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Geology (GLGY 201-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Ductile behavior occurs below ____ in the crust. (ID-GLF-113)

A	5 - 7km
B	500 - 1000 m
C	40 - 50 km
D	15 - 20 km
E	1000 - 1500 m

Question 1 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 2

What is a seismic zone? (ID-GLF-73)

A	An area that is damaged by a recent earthquake.
B	An area where geoscientists predicted to have an earthquake in near future.
C	An area that has been known to have earthquakes in high frequency in the past.
D	The epicenter of an earthquake.
E	None of the listed answers are correct.

Question 3

Which of the following statement is most likely correct about wetlands? (ID-GLF-88)

A	The water table must be relatively high in the wetland regions.
B	The vadose zone must be extremely large (deep) in the wetland regions.
C	The permeability must be very low in the wetland regions.
D	The hydraulic head must be very high in the wetland regions.

Question 3 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 4

Mountain building along convergent boundaries would result in formation of fold thrust belts _____ and the subduction related volcanoes _____. (ID-GLF-101)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	on overriding plate , landwards
C	seawards , on the extinct arc
D	landwards , on overriding pate

Question 4 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 5

What is Laurentia? (ID-GLF-28)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	A supercontinent that consisted of today’s South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
C	The ocean that was once covered the Alberta region, which helped the formation of oil/gas deposits.
D	A proposed Precambrian supercontinent that existed around 1 billion years ago.
E	A continent in the early Paleozoic Era composed of today’s North America and Greenland.

Question 6

Which of the following statement is correct about oxbow lakes? (ID-GLF-60)

A	A meander that has been cut off yet remains filled with water forms an oxbow lake.
B	Melting of glaciers due to friction between the ground and itself forms oxbow lakes at the base of the glacier.
C	All meandering rivers always from oxbow lakes.
D	Melting of glaciers at the surface (top) due to the heat from sun result in formation of oxbow lakes on top of the glacier itself.
E	Oxbow lakes are formed as a result of downcutting of the river into soft sediments hence they are unusually deep areas of a river.

Question 7

The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates is called the... (ID-GLF-09)

A	focus
B	epicenter
C	slip point
D	trigger point

Question 8

What is 1A on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-24)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Proterozoic
B	Mesozoic
C	Pennsylvanian
D	Phanerozoic
E	Cenozoic

Question 9

In this section of our atmosphere the short-wavelength solar energy strips nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules if their electrons and transforms them into positive ions. (ID-GLF-38)

A	Thermosphere
B	Ionosphere
C	Stratosphere
D	Exosphere
E	Troposphere
F	Mesosphere

Question 10

How do we measure stress experienced by geologic materials in nature? (ID-GLF-112)

A	We cannot directly measure stress, but we can infer stress using strain preserved as deformations in minerals and rocks.
B	We measure stress based on detection of earthquakes and their magnitudes with respect to location.
C	We measure stress using changes in pressure and temperature observed within geologic materials over a period.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	We measure stress using specialized equipment that keep track of movement of geologic masses.

Question 10 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.
Note: Most than one answer is correct. But on multiple choice exams, you should choose the MOST suitable answer. Consider this question as a good example for your future university exams.

Question 11

What is orogeny? (ID-GLF-43)

A	Change in stress fields during metamorphism creating a differential stress which result in lineation of minerals.
B	Change in pressure and temperature in magma underground which eventually leads to fractional crystallization.
C	Forces and events leading to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere resulting mountain building.
D	Collision of two or more air masses which result in formation of clouds, wind and rain.
E	Movement of tectonic plates that result in formation of new crust due to upwelling of magma.

Question 12

Which of the following is the main force in driving plate tectonics? (ID-GLF-13)

A	slab pull
B	suction force
C	ridge push
D	trench roll back

Question 13

What is competence of a sediment transport system? (ID-GLF-93)

A	It measures the largest clast/sediment size a stream/river can transport.
B	It measures the rate of sediment supply to a stream/river system.
C	It measures the volume of sediments transported by a stream/river system.
D	It measures the rate at which the transport system deposit its load.
E	It measure the flow rate of sediments at a fixed given location.

