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Geology (GLGY 423-UCAL) Final

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Question 1

What is the crystal system and the optic sign of the following crystal?

Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions

A	Monoclinic / positive
B	Triclinic / positive
C	Orthorhombic / negative
D	Triclinic / negative
E	Orthorhombic / positive
F	Monoclinic / negative

Question 2

Minerals with same/similar structure but different compositions is known as...

A	ordered
B	disordered
C	polymorphs
D	isomorphs

Question 3

What is the universally accepted standard thickness of a petrographic thin section?

A	0.03 nm
B	0.003 mm
C	30 000 nm
D	0.35 mm
E	0.30 mm

Question 3 Explanation:

Remember, 30 000 nm = 0.03 mm

Question 4

The chemical formula for the Pyroxene end-member Enstatite is MgSiO₃.

A	False
B	True

Question 5

The chemical formula for the Pyroxene iron end-member Orthoferrosilite is Fe₂SiO₃.

A	False
B	True

Question 5 Explanation:

FeSiO₃ would be correct.

Question 6

Alkali feldspars may have several different types of exsolutions. Which of the following type of exsolution can only be observed under X-ray techniques?

A	Cryptoperthite
B	Macroperthite
C	Antiperthite
D	Perthite
E	Microperthite

Question 7

The following interference diagram can be best described as...

A	an uniaxial Bxa negative.
B	a biaxial Bxa negative.
C	a biaxial Bxa positive.
D	an uniaxial optic axis.
E	a biaxial optic axis.

Question 8

What is the chemical formula for Anthophyllite?

A	Fe₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
B	Ca₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
C	Mg₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
D	Ca₂Fe₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂

Question 9

What is the crystal system and the optic sign of the following crystal?

Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions

A	Orthorhombic / positive
B	Triclinic / positive
C	Monoclinic / negative
D	Orthorhombic / negative
E	Monoclinic / positive
F	Triclinic / negative

Question 10

Polymorphism is caused by differences in thermodynamic properties at different P-T conditions.

A	False
B	True

Question 11

What is the best description for the following effect in Calcite crystals?

A	This is caused by the difference in velocities between the epsilon and omega rays.
B	This is an optical property caused by non-visible UV light interacting with the visible light spectrum.
C	This is an optical property that would only occur in Calcite crystals. Hence it is a good property for mineral identification.
D	This is a result of internal diffraction of natural light.
E	This is caused by the difference in Birefringence.

Question 12

Uniaxial minerals can have inclined extinction.

A	True
B	False

Question 12 Explanation:

straight and symmetrical only

Question 13

Which of the following planes lines on the [1 1 1] zone?

A	(122)
B	(212)
C	(121)
D	(132)
E	(112)

Question 14

Which of the following is the most dense mineral in terms of it's chemical structure?

A	Kyanite
B	Epidote
C	Sillimanite
D	Carbonates
E	Andalusite

Question 15

What are the bottom two end-members of Olivine ternary diagram?

A	Ferrosilite and Faylite
B	Faylite and Enstatite
C	Forsterite and Enstatite
D	Forsterite and Faylite
E	Forsterite and Ferrosilite
F	Ferrosilite and Enstatite

Question 16

What is the Miller index for 10a: 3b: 5c?

A	(3 10 6)
B	(1 5 3)
C	(1/10 1/3 1/5)
D	(5 3 10)
E	(10 3 5)

Question 17

Which of the following is the best way to identify a mineral?

A	Interference Figure
B	Chemical composition analysis.
C	Refractive Index
D	Birefringence
E	Properties in hand sample (physical properties)

Question 18

The "phase-diagrams" are used to describe what type of chemical reactions?

A	Organic chemical reactions.
B	Chemical reactions involving solid materials.
C	Chemical reactions occurred in solid solutions.
D	Rock forming chemical reactions. Hint: Not the best choice out of the given choices here.
E	Reversible chemical reactions.

Question 19

In X-ray Diffraction Pattern Analysis, the high intensity regions will be recorded as...

A	narrower (thinner) peaks.
B	lower (low amplitude) peaks.
C	thicker (fatter) peaks.
D	higher (high amplitude) peaks.

Question 20

The best property to identify feldspars is the unique twining.

