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Geology (GLGY 201-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Groundwater extraction result in formation of cones of depression. Which of the following scenario would create the largest (deepest and most laterally extensive) depression cones? (ID-GLF-90)

A	Injection/addition of water into the ground due to heavy rainfall.
B	Extraction of groundwater in large volumes in a small period of time.
C	Extraction of groundwater in large volumes in a long period of time.
D	Higher rate of leaking groundwater into rivers and lakes due to higher formation pressures.

Question 1 Explanation:

Groundwater extraction at a higher rate/volume will reduce the window needed to "bounce back" of cone of depression by infilling the pore space.
Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 2

What is the best estimate of the age of Earth according to current scientific observations and evidence? (ID-GLF-25)

A	4.54 Ga
B	3.87 Ga
C	3.92 Ga
D	3.55 Ga
E	4.03 Ga

Question 3

____ is the condition that exists when the buoyancy force pushing lithosphere up equals the gravitational force pulling lithosphere down. (ID-GLF-48)

A	Mesopause
B	Induced equilibrium
C	Isostasy
D	Accretion
E	Orogeny

Question 4

Which of the following statement regrading Appalachian orogeny is true? (ID-GLF-103)

A	Appalachian orogeny occurred after the Grenville orogeny.
B	Appalachian orogeny is occurred as a result of four separate continental collisions. Hint: Three separate continental collisions.
C	Allegheny Mountains formed before the both of the Appalachian and Grenville orogenies.
D	Appalachian orogeny occurred at the same time as the Grenville orogeny.

Question 4 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 5

The ____ is the layer of air that lies between the surface of the Earth and an elevation of 5 km to 18 km. It is the first (lowest) layer of the Earth's atmosphere. (ID-GLF-35)

A	stratosphere
B	exosphere
C	mesosphere
D	thermosphere
E	troposphere
F	ionosphere

Question 6

The process whereby which early formed minerals in magma physically separate from the magma is called... (ID-GLF-14)

A	partial crystallization
B	fractional melting
C	fractional crystallization
D	decompression crystallization

Question 7

Seismic waves traveling through a faster medium (eg. peridotite) enter a slower medium (eg. sandstone). The waves will ______ as they enter the slower medium. (ID-GLF-74)

A	bent away from the normal
B	be refracted
C	split into several rays
D	bent towards the normal
E	disintegrate

Question 8

The two most abundant rocks within oceanic crust are... (ID-GLF-11)

A	basalt and gabbro
B	shale and gabbro
C	basalt and shale
D	shale and limestone

Question 9

What is the most common cause of earthquakes? (ID-GLF-110)

A	Volcanic eruptions
B	Human interference such as construction and nuclear detonations
C	Sudden changes in mineral structures
D	Crustal fault slips
E	Magma migration

Question 9 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 10

Deformation of rocks exclusively through distortion (and distortion only) will most likely result in which of the following features? (ID-GLF-108)

A	Folds
B	Faults
C	Fractures
D	Upside down beds (oldest on top)

Question 10 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 11

When does sediment liquefaction occur? (ID-GLF-55)

A	It occurs due to nuclear radiation caused by decomposition of radioactive elements within sediments and minerals.
B	It occurs when sediments from deep underground which are formed under high pressure were exhumed in a short period of time.
C	It occurs as the heat from magma melts the wall rock (country rock) resulting melting of the surrounding.
D	It occur when the pore water pressure increased enough to push sediment grains apart from each other.
E	It occurs when ground shake due to P-wave vibrates sediments hard enough resulting solids behaving like liquids.

Question 12

Stream piracy occurs when.... (ID-GLF-61)

A	water levels are not high enough to maintain the flow resulting in change in stream direction.
B	reversing of the flow direction due to change in the direction of slope due to tectonic of other events.
C	headward erosion by one stream causes the stream to intersect another stream.
D	water levels and flow rates are too high for a river bed to maintain its shape result in collapse of valleys or canyons.

Question 13

Which of the following energy product has the highest number of carbons in their hydrocarbon molecule? (ID-GLF-49)

A	Natural gas
B	Tar
C	Gasoline
D	Heating oil
E	Bottled gas
F	Kerosene

Question 13 Explanation:

Note tar is also the most most viscous material listed above.

Question 14

Folding usually occur under what condition? Choose the best answer. (ID-GLF-46)

A	Low pressure and high temperature
B	High pressure and low temperature
C	Brittle deformation
D	At extensional settings
E	Ductile deformation

Question 15

Mountain building involves all of the following except... (ID-GLF-105)
-Deformation
-Faulting
-Folding
-Partial melting
-Foliation
-Metamorphism
-Glaciation
-Erosion
-Sedimentation

A	Glaciation and Sedimentation
B	Partial melting and Sedimentation
C	Partial melting
D	Partial melting, Sedimentation and Glaciation
E	All of the above can be observed in mountain building processes.