Question 13 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 14

You have been hired as a Geotechnical Specialist, a Geologist or a Geological Engineer by the City of Calgary. You have been assigned to find out why a road surface crumbles as a result of "popping-up" during wet Winter/Spring and subsiding during warm hot summers. What is the most likely fundamental conclusion you would submit to the City of Calgary? Note: This is a real world problem happening here in Dhalhouise, Calgary right now. (ID-GLF-91)

A	Weight of the materials used to construct the road surface is effecting the groundwater pressures in the subsurface.
B	The groundwater must be flowing at a faster rate during wet spring and summer than during winter causing subsurface erosion.
C	There must be a very large cone of depression directly under the road surface in question causing surface to subside during warm and dry seasons.
D	Pore pressures that holds the grains apart fluctuates causing subsidence during warm summers and uplift during wet winters and springs.

Question 14 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 15

Typically orogenesis would create which of the following rock type? (ID-GLF-100)

A	Metamorphic rocks due to contact metamorphism.
B	Igneous rocks due to uplift.
C	Sedimentary rocks due to regional subduction.
D	Sedimentary rocks due to regional heating.

Question 15 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 16

You are standing on this feature if the topographic contours on either side of you are decreasing. (ID-GLF-80)

A	Ridge or hill top
B	Valley or topographic depression
C	Reverse fault line
D	Normal fault line

Question 17

Geologists use this term to describe the condition where the buoyancy force pushing lithosphere up equals to the gravitational force pulling lithosphere down. (ID-GLF-104)

A	Induced stability
B	Orogeny
C	Equilibrium
D	Isostasy

Question 17 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 18

Seismic waves traveling through a faster medium (eg. peridotite) enter a slower medium (eg. sandstone). The waves will ______ as they enter the slower medium. (ID-GLF-74)

A	disintegrate
B	bent away from the normal
C	split into several rays
D	bent towards the normal
E	be refracted

Question 19

According to P-wave and S-wave arrival time equations, the difference between P-wave arrival and S-wave arrival time increases with the... (ID-GLF-116)

A	increase in density.
B	decrease in density of the medium.
C	increase in density of the medium.
D	increase in travel distance.

Question 19 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.
Note: Any changes in density of the medium affect both P and S waves.

Question 20

Which of the following statement is true about seismic waves? (ID-GLF-115)

A	Surface seismic waves are the fastest in terms of travel time.
B	Seismic waves travel faster in high density mediums.
C	Seismic waves are able to sustain their energy in softer mediums for a longer period of time.
D	Seismic waves were first discovered by Andrija Mohorovicic.
E	Seismic waves that enters a faster medium from a slower medium will undergo refraction towards the normal.

Question 21

Which of the following statement regrading Appalachian orogeny is true? (ID-GLF-103)

A	Appalachian orogeny occurred after the Grenville orogeny.
B	Allegheny Mountains formed before the both of the Appalachian and Grenville orogenies.
C	Appalachian orogeny occurred at the same time as the Grenville orogeny.
D	Appalachian orogeny is occurred as a result of four separate continental collisions. Hint: Three separate continental collisions.

Question 21 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 22

Radiometic age dating techniques using the Ab – Xy system (not areal system) in the mineral quarky (not a real mineral) in the diorite dyke found that the mineral started off with 160 parent isotopes, and today only 20 parent isotopes remain. The half life for the Ab – Xy system is 125 million years. What is the age of the diorite dyke? (ID-GLF-81)

A	125 Ma
B	100 Ma
C	250 Ma
D	300 Ma
E	375 Ma

Question 22 Explanation:

A = A* (1/2)^(t/h) where A=final amount, A*=initial amount, t= time and h=half-life. You would have to isolate t for the above answer.

