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Geology (GLGY 423-UCAL) Final
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Question 1 |
What are the bottom two end-members of Olivine ternary diagram?
A | Forsterite and Enstatite |
B | Faylite and Enstatite |
C | Forsterite and Ferrosilite |
D | Forsterite and Faylite |
E | Ferrosilite and Faylite |
F | Ferrosilite and Enstatite |
Question 2 |
The following interference diagram can be best described as...

A | a biaxial Bxa negative. |
B | an uniaxial optic axis. |
C | a biaxial Bxa positive. |
D | a biaxial optic axis. |
E | an uniaxial Bxa negative. |
Question 3 |
__I__ are low-T, slow cooled alkali feldspars and their Optic Axis Plane (OAP) is __II__ to 010.
A | I. Sanidine and Orthoclase II. perpendicular |
B | I. Microcline and Sanidine II. parallel |
C | I. Microcline and Orthoclase II. perpendicular |
D | I. Microcline and Orthoclase II. parallel |
E | I. Microcline and Sanidine II. perpendicular |
Question 4 |
The best property to identify feldspars is the unique twining.
A | False |
B | True |
Question 4 Explanation:
"In metamorphic rocks, and in low temperature diagenetic rocks in which secondary feldspars may grow, feldspars are typically untwinned." - Dr. Sytle Antao
Question 5 |
Which of the following is the best way to identify a mineral?
A | Properties in hand sample (physical properties) |
B | Interference Figure |
C | Refractive Index |
D | Chemical composition analysis. |
E | Birefringence |
Question 6 |
In X-ray Diffraction Pattern Analysis, the high intensity regions will be recorded as...
A | thicker (fatter) peaks. |
B | higher (high amplitude) peaks. |
C | narrower (thinner) peaks. |
D | lower (low amplitude) peaks. |
Question 7 |
Which of the following analytical methods should you use for determining the crystal structure of a mineral? (choose the best answer)
A | Electron Microprobe |
B | SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) |
C | ICP and AAS |
D | X-ray Diffraction |
E | XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) |
Question 7 Explanation:
While none of the above techniques world provide good details on crystal structures, the X-ray Diffraction is the best choice.
Question 8 |
Which of the following is the most dense mineral group in terms of it's chemical structure?
A | Amphiboles |
B | Olivines |
C | Pyroxenes |
Question 9 |
What is the chemical formula for Anthophyllite?
A | Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 |
B | Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2 |
C | Fe7Si8O22(OH)2 |
D | Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 |
Question 10 |
In plagioclase solid solution composition diagram, the Albite melting occur at ____ Anorthite melting point.
A | high temperatures compared to |
B | low temperatures compared to |
C | same temperature as |
Question 11 |
The chemical formula for the Pyroxene end-member Enstatite is MgSiO3.
A | True |
B | False |
Question 12 |
Given the following information, calculate the wavelength in nm.
Birefringence: 0.024
Thickness of the slide: 0.03 mm
Birefringence: 0.024
Thickness of the slide: 0.03 mm
A | 5.60 10-4 nm |
B | 7.20 x 10-4 nm |
C | 650 nm |
D | 560 nm |
E | 720 nm |
F | 2.14 -3 nm |
Question 12 Explanation:
Question 13 |
What is the best description for the following effect in Calcite crystals?
A | This is caused by the difference in Birefringence. |
B | This is an optical property caused by non-visible UV light interacting with the visible light spectrum. |
C | This is caused by the difference in velocities between the epsilon and omega rays. |
D | This is a result of internal diffraction of natural light. |
E | This is an optical property that would only occur in Calcite crystals. Hence it is a good property for mineral identification. |
Question 14 |
Which of the following is the most dense mineral in terms of it's chemical structure?
A | Kyanite |
B | Sillimanite |
C | Carbonates |
D | Epidote |
E | Andalusite |
Question 15 |
The T-O-T offsets structures in clinopyroxenes are situated in such...
A | alternating between positive and negative faces. |
B | longer a - axis compared to the a-axis length of the orthopyroxenes. |
C | all facing the same direction. |
D | randomly arranged T-O-Ts alternates every two chains. |
Question 16 |
Minerals with same/similar structure but different compositions is known as...
A | polymorphs |
B | ordered |
C | isomorphs |
D | disordered |
Question 17 |
Does (123) plain lines in the [210] zone?
A | Yes |
B | No |
Question 17 Explanation:
No because (1X2) + (2X1) + (3X0) is not equal to zero.
Question 18 |
Which of the following planes lines on the [1 1 1] zone?
A | (121) |
B | (122) |
C | (132) |
D | (212) |
E | (112) |
Question 19 |
Given the following information, calculate the 2θ angle.
λ = 0.3419 m
d210 = 3.92564 Å
n = 1
λ = 0.3419 m
d210 = 3.92564 Å
n = 1
A | 6.495 degrees |
B | 11.48 degrees |
C | 2.495 degrees |
D | 4.992 degrees |
E | 22.96 degrees |
Question 19 Explanation:
Don't forget it is asking for 2θ not theta; = 2.495 degrees.