Question 15 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 16

What is 1A on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-24)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Pennsylvanian
B	Phanerozoic
C	Mesozoic
D	Cenozoic
E	Proterozoic

Question 17

What is adiabatic cooling or adiabatic heating? (ID-GLF-34)

A	Cooling or heating of air or matter without the addition or subtraction of thermal energy.
B	Cooling or heating of air or matter without decreasing or increasing of temperature.
C	Cooling or heating of air or matter without increasing or decreasing of pressure.
D	Cooling or heating of air or matter through compression solidification or decompression melting.
E	Cooling or heating of air or matter through geologic uplift.
F	Cooling or heating of air or matter without the addition or subtraction of atoms or molecules.

Question 18

What process result in pelagic sediment depositions? (ID-GLF-63)

A	Deposits of rock fragments and sediments left behind after a glacier has migrated through a region.
B	Deposition of organic matter on terrestrial sediments due to decay of plants and organisms.
C	Sudden decrease in energy of a river system result in accumulation of the bedloard.
D	Accumulation of microscopic shells and file flakes of clay at the ocean floor.
E	Erosion of high standing sedimentary structures and subsequent deposition of the materials downstream.

Question 19

The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase is known as... (ID-GLF-98)

A	evaporation.
B	precipitation.
C	transpiration.
D	infiltration.
E	sublimation.

Question 19 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 20

Which of the following describes the earthquake waves that travel through the interior of the Earth? (ID-GLF-08)

A	Body waves
B	Love waves
C	Interior waves
D	Rayleigh waves

Question 21

Which of the following is most likely a trace fossil? (ID-GLF-68)

A	Amber embedded fossils
B	Burrows
C	Shell fragments
D	Petrified wood
E	Skeletons

Question 22

What is the primary contributing factor/force for sick-slip behavior of faults? (ID-GLF-54)

A	Non-uniform boundary conditions between two moving sections.
B	Compression pressure along the contact boundary between two moving sections.
C	Friction between two moving sections.
D	Mineral alignment along the contact points between two moving sections.
E	Ductile nature of the two moving sections.

Question 23

Which of the following statement is correct about oxbow lakes? (ID-GLF-60)

A	A meander that has been cut off yet remains filled with water forms an oxbow lake.
B	Melting of glaciers at the surface (top) due to the heat from sun result in formation of oxbow lakes on top of the glacier itself.
C	All meandering rivers always from oxbow lakes.
D	Melting of glaciers due to friction between the ground and itself forms oxbow lakes at the base of the glacier.
E	Oxbow lakes are formed as a result of downcutting of the river into soft sediments hence they are unusually deep areas of a river.

Question 24

Arrange the geologic events on the following cross section from the oldest event (first one) to the youngest event (last one). (ID-GLF-83)

I. Deposition and folding of units 1 to 7
II. Intrusion of the granite pluton
III. Deposition of units A to C
IV. Formation of the unconformity
V. Faulting
VI. Intrusion of the gabbro dyke

A	VI (oldest) , II , III , IV , I , V (youngest)
B	V (oldest) , III , VI , IV , II , I (youngest)
C	V (oldest) , II , VI , IV , III , I (youngest)
D	I (oldest) , II , VI , IV , III , V (youngest)
E	VI (oldest) , I , III , V , II , IV (youngest)
F	I (oldest) , III , VI , IV , II , V (youngest)

Question 25

Which of the following statement is true on biological extinction? (ID-GLF-71)

A	It occurs when the last member of a given genus dies without producing any offspring.
B	It occurs when the last member of a given class dies without producing any offspring.
C	It occurs when the last member of a given family dies without producing any offspring.
D	It occurs when the last member of a given species dies without producing any offspring.
E	It occurs when the last member of a given kingdom dies without producing any offspring.

Question 26

Geophysicists recognized that the Earth’s outer core was liquid because... (ID-GLF-05)

A	L-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary
B	P-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary
C	R-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary
D	S-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary

Question 27

A geologic fold structure that is shaped like an arch where the limbs of the fold have the same dip angle in opposite directions is called a(an)... (ID-GLF-04)

A	symmetrical syncline
B	symmetrical anticline
C	asymmetrical anticline
D	asymmetrical syncline

Question 28

What is 3G on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-39)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic
B	Jurassic
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Cretaceous
F	Eocene

Question 29

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is know as the... (ID-GLF-07)

A	Mohorovic discontinuity
B	Wadati-Benioff discontinuity
C	Wegener discontinuity
D	Mercalli discontinuity

Question 30

Radiometic age dating techniques using the Ab – Xy system (not areal system) in the mineral quarky (not a real mineral) in the diorite dyke found that the mineral started off with 160 parent isotopes, and today only 20 parent isotopes remain. The half life for the Ab – Xy system is 125 million years. What is the age of the diorite dyke? (ID-GLF-81)

A	250 Ma
B	300 Ma
C	375 Ma
D	125 Ma
E	100 Ma

Question 30 Explanation:

A = A* (1/2)^(t/h) where A=final amount, A*=initial amount, t= time and h=half-life. You would have to isolate t for the above answer.