A	False
B	True

Question 20 Explanation:

"In metamorphic rocks, and in low temperature diagenetic rocks in which secondary feldspars may grow, feldspars are typically untwinned." - Dr. Sytle Antao

Question 21

The T-O-T offsets structures in clinopyroxenes are situated in such...

A	alternating between positive and negative faces.
B	all facing the same direction.
C	longer a - axis compared to the a-axis length of the orthopyroxenes.
D	randomly arranged T-O-Ts alternates every two chains.

Question 22

High temperature and/or dry conditions favors the growth of __I__ crystals over __II__ crystals.

A	I. hydrous II. anhydrous
B	I. orthopyroxenes II. clinopyroxenes
C	I. clinopyroxenes II. orthopyroxenes
D	I. olivine II. pyroxenes
E	I. pyroxenes II. olivine

Question 23

Which of the following is the most dense mineral group in terms of it's chemical structure?

A	Olivines
B	Amphiboles
C	Pyroxenes

Question 24

In plagioclase solid solution composition diagram, the Albite melting occur at ____ Anorthite melting point.

A	low temperatures compared to
B	high temperatures compared to
C	same temperature as

Question 25

__I__ are low-T, slow cooled alkali feldspars and their Optic Axis Plane (OAP) is __II__ to 010.

A	I. Microcline and Sanidine II. parallel
B	I. Sanidine and Orthoclase II. perpendicular
C	I. Microcline and Orthoclase II. parallel
D	I. Microcline and Orthoclase II. perpendicular
E	I. Microcline and Sanidine II. perpendicular

Question 26

The length fast direction is at ___ degrees to the length slow direction.

A	180
B	between 45 - 90
C	45
D	between 90 - 180
E	90

Question 27

Given the following information, calculate the wavelength in nm.
Birefringence: 0.024
Thickness of the slide: 0.03 mm

A	650 nm
B	7.20 x 10^-4 nm
C	720 nm
D	5.60 10^-4 nm
E	560 nm
F	2.14 ^-3 nm

Question 27 Explanation:

Question 28

Garnets are isotropic minerals.

A	True
B	False

Question 28 Explanation:

Not always buddy!

Question 29

Which of the following analytical methods should you use for determining the crystal structure of a mineral? (choose the best answer)

A	XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence)
B	Electron Microprobe
C	SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
D	ICP and AAS
E	X-ray Diffraction

Question 29 Explanation:

While none of the above techniques world provide good details on crystal structures, the X-ray Diffraction is the best choice.

Question 30

Does (123) plain lines in the [210] zone?

A	No
B	Yes

Question 30 Explanation:

No because (1X2) + (2X1) + (3X0) is not equal to zero.

Question 31

Electromagnetic radiation is always....

A	destructive
B	confined and non-scattering
C	constructive and destructive
D	constructive

Question 32

Which cut will provide a Bxo figure for the following crystal?

Image credit: Zoltai and Stout (1985) Mineralogy: Problems and solutions

A	001
B	110
C	101
D	100
E	111

Question 33

Abundance of water in a olivine forming environment will result in formation of serpentine and talc.

A	False
B	True

Question 34

Given the following information, calculate the 2θ angle.
λ = 0.3419 m
d₂₁₀ = 3.92564 Å
n = 1

A	6.495 degrees
B	4.992 degrees
C	22.96 degrees
D	11.48 degrees
E	2.495 degrees

Question 34 Explanation:

Don't forget it is asking for 2θ not theta; = 2.495 degrees.

Question 35

__I__ temperature reactions will result in __II__.

A	I. low II. high symmetry.
B	I. high II. low symmetry.
C	I. low II. disordered minerals.
D	I. high II. ordered minerals.
E	I. high II. high symmetry.

Question 36

The analytical methods, ICP and AAS will destroy the tested sample and often the same sample cannot be used for further analysis.

A	True
B	False

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Sytle Antao during Fall 2013.
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Min ID Chart — Download the PDF file of mineral identification chart. Also known as the “cheat sheets” or “cheat sheet”.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 423 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 423-UCAL) Final

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Geology (GLGY 423-UCAL) Final

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Standing on the shoulders of giants