Question 23

Mountain building involves all of the following except... (ID-GLF-105)
-Deformation
-Faulting
-Folding
-Partial melting
-Foliation
-Metamorphism
-Glaciation
-Erosion
-Sedimentation

A	All of the above can be observed in mountain building processes.
B	Partial melting and Sedimentation
C	Partial melting, Sedimentation and Glaciation
D	Glaciation and Sedimentation
E	Partial melting

Question 23 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 24

When the ocean formed at the early stage of the Earth, the atmosphere because rich in what type of gas? (ID-GLF-32)

A	oxygen
B	nitrogen
C	carbon dioxide
D	water vapor
E	ammonia

Question 25

Continental rifts are mostly associated with which of the following? (ID-GLF-120)

A	Normal faults
B	Reverse faults
C	Abnormal faults
D	Strike-slip faults
E	Thrust faults

Question 25 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 26

The physical processes exists today also operated in the past roughly at the same rates and these processes were responsible for the formation of geologic features. This statement is best known as the... (ID-GLF-15)

A	Theory of Rock Cycle
B	Theory of Plate Tectonics
C	Principle of Original Horizontality
D	Principle of Uniformitarianism
E	Theory of Geologic Evolution
F	Principle of Superposition

Question 27

Which of the following statement is true on biological extinction? (ID-GLF-71)

A	It occurs when the last member of a given kingdom dies without producing any offspring.
B	It occurs when the last member of a given genus dies without producing any offspring.
C	It occurs when the last member of a given family dies without producing any offspring.
D	It occurs when the last member of a given species dies without producing any offspring.
E	It occurs when the last member of a given class dies without producing any offspring.

Question 28

Which of the following is used for representing relationships between organisms and their ancestors? (ID-GLF-70)

A	phylogenetic tree
B	taxonomy diagram
C	ancestral diagram
D	hierarchical diagram
E	historical tree

Question 29

What is the magnitude difference between a M5.0 and a M5.5 earthquakes? (ID-GLF-117)

A	5%
B	31.6%
C	5.5%
D	0.5%

Question 29 Explanation:

Log base-10: (10^5) / (10^5.5) x 100 =31.6%

Question 30

What is Rodinia? (ID-GLF-27)

A	A supercontinent that consisted of today’s South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
B	The creatonic platform that forms the modern day Canada, USA and Mexico.
C	The ocean that was once covered the Alberta region, which helped the formation of oil/gas deposits.
D	A continent in the early Paleozoic Era composed of today’s North America and Greenland.
E	A proposed Precambrian supercontinent that existed around 1 billion years ago.

Question 31

Paleozoic era is divided in to several periods. Which is the oldest Paleozoic era? (ID-GLF-19)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Cambrian
B	Silurian
C	Devonian
D	Paleogene
E	Cretaceous

Question 32

The ____ is the layer of air that lies between the surface of the Earth and an elevation of 5 km to 18 km. It is the first (lowest) layer of the Earth's atmosphere. (ID-GLF-35)

A	exosphere
B	mesosphere
C	thermosphere
D	ionosphere
E	stratosphere
F	troposphere

Question 33

Abandoned deltas are characterized by which of the following? (ID-GLF-97)

A	Subsidence
B	Uplift
C	Smaller lobes
D	Downcutting
E	Headward erosion

Question 33 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 34

Where do majority of fossils found? (ID-GLF-66)

A	Within sedimentary rocks
B	Withing igneous rocks
C	Within fluvial deposits
D	Within metamorphic rocks
E	Within underwater mudslides

Question 34 Explanation:

Note, almost no fossil can survive metamorphism and very few fossils have been found in very good condition in igneous rocks.

Question 35

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would it be easiest to determine the type of rocks from which the sediment was derived? (ID-GLF-78)

A	Siltstone
B	Conglomerate
C	Mudstone
D	Sandstone

Question 36

The ____ has a relatively stable and stratified column of air that also contains most of the ozone layer in our atmosphere. (ID-GLF-36)

A	stratosphere
B	thermosphere
C	troposphere
D	exosphere
E	mesosphere

Question 37

Folds with limbs dipping away from the hinge is known as __I__ and folds with dips dipping towards the hinge is known as __II__. (ID-GLF-47)

A	I. anticlines II. synclines
B	I basins II. arcs
C	I. synclines II. anticlines
D	I. arcs II. basins

Question 38

What is the best description of the fold depicted in the following cross section? (ID-GLF-84)

A	Asymmetric syncline
B	Overturned syncline
C	Asymmetric anticline
D	Symmetric anticline
E	Symmetric syncline

Question 39

Geothermal energy relies on heat from what source? (ID-GLF-76)

A	Earth's crust
B	Radioactive decay within the Earth's core
C	Earth's mantle
D	Heat absorbed by surface rocks
E	Friction heat produced at plate margins