Question 31

Typically orogenesis would create which of the following rock type? (ID-GLF-100)

A	Sedimentary rocks due to regional subduction.
B	Sedimentary rocks due to regional heating.
C	Igneous rocks due to uplift.
D	Metamorphic rocks due to contact metamorphism.

Question 31 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 32

Which of the following statement is most likely correct about wetlands? (ID-GLF-88)

A	The permeability must be very low in the wetland regions.
B	The vadose zone must be extremely large (deep) in the wetland regions.
C	The hydraulic head must be very high in the wetland regions.
D	The water table must be relatively high in the wetland regions.

Question 32 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 33

Which isotopic system has the longest half-life period? (ID-GLF-22)

A	Sm/Nd
B	K/Ar
C	Rb/Sr
D	U/Pb

Question 33 Explanation:

While you do not have to know all the isotopic system, the U/Pb system is so important that at least you should know that.

Question 34

According to P-wave and S-wave arrival time equations, the difference between P-wave arrival and S-wave arrival time increases with the... (ID-GLF-116)

A	decrease in density of the medium.
B	increase in density of the medium.
C	increase in travel distance.
D	increase in density.

Question 34 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.
Note: Any changes in density of the medium affect both P and S waves.

Question 35

Where does the mesopause boundary located? (ID-GLF-37)

A	Between Mesosphere and Troposphere.
B	Between Mesosphere and Stratosphere.
C	Around the 45 km altitude.
D	Around the 10 km altitude.
E	Between Mesosphere and Thermosphere.

Question 36

The physical processes exists today also operated in the past roughly at the same rates and these processes were responsible for the formation of geologic features. This statement is best known as the... (ID-GLF-15)

A	Theory of Rock Cycle
B	Principle of Superposition
C	Principle of Uniformitarianism
D	Principle of Original Horizontality
E	Theory of Plate Tectonics
F	Theory of Geologic Evolution

Question 37

Which of the following is the main force in driving plate tectonics? (ID-GLF-13)

A	suction force
B	ridge push
C	trench roll back
D	slab pull

Question 38

Structural geologists measure deformation on outcrops as... (ID-GLF-44)

A	foliations. Hint: This is true, but this is an observation and not a measurement.
B	pressures.
C	stress.
D	lineation. Hint: This is true, but this is an observation and not a measurement.
E	strain.

Question 39

At what range of depth does the brittle-plastic transition occurs in continental crust? (ID-GLF-57)

A	About 10 to 15 km
B	About 0 to 5 km
C	About 30 to 40 km
D	About 90 to 100 km
E	About 50 to 70 km

Question 40

Aquifers are __I__ and aquitards are __I__. (ID-GLF-86)

A	I. sediment or rock structures that has very low permeability II. sediment or rock structures that has very high permeability
B	I. subsurface structures that allow free flow of water II. subsurface regions where water accumulates
C	I. geologic materials that transmit water II. geologic materials that act as a barrier to flow
D	I. also known as vadose zones II. also known as zones of saturation
E	I. subsurface regions where water accumulates II. subsurface structures that allow free flow of water
F	I. geologic materials that act as a barrier to flow II. geologic materials that act as a barrier to flow

Question 40 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a type of primary porosity? (ID-GLF-85)

A	Inter granular porosity
B	Reef framework
C	Dissolution
D	Vesicles and voids within matrix

Question 41 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 42

Which of the following statement is true about seismic waves? (ID-GLF-115)

A	Surface seismic waves are the fastest in terms of travel time.
B	Seismic waves were first discovered by Andrija Mohorovicic.
C	Seismic waves travel faster in high density mediums.
D	Seismic waves are able to sustain their energy in softer mediums for a longer period of time.
E	Seismic waves that enters a faster medium from a slower medium will undergo refraction towards the normal.

Question 43

This type of faults occurred in subsurface and are invisible. (ID-GLF-111)

A	Active faults
B	Crustal faults
C	Blind faults
D	Marginal faults
E	Inactive faults

Question 43 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 44

Cone of dispersion will result in... (ID-GLF-89)

A	lowering of the groundwater table at the global scale.
B	raising of the groundwater table at the global scale.
C	lowering of the groundwater table at the regional scale.
D	raising of the groundwater table at the regional scale.
E	increased availability of groundwater in shallow wells.