Question 20 |
Polymorphism is caused by differences in thermodynamic properties at different P-T conditions.
A | True |
B | False |
Question 21 |
Alkali feldspars may have several different types of exsolutions. Which of the following type of exsolution can only be observed under X-ray techniques?
A | Antiperthite |
B | Macroperthite |
C | Perthite |
D | Microperthite |
E | Cryptoperthite |
Question 22 |
Garnets are isotropic minerals.
A | False |
B | True |
Question 22 Explanation:
Not always buddy!
Question 23 |
The chemical formula for the Pyroxene iron end-member Orthoferrosilite is Fe2SiO3.
A | True |
B | False |
Question 23 Explanation:
FeSiO3 would be correct.
Question 24 |
What is the universally accepted standard thickness of a petrographic thin section?
A | 0.003 mm |
B | 0.03 nm |
C | 30 000 nm |
D | 0.35 mm |
E | 0.30 mm |
Question 24 Explanation:
Remember, 30 000 nm = 0.03 mm
Question 25 |
Abundance of water in a olivine forming environment will result in formation of serpentine and talc.
A | True |
B | False |
Question 26 |
The "phase-diagrams" are used to describe what type of chemical reactions?
A | Rock forming chemical reactions. Hint: Not the best choice out of the given choices here. |
B | Chemical reactions occurred in solid solutions. |
C | Reversible chemical reactions. |
D | Organic chemical reactions. |
E | Chemical reactions involving solid materials. |
Question 27 |
__I__ temperature reactions will result in __II__.
A | I. high II. high symmetry. |
B | I. low II. disordered minerals. |
C | I. low II. high symmetry. |
D | I. high II. low symmetry. |
E | I. high II. ordered minerals. |
Question 28 |
The analytical methods, ICP and AAS will destroy the tested sample and often the same sample cannot be used for further analysis.
A | False |
B | True |
Question 29 |
Which cut will provide a Bxo figure for the following crystal?

Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions
Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions
A | 100 |
B | 001 |
C | 110 |
D | 111 |
E | 101 |
Question 30 |
The length fast direction is at ___ degrees to the length slow direction.
A | 90 |
B | between 90 - 180 |
C | 180 |
D | between 45 - 90 |
E | 45 |
Question 31 |
Electromagnetic radiation is always....
A | destructive |
B | constructive and destructive |
C | constructive |
D | confined and non-scattering |
Question 32 |
What is the Miller index for 10a: 3b: 5c?
A | (1 5 3) |
B | (1/10 1/3 1/5) |
C | (3 10 6) |
D | (10 3 5) |
E | (5 3 10) |
Question 33 |
Uniaxial minerals can have inclined extinction.
A | False |
B | True |
Question 33 Explanation:
straight and symmetrical only
Question 34 |
What is the crystal system and the optic sign of the following crystal?

Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions
Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions
A | Triclinic / positive |
B | Orthorhombic / positive |
C | Orthorhombic / negative |
D | Monoclinic / positive |
E | Triclinic / negative |
F | Monoclinic / negative |
Question 35 |
What is the crystal system and the optic sign of the following crystal?

Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions
Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions
A | Triclinic / positive |
B | Monoclinic / negative |
C | Monoclinic / positive |
D | Orthorhombic / positive |
E | Triclinic / negative |
F | Orthorhombic / negative |
Question 36 |
High temperature and/or dry conditions favors the growth of __I__ crystals over __II__ crystals.
A | I. olivine II. pyroxenes |
B | I. clinopyroxenes II. orthopyroxenes |
C | I. hydrous II. anhydrous |
D | I. pyroxenes II. olivine |
E | I. orthopyroxenes II. clinopyroxenes |
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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.
Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Sytle Antao during Fall 2013.
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