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	autopore
B	lamellate
C	cystiphragm
D	tabule

Question 66 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 67

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Tabulata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Septalata
D	Order Rugosa

Question 68

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Anthozoa
B	Class Hydrozoa
C	Class Scyphozoa
D	Class Cinclaire

Question 68 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 69

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Melanocyrillium
B	Bangiomorpha
C	Torridonophycus
D	Huronipora

Question 70

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Cretaceous
D	Cambrian

Question 71

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Mixoperipheral
B	Radiocircular
C	Holoperipheral
D	Sphericalcircular
E	Hemipheripheral

Question 72

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Spiriferid
B	Zygospirid
C	Terebratulid
D	Atrypid

Question 73

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Hemiperipheral
B	Sphereperipheral
C	Holoperiheral
D	Mixoperipheral

Question 74

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
B	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.
C	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
D	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.

Question 75

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	six
B	two
C	five
D	three

Question 75 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 76

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Isua Formation.
C	Apex Chert unit
D	Gunflint Formation.

Question 77

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.
B	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
C	All Bryozoans are colonial.
D	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.

Question 78

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
B	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
C	I. umbo II. the beak
D	I. the beak II. umbo

Question 79

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Carboniferous and Permian
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Jurassic and Cretaceous

Question 80

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 80 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 81

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Taleola
B	Tabula
C	Brachidium
D	Median septum
E	Cardinal

Question 82

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Ordovician
B	Jurassic
C	Cambrian
D	Permian

Question 83

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Having a one large and one small shell.
B	Impunctate shell
C	Punctate shell
D	Pseudopunctate shell

Question 84

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	False
B	True

Question 85

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Orthida
B	Order Strophomenida
C	Order Pentamerida
D	Subphylum Craniiformea

Question 86

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Productida
B	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
C	Terebratulida
D	Orthida
E	Pentamerida

Question 87

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	True
B	False

Question 88

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Stromato Fm.
B	Gunflint Fm.
C	Fig Tree Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 89

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	True
B	False

Question 90

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Apex Chert from Western Australia
B	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
C	Gunflint Formation from Ontario
D	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars

Question 91

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	60
B	90
C	45
D	180

Question 92

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida and Terebratulida
B	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
C	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
D	Atrypida and Productida
E	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida

Question 93

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)

Question 94

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Proterozoic
C	Hadean
D	Archean
E	Neoarchean

Question 95

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 96

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 3.8 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 4.5 billion years
D	~ 2.7 billion years

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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