Question 44 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 45

What is the magnitude difference between a M5.0 and a M5.5 earthquakes? (ID-GLF-117)

A	5.5%
B	5%
C	31.6%
D	0.5%

Question 45 Explanation:

Log base-10: (10^5) / (10^5.5) x 100 =31.6%

Question 46

All hydrocarbons contain which of the following elements? (ID-GLF-50)

A	Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
B	Carbon and nitrogen
C	Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
D	Carbon and oxygen
E	Carbon and hydrogen

Question 47

Sediments accumulates on fairly flat surfaces. This concept is found in which of the following? (ID-GLF-16)

A	Principle of Original Horizontality
B	Principle of Superposition
C	Theory of Plate Tectonics
D	Theory of Geologic Evolution
E	Principle of Uniformitarianism

Question 48

A rock that has undergone deformation may...(choose all the correct answers) (ID-GLF-06)

A	most likely maintain the original mineral composition
B	change its shape by shortening
C	change its orientation
D	change its location
E	retains the primary igneous structures.

Question 49

Paleozoic era is divided in to several periods. Which is the oldest Paleozoic era? (ID-GLF-19)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Paleogene
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Cretaceous
E	Silurian

Question 50

Radiometic age dating techniques using the Ab – Xy system (not areal system) in the mineral quarky (not a real mineral) in the diorite dyke found that the mineral started off with some amount of parent isotopes, and today only 40 parent isotopes remain. The half life for the Ab – Xy system is 125 million years and the age of the diorite dyke is 250 million years. What is the initial parent isotopes count in the mineral? (ID-GLF-82)

A	100 parent isotopes
B	160 parent isotopes
C	250 parent isotopes
D	40 parent isotopes
E	125 parent isotopes

Question 50 Explanation:

A = A* (1/2)^(t/h) where A=final amount, A*=initial amount, t= time and h=half-life. You would have to isolate A* for the above answer.

Question 51

Which of the following will not result in favorable environment for meandering streams? (ID-GLF-96)

A	High sediment carrying capacity
B	Very low stream gradient
C	Soft substrate with high degree of erosion
D	Narrow flood plains

Question 51 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 52

What is closure temperature? (ID-GLF-23)

A	The temperature above which crystals are first formed.
B	The temperature above which the water is neither a gas nor a liquid.
C	The temperature below which magma no longer have the ability to erupt out of the volcano.
D	The temperature below which crystals are first formed.
E	The temperature below which isotopes are no longer free to move.

Question 53

Majority of volcanic gas is composed of what type of compound? (ID-GLF-31)

A	carbon dioxide
B	water
C	nitrogen
D	methane
E	ammonia

Question 54

Geothermal energy relies on heat from what source? (ID-GLF-76)

A	Heat absorbed by surface rocks
B	Earth's crust
C	Radioactive decay within the Earth's core
D	Earth's mantle
E	Friction heat produced at plate margins

Question 55

About 99% of the air in our atmosphere lies below this altitude. (ID-GLF-33)

A	About 5 km
B	About 1 km
C	About 30 km
D	About 10 km
E	About 100 km

Question 55 Explanation:

The answers are intentionally spread apart in altitude value. This is because you do not have to know the exact altitude, but you should have a rough idea.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a orogenic mountain belt that has formed from the collision of two large continents? (ID-GLF-12)

A	Basin and Range
B	Himalayas
C	Hawaiian Islands
D	Canadian Rockies

Question 57

What is 2A on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-24)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Mesozoic
B	Phanerozoic
C	Pennsylvanian
D	Proterozoic
E	Cenozoic

Question 58

In ___ volcanic eruption, groundwater interacts with the magma and the eruption blasts stream, ash and coarser blocks skyward, but little if any lava appears at the surface. (ID-GLF-72)

A	vulcanian
B	surtseyan
C	phreatic
D	plinean
E	strombolian

Question 59

In Geology, the term orogenesis refers to which of the following? (ID-GLF-99)

A	Study of the origin of Earth and its evolution.
B	Process of biological and geological evolution of life and Earth.
C	Process of magma generation and solidification.
D	Study of the origins of rocks and minerals.
E	Process of mountain building.

Question 59 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 60

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GLF-75)

A	Highly permeable rocks make very good petroleum seals/traps. Hint: Seal or trap rock/layers must be non-permeable to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping.
B	Oil window is smaller that that of natural gas window.
C	Permeability refers to the fraction of open space within rocks.
D	Increasing depth often increase in hydrocarbon production. Hint: Yes, when you are within an oil/gas windows. But just because you increase in depth, doesn't mean it will favor formation of oil/gas.
E	Kerogen forms at the Earth's surface.