Question 40

What is 3H on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-30)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Permian
B	Jurassic
C	Cretaceous
D	Pennsylvanian
E	Devonian
F	Carboniferous

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of a orogenic mountain belt that has formed from the collision of two large continents? (ID-GLF-12)

A	Hawaiian Islands
B	Canadian Rockies
C	Himalayas
D	Basin and Range

Question 42

Which of the following will not result in favorable environment for meandering streams? (ID-GLF-96)

A	Soft substrate with high degree of erosion
B	Very low stream gradient
C	High sediment carrying capacity
D	Narrow flood plains

Question 42 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 43

This process occurs due to air becoming warmer, buoyant and rises. The primary driving force for this process is the temptation variations on the Earth's surface. What is this process? (ID-GLF-41)

A	Divergent lifting
B	Convergence lifting
C	Orographic lifting
D	Frontal lifting
E	Convective lifting

Question 44

What is adiabatic cooling or adiabatic heating? (ID-GLF-34)

A	Cooling or heating of air or matter without the addition or subtraction of atoms or molecules.
B	Cooling or heating of air or matter through geologic uplift.
C	Cooling or heating of air or matter without increasing or decreasing of pressure.
D	Cooling or heating of air or matter through compression solidification or decompression melting.
E	Cooling or heating of air or matter without decreasing or increasing of temperature.
F	Cooling or heating of air or matter without the addition or subtraction of thermal energy.

Question 45

Geophysicists recognized that the Earth’s outer core was liquid because... (ID-GLF-05)

A	P-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary
B	S-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary
C	L-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary
D	R-waves disappeared at the mantle-outer core boundary

Question 46

The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase is known as... (ID-GLF-98)

A	precipitation.
B	transpiration.
C	sublimation.
D	evaporation.
E	infiltration.

Question 46 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 47

At what range of depth does the brittle-plastic transition occurs in continental crust? (ID-GLF-57)

A	About 30 to 40 km
B	About 50 to 70 km
C	About 0 to 5 km
D	About 90 to 100 km
E	About 10 to 15 km

Question 48

In ___ volcanic eruption, groundwater interacts with the magma and the eruption blasts stream, ash and coarser blocks skyward, but little if any lava appears at the surface. (ID-GLF-72)

A	plinean
B	strombolian
C	surtseyan
D	vulcanian
E	phreatic

Question 49

Which of the following describes the earthquake waves that travel through the interior of the Earth? (ID-GLF-08)

A	Interior waves
B	Love waves
C	Body waves
D	Rayleigh waves

Question 50

Where is the ocean floor deepest? (ID-GLF-10)

A	on the continental shelf
B	in rift valleys
C	on the abyssal plain
D	in oceanic trenches

Question 51

All hydrocarbons contain which of the following elements? (ID-GLF-50)

A	Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
B	Carbon and hydrogen
C	Carbon and oxygen
D	Carbon and nitrogen
E	Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

Question 52

Structural geologists measure deformation on outcrops as... (ID-GLF-44)

A	pressures.
B	strain.
C	stress.
D	lineation. Hint: This is true, but this is an observation and not a measurement.
E	foliations. Hint: This is true, but this is an observation and not a measurement.

Question 53

Radiometic age dating techniques using the Ab – Xy system (not areal system) in the mineral quarky (not a real mineral) in the diorite dyke found that the mineral started off with some amount of parent isotopes, and today only 40 parent isotopes remain. The half life for the Ab – Xy system is 125 million years and the age of the diorite dyke is 250 million years. What is the initial parent isotopes count in the mineral? (ID-GLF-82)

A	250 parent isotopes
B	125 parent isotopes
C	100 parent isotopes
D	160 parent isotopes
E	40 parent isotopes

Question 53 Explanation:

A = A* (1/2)^(t/h) where A=final amount, A*=initial amount, t= time and h=half-life. You would have to isolate A* for the above answer.

Question 54

Which isotopic system has the longest half-life period? (ID-GLF-22)

A	Sm/Nd
B	K/Ar
C	Rb/Sr
D	U/Pb

Question 54 Explanation:

While you do not have to know all the isotopic system, the U/Pb system is so important that at least you should know that.