Question 61

What is the difference between a focus and an epicenter of an earthquake? (ID-GLF-53)

A	The focus is the location where a fault slips during an earthquake while epicenter is the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.
B	The term focus is used when the earthquake occur under water/in oceans while the term epicenter is used when it occurs on land.
C	The focus is the geographic location of the seismometer and the epicenter is the physical position of the earthquake.
D	They are interchangeable terms used geoscientists to describe earthquakes.
E	The epicenter is the location where a fault slips during an earthquake while focus is the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Question 62

The following image of a large outcrop can be best described as... (ID-GLF-107)
Please pay attention to the circled (green) area of the image.

A	structural feature originated primarily due to an igneous event.
B	deformation that resulted in faulting.
C	deformation caused by extensional tectonics.
D	deformation that resulted in folding.

Question 63

What is the difference between a joint and a fault? (ID-GLF-106)

A	Joints are usually associated with igneous processes and faults are usually associated with orogenic processes.
B	Joints are much smaller in scale than faults.
C	Joints are planar metamorphic fabrics while faults are planer surfaces of physical separations within rocks.
D	Joints are fractures that have no offsets, while faults are fractures with offsets.
E	Joints only occur in softer materials such as sediments and faults occur in hard rocks.

Question 63 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 64

What is the most fundamental factor that determine the shape of a canyon or valley? (ID-GLF-59)

A	Flow rate of the water (velocity) and the volume of water.
B	Sediment load of the river/stream.
C	Its elevation from the sea level.
D	Resistance of its walls to erosion slumping.

Question 65

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GLF-65)

A	Higher the friction between a glacier and the ground, faster the migration of the glacier.
B	Plate tectonic movement is mostly driven by the energy obtained through the rotation of the Earth. Hint: This is what some scientists thought long time ago. This has been proven to be incorrect.
C	Higher the mountains in collisional or convergent orogen, the deeper the crustal root.
D	Dykes are formed primarily due to preexisting weak planes of the country rock.
E	Higher the depth of a river, larger the volume of sediment deposition and accumulation on the river bed.

Question 66

Oil forming temperature range is known as the... (ID-GLF-51)

A	ideal temperature.
B	oil window.
C	decomposition temperature.
D	ideal window.
E	critical temperature.
F	critical window.

Question 67

What is competence of a sediment transport system? (ID-GLF-93)

A	It measure the flow rate of sediments at a fixed given location.
B	It measures the rate at which the transport system deposit its load.
C	It measures the largest clast/sediment size a stream/river can transport.
D	It measures the volume of sediments transported by a stream/river system.
E	It measures the rate of sediment supply to a stream/river system.

Question 67 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 68

How do we measure stress experienced by geologic materials in nature? (ID-GLF-112)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	We measure stress using changes in pressure and temperature observed within geologic materials over a period.
C	We measure stress using specialized equipment that keep track of movement of geologic masses.
D	We measure stress based on detection of earthquakes and their magnitudes with respect to location.
E	We cannot directly measure stress, but we can infer stress using strain preserved as deformations in minerals and rocks.

Question 68 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.
Note: Most than one answer is correct. But on multiple choice exams, you should choose the MOST suitable answer. Consider this question as a good example for your future university exams.

Question 69

Following animation demonstrates ___ type of fault. (ID-GLF-45)
Note: Do not worry about the vector arrows. This animation was created for 300/500-level structure classes.
NONE

A	Not enough information is provided in the question.
B	Left lateral strike-slip fault
C	Right lateral strike-slip fault
D	Reverse fault
E	Normal fault

Question 70

Diversity of genera/organisms peaked during what time? (ID-GLF-21)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Early Proterozoic
C	Late Mesozoic
D	Early Cenozoic
E	Late Cenozoic

Question 71

What is Laurentia? (ID-GLF-28)

A	A proposed Precambrian supercontinent that existed around 1 billion years ago.
B	A supercontinent that consisted of today’s South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
C	A continent in the early Paleozoic Era composed of today’s North America and Greenland.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	The ocean that was once covered the Alberta region, which helped the formation of oil/gas deposits.

Question 72

You are standing on this feature if the topographic contours on either side of you are decreasing. (ID-GLF-80)

A	Ridge or hill top
B	Reverse fault line
C	Valley or topographic depression
D	Normal fault line

Question 73

What is the exaggeration factor for a cross section with horizontal scale of 1:20,000 and vertical scale of 1:10,000? (ID-GLF-79)

A	Factor of 1
B	Factor of 2
C	Factor of 20,000
D	Factor of 10,000
E	Factor of 3

Question 74

Mushrooms and yeast belong to this Eukarya domain. (ID-GLF-69)

A	Plantae
B	Protista
C	Animalia
D	Bacteria
E	Fungi

Question 75

Geologists use this term to describe the condition where the buoyancy force pushing lithosphere up equals to the gravitational force pulling lithosphere down. (ID-GLF-104)

A	Isostasy
B	Induced stability
C	Orogeny
D	Equilibrium

Question 75 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 76

The principle of inclusions state... (ID-GLF-18)

A	inclusions are younger than the rock which contains them.
B	inclusions only occur in magma chambers.
C	inclusions are always older than the rock which contains them.
D	inclusions never appear on the surface of rocks.
E	younger rocks are always will be on top of the older rocks.

Question 77

What is the average frequency of earthquakes? (ID-GLF-109)

A	Monthly
B	Yearly
C	Weekly
D	Daily

Question 77 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 78

Which of the following type of aquifer has the highest possibility for contamination and contaminant transport? (ID-GLF-87)

A	Aquifers with very low porosity and permeability.
B	Aquifers with very high porosity, but very low permeability.
C	Unconfined aquifers with very high permeability.
D	Confined aquifers with very high permeability.

Question 78 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 79

Folds with limbs dipping away from the hinge is known as __I__ and folds with dips dipping towards the hinge is known as __II__. (ID-GLF-47)

A	I basins II. arcs
B	I. synclines II. anticlines
C	I. anticlines II. synclines
D	I. arcs II. basins

Question 80

Upstream erosion of a river is known as... (ID-GLF-92)

A	fracture network.
B	dendritic network.
C	drainage erosion.
D	headward erosion.
E	surface erosion.

Question 80 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 81

Abandoned deltas are characterized by which of the following? (ID-GLF-97)

A	Smaller lobes
B	Subsidence
C	Downcutting
D	Headward erosion
E	Uplift

Question 81 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 82

What is an isobar? (ID-GLF-40)

A	It is a line on a map used to separate different air pressures.
B	It is a bar where ice cold drinks are served only for cool geoscientists.
C	It is an imaginary line that separates the four major layers of atmosphere.
D	It is a graphical representation of change in temperature with depth in the lithosphere.
E	It is a representation of pressure - temperature boundaries which specific minerals may form out of a magma.

Question 83

Mountain building along convergent boundaries would result in formation of fold thrust belts _____ and the subduction related volcanoes _____. (ID-GLF-101)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	landwards , on overriding pate
C	seawards , on the extinct arc
D	on overriding plate , landwards

Question 83 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 84

What is Rodinia? (ID-GLF-27)

A	The ocean that was once covered the Alberta region, which helped the formation of oil/gas deposits.
B	A supercontinent that consisted of today’s South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
C	A proposed Precambrian supercontinent that existed around 1 billion years ago.
D	A continent in the early Paleozoic Era composed of today’s North America and Greenland.
E	The creatonic platform that forms the modern day Canada, USA and Mexico.

Question 85

Why earthquakes are rare below 660 km? (ID-GLF-119)

A	Mantle is ductile
B	Increase in frictional forces
C	Lack of water
D	Lower temperatures
E	Increase in pressure

Question 85 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 86

Continental rifts are mostly associated with which of the following? (ID-GLF-120)

A	Reverse faults
B	Normal faults
C	Strike-slip faults
D	Abnormal faults
E	Thrust faults

Question 86 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 87

Which earthquake intensity scale takes into account the amount of slip that has occurred along the fault plane? (ID-GLF-01)

A	Wadati-Benioff scale
B	Richter scale
C	Mercalli scale
D	Seismic-moment magnitude scale

Question 88

What is the best description of the fold depicted in the following cross section? (ID-GLF-84)

A	Asymmetric syncline
B	Overturned syncline
C	Asymmetric anticline
D	Symmetric syncline
E	Symmetric anticline

Question 89

When the ocean formed at the early stage of the Earth, the atmosphere because rich in what type of gas? (ID-GLF-32)

A	carbon dioxide
B	nitrogen
C	oxygen
D	water vapor
E	ammonia

Question 90

This process occurs due to air becoming warmer, buoyant and rises. The primary driving force for this process is the temptation variations on the Earth's surface. What is this process? (ID-GLF-41)

A	Convective lifting
B	Orographic lifting
C	Convergence lifting
D	Divergent lifting
E	Frontal lifting

Question 91

Which of the following is used for representing relationships between organisms and their ancestors? (ID-GLF-70)

A	hierarchical diagram
B	historical tree
C	ancestral diagram
D	phylogenetic tree
E	taxonomy diagram

Question 92

In this section of our atmosphere the short-wavelength solar energy strips nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules if their electrons and transforms them into positive ions. (ID-GLF-38)

A	Exosphere
B	Ionosphere
C	Mesosphere
D	Stratosphere
E	Troposphere
F	Thermosphere

Question 93

Which of the following is a characteristic of compressional waves? (ID-GLF-114)

A	Causes ground to ripple up and down like water waves in a lake.
B	They are P-waves that intersects the land surface.
C	They are S-waves that intersects the land surface.
D	Slower than S-waves but faster than Love waves.
E	Material moves back and forth parallel to the wave direction.