Question 55

Cone of dispersion will result in... (ID-GLF-89)

A	lowering of the groundwater table at the regional scale.
B	increased availability of groundwater in shallow wells.
C	lowering of the groundwater table at the global scale.
D	raising of the groundwater table at the regional scale.
E	raising of the groundwater table at the global scale.

Question 55 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 56

What is the difference between a joint and a fault? (ID-GLF-106)

A	Joints are usually associated with igneous processes and faults are usually associated with orogenic processes.
B	Joints are much smaller in scale than faults.
C	Joints are planar metamorphic fabrics while faults are planer surfaces of physical separations within rocks.
D	Joints are fractures that have no offsets, while faults are fractures with offsets.
E	Joints only occur in softer materials such as sediments and faults occur in hard rocks.

Question 56 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 57

Force per unit area applied to a rock is known as.... (ID-GLF-03)

A	shear
B	stress
C	deformation
D	strain

Question 58

Sediments accumulates on fairly flat surfaces. This concept is found in which of the following? (ID-GLF-16)

A	Theory of Plate Tectonics
B	Principle of Original Horizontality
C	Principle of Uniformitarianism
D	Theory of Geologic Evolution
E	Principle of Superposition

Question 59

This type of faults occurred in subsurface and are invisible. (ID-GLF-111)

A	Marginal faults
B	Inactive faults
C	Active faults
D	Crustal faults
E	Blind faults

Question 59 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 60

Diversity of genera/organisms peaked during what time? (ID-GLF-21)

A	Early Cenozoic
B	Late Cenozoic
C	Late Mesozoic
D	Early Cambrian
E	Early Proterozoic

Question 61

The two most abundant rocks within oceanic crust are... (ID-GLF-11)

A	basalt and shale
B	shale and limestone
C	shale and gabbro
D	basalt and gabbro

Question 62

What is Gondwana? (ID-GLF-29)

A	The ocean that was once covered the Alberta region, which helped the formation of oil/gas deposits.
B	A continent in the early Paleozoic Era composed of today’s North America and Greenland.
C	A proposed Precambrian supercontinent that existed around 1 billion years ago.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	A supercontinent that consisted of today’s South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.

Question 63

Arrange the geologic events on the following cross section from the oldest event (first one) to the youngest event (last one). (ID-GLF-83)

I. Deposition and folding of units 1 to 7
II. Intrusion of the granite pluton
III. Deposition of units A to C
IV. Formation of the unconformity
V. Faulting
VI. Intrusion of the gabbro dyke

A	I (oldest) , III , VI , IV , II , V (youngest)
B	V (oldest) , III , VI , IV , II , I (youngest)
C	VI (oldest) , I , III , V , II , IV (youngest)
D	VI (oldest) , II , III , IV , I , V (youngest)
E	V (oldest) , II , VI , IV , III , I (youngest)
F	I (oldest) , II , VI , IV , III , V (youngest)

Question 64

The process whereby which early formed minerals in magma physically separate from the magma is called... (ID-GLF-14)

A	fractional melting
B	decompression crystallization
C	partial crystallization
D	fractional crystallization

Question 65

Aquifers are __I__ and aquitards are __I__. (ID-GLF-86)

A	I. geologic materials that act as a barrier to flow II. geologic materials that act as a barrier to flow
B	I. subsurface structures that allow free flow of water II. subsurface regions where water accumulates
C	I. subsurface regions where water accumulates II. subsurface structures that allow free flow of water
D	I. sediment or rock structures that has very low permeability II. sediment or rock structures that has very high permeability
E	I. also known as vadose zones II. also known as zones of saturation
F	I. geologic materials that transmit water II. geologic materials that act as a barrier to flow

Question 65 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 66

A geologic fold structure that is shaped like an arch where the limbs of the fold have the same dip angle in opposite directions is called a(an)... (ID-GLF-04)

A	asymmetrical anticline
B	asymmetrical syncline
C	symmetrical syncline
D	symmetrical anticline

Question 67

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GLF-75)

A	Kerogen forms at the Earth's surface.
B	Highly permeable rocks make very good petroleum seals/traps. Hint: Seal or trap rock/layers must be non-permeable to prevent hydrocarbons from escaping.
C	Permeability refers to the fraction of open space within rocks.
D	Oil window is smaller that that of natural gas window.
E	Increasing depth often increase in hydrocarbon production. Hint: Yes, when you are within an oil/gas windows. But just because you increase in depth, doesn't mean it will favor formation of oil/gas.