Question 93 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 94

Normal faults are more more abundant in which of the following Geologic setting? (ID-GLF-102)

A	Collisional orogenesis environments
B	Strike-slip environments
C	Extensional rifting environments
D	Mid-oceanic ridge environments

Question 94 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 95

Alluvial fans deposits are characterized by which of the following features? (ID-GLF-95)

A	Very thick sandy deposits distally on the edge of the fan.
B	High clastic sediment deposits on the edge of the fan.
C	Muddy deposits closer to the mouth and sandy deposits distally at the edge.
D	Gradual decrease in grain size from corasest to finest as moving from the mouth to the distal edge.

Question 95 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 96

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would it be easiest to determine the type of rocks from which the sediment was derived? (ID-GLF-78)

A	Conglomerate
B	Sandstone
C	Siltstone
D	Mudstone

Question 97

The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates is called the... (ID-GLF-09)

A	slip point
B	focus
C	trigger point
D	epicenter

Question 98

Deep focus earthquakes are most commonly associated with ____. (ID-GLF-02)

A	subduction zones
B	mid-ocean ridges
C	hot spots
D	transform zones

Question 99

The following diagram depict a map view of a fault plane displacing a geologic units. Based on the displacement, what kind of fault is it? (ID-GLF-77)

A	Left-lateral strike slip fault
B	Thrust fault
C	Right-lateral strike slip fault
D	Normal fault
E	Reverse fault

Question 99 Explanation:

The key term "map view" should taken in to account. If you do not pay attention to that two words, you may pick the normal fault.

Question 100

What is 3H on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-30)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Cretaceous
B	Jurassic
C	Pennsylvanian
D	Carboniferous
E	Permian
F	Devonian

Question 101

Precambrian is divided into two Eons as shown on the following diagram as 1C and 1D. What are they? (ID-GLF-62)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
B	Phanerozoic and Proterozoic
C	Paleozoic and Phanerozoic
D	Paleozoic and Mesozoic
E	Proterozoic and Archean

Question 102

Which of the following characteristic of seismic belts is true? (ID-GLF-52)

A	They usually coincide with plate boundaries.
B	They only occur in ductile regions.
C	They are defined by the magnetic forces of the Earth.
D	They runs parallel to the equator of the Earth.
E	They are usually stationary and has been that for since the beginning of the Earth.

Question 103

The ___ is defined by the average environmental conditions while ___ is defined by the local and short term environmental conditions. (ID-GLF-42)

A	climate , weather
B	temperature . heat
C	precipitation . rain
D	weather seasons , plate tectonics
E	high pressure systems , low pressure systems

Question 104

The ____ has a relatively stable and stratified column of air that also contains most of the ozone layer in our atmosphere. (ID-GLF-36)

A	thermosphere
B	exosphere
C	stratosphere
D	troposphere
E	mesosphere

Question 105

Generally, which of the following seismic wave arrive at the seismic station first? Choose the best answer. (ID-GLF-56)

A	Body wave
B	S-wave
C	Shock wave
D	P-wave
E	Surface wave

Question 106

What is a seismic zone? (ID-GLF-73)

A	None of the listed answers are correct.
B	An area that is damaged by a recent earthquake.
C	The epicenter of an earthquake.
D	An area that has been known to have earthquakes in high frequency in the past.
E	An area where geoscientists predicted to have an earthquake in near future.

Question 107

The sorted sediments deposited by a stream is known as/form... (ID-GLF-58)

A	braided plane.
B	graded deposits.
C	stream terraces.
D	alluvium.
E	alluvium fan.

Question 108

Ductile behavior occurs below ____ in the crust. (ID-GLF-113)

A	15 - 20 km
B	1000 - 1500 m
C	5 - 7km
D	40 - 50 km
E	500 - 1000 m

Question 108 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 109

Where is the ocean floor deepest? (ID-GLF-10)

A	in rift valleys
B	on the continental shelf
C	on the abyssal plain
D	in oceanic trenches

Question 110

What is a river gradient? (ID-GLF-94)

A	It measures the change in capacity of sediment load over a distance.
B	It measures the speed at which the river flows.
C	It measures the largest clast/sediment size a stream/river can transport.
D	It measures the rate at which the transport system deposit its load over a distance.
E	It measures the elevation change over the distance of flow.

Question 110 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 111

You have been hired as a Geotechnical Specialist, a Geologist or a Geological Engineer by the City of Calgary. You have been assigned to find out why a road surface crumbles as a result of "popping-up" during wet Winter/Spring and subsiding during warm hot summers. What is the most likely fundamental conclusion you would submit to the City of Calgary? Note: This is a real world problem happening here in Dhalhouise, Calgary right now. (ID-GLF-91)

A	Weight of the materials used to construct the road surface is effecting the groundwater pressures in the subsurface.
B	There must be a very large cone of depression directly under the road surface in question causing surface to subside during warm and dry seasons.
C	The groundwater must be flowing at a faster rate during wet spring and summer than during winter causing subsurface erosion.
D	Pore pressures that holds the grains apart fluctuates causing subsidence during warm summers and uplift during wet winters and springs.

Question 111 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 112

Where do majority of fossils found? (ID-GLF-66)

A	Within metamorphic rocks
B	Withing igneous rocks
C	Within sedimentary rocks
D	Within underwater mudslides
E	Within fluvial deposits

Question 112 Explanation:

Note, almost no fossil can survive metamorphism and very few fossils have been found in very good condition in igneous rocks.

Question 113

What is Gondwana? (ID-GLF-29)

A	A continent in the early Paleozoic Era composed of today’s North America and Greenland.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	A proposed Precambrian supercontinent that existed around 1 billion years ago.
D	A supercontinent that consisted of today’s South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
E	The ocean that was once covered the Alberta region, which helped the formation of oil/gas deposits.

Question 114

What is a fossil assemblage? (ID-GLF-17)

A	A set of fossils that can be arranged in chronological order.
B	A group of fossil species found in a specific sequence of sedimentary rock.
C	A set of fossils belongs to the same family of organisms.
D	A group of fossils native to a specific region.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 115

What is 3L on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-20)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Pennsylvanian
B	Jurassic
C	Triassic
D	Ordovician
E	Devonian

Question 116

Force per unit area applied to a rock is known as.... (ID-GLF-03)

A	strain
B	shear
C	stress
D	deformation

Question 117

An earthquake of magnitude 5.0 is _______ than an earthquake of magnitude 4.0. (ID-GLF-118)

A	10 times more
B	100 times less
C	10 times less
D	1 times less
E	1 times more
F	100 times more

Question 117 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 118

Which of the following substance is most common in ocean salts? (ID-GLF-64)

A	Potassium
B	Calcium
C	Sodium
D	Magnesium
E	Chloride

Question 119

What is orogeny? (ID-GLF-43)

A	Change in stress fields during metamorphism creating a differential stress which result in lineation of minerals.
B	Change in pressure and temperature in magma underground which eventually leads to fractional crystallization.
C	Movement of tectonic plates that result in formation of new crust due to upwelling of magma.
D	Forces and events leading to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere resulting mountain building.
E	Collision of two or more air masses which result in formation of clouds, wind and rain.

Question 120

What is permineralization? (ID-GLF-67)

A	The fossilization process in which plant material becomes transformed into rock by the precipitation of silica from groundwater.
B	The clumping together of clay suspended in river water into bunches that are large enough to settle out.
C	The process by which atoms dissolved in a solution come together and form minerals.
D	The process by which a magma becomes progressively more silicic as it cools, because early formed crystals settle out.
E	Formation of new minerals when preexisting minerals change into new minerals as a result of an increase in pressure and temperature.

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Gerald Osborn during Fall 2010 and textbook ISBN-978-0-393-93750-3. This version has been updated on between September and December 2015 using excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Glenn Dolphin, Alex Dutchak and Dr. Brandon Karchewski during Fall 2015.
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Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2010 Final

Important!

↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on 2010 lecture notes!

-Know the definitions and features of Composite Volcanos (CV) and Shield volcanos (SV).
-Types of crystallization processes
-Geologic zones; subduction, mid ocean, etc and their features
-Difference between nonconformity and disconformity.
-Difference between stress and strain.
-Differences between tensile stress, compressional stress and shear stress
-Understanding geologic events based on relative deposition.
-Earthquakes and their nature of intensity.
-Types of waves; S-,P-,L- and R- waves.
-Earth’s components and their variation in composition.
-Be able to interpret features on a given map or cross-section.
-Mohorovic discontinuity and it’s importance to geologic studies.
-Know, asymmetrical syncline/anticline, symmetrical syncline/anticline.
-General history of geology as a study subject.
-Concept; slab pull, ridge push and hypothesis on why these occur.
-You should memorize this time scale. Yes, this will most likely appear on the final, but also very useful for the future of your geologic carrier. Most geologists and geophysicsts remember the Geologic Time Scale with respect to important events took place in the history.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 201 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 201-UCAL) Final Exam

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2010 Final

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geology (GLGY 201-UCAL) Final Exam

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2010 Final

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Standing on the shoulders of giants