Question 68

The sorted sediments deposited by a stream is known as/form... (ID-GLF-58)

A	alluvium fan.
B	alluvium.
C	braided plane.
D	stream terraces.
E	graded deposits.

Question 69

What is 2A on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-24)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Pennsylvanian
B	Cenozoic
C	Proterozoic
D	Phanerozoic
E	Mesozoic

Question 70

What is closure temperature? (ID-GLF-23)

A	The temperature below which isotopes are no longer free to move.
B	The temperature above which crystals are first formed.
C	The temperature below which magma no longer have the ability to erupt out of the volcano.
D	The temperature above which the water is neither a gas nor a liquid.
E	The temperature below which crystals are first formed.

Question 71

Where does the mesopause boundary located? (ID-GLF-37)

A	Between Mesosphere and Troposphere.
B	Around the 45 km altitude.
C	Between Mesosphere and Stratosphere.
D	Between Mesosphere and Thermosphere.
E	Around the 10 km altitude.

Question 72

Following animation demonstrates ___ type of fault. (ID-GLF-45)
Note: Do not worry about the vector arrows. This animation was created for 300/500-level structure classes.
NONE

A	Right lateral strike-slip fault
B	Reverse fault
C	Normal fault
D	Left lateral strike-slip fault
E	Not enough information is provided in the question.

Question 73

What is the difference between a focus and an epicenter of an earthquake? (ID-GLF-53)

A	The term focus is used when the earthquake occur under water/in oceans while the term epicenter is used when it occurs on land.
B	They are interchangeable terms used geoscientists to describe earthquakes.
C	The focus is the location where a fault slips during an earthquake while epicenter is the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.
D	The focus is the geographic location of the seismometer and the epicenter is the physical position of the earthquake.
E	The epicenter is the location where a fault slips during an earthquake while focus is the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Question 74

Which of the following energy product has the highest number of carbons in their hydrocarbon molecule? (ID-GLF-49)

A	Bottled gas
B	Gasoline
C	Heating oil
D	Natural gas
E	Tar
F	Kerosene

Question 74 Explanation:

Note tar is also the most most viscous material listed above.

Question 75

What is 3G on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-39)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Cretaceous
B	Jurassic
C	Devonian
D	Eocene
E	Permian
F	Cenozoic

Question 76

What is 3L on the following diagram? (ID-GLF-20)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Triassic
B	Ordovician
C	Jurassic
D	Pennsylvanian
E	Devonian

Question 77

What is a fossil assemblage? (ID-GLF-17)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	A group of fossils native to a specific region.
C	A set of fossils belongs to the same family of organisms.
D	A group of fossil species found in a specific sequence of sedimentary rock.
E	A set of fossils that can be arranged in chronological order.

Question 78

Which of the following substance is most common in ocean salts? (ID-GLF-64)

A	Potassium
B	Chloride
C	Sodium
D	Magnesium
E	Calcium

Question 79

The following image of a large outcrop can be best described as... (ID-GLF-107)
Please pay attention to the circled (green) area of the image.

A	deformation that resulted in faulting.
B	deformation caused by extensional tectonics.
C	deformation that resulted in folding.
D	structural feature originated primarily due to an igneous event.

Question 80

Generally, which of the following seismic wave arrive at the seismic station first? Choose the best answer. (ID-GLF-56)

A	P-wave
B	Shock wave
C	Surface wave
D	S-wave
E	Body wave

Question 81

When does sediment liquefaction occur? (ID-GLF-55)

A	It occurs when ground shake due to P-wave vibrates sediments hard enough resulting solids behaving like liquids.
B	It occurs when sediments from deep underground which are formed under high pressure were exhumed in a short period of time.
C	It occurs due to nuclear radiation caused by decomposition of radioactive elements within sediments and minerals.
D	It occurs as the heat from magma melts the wall rock (country rock) resulting melting of the surrounding.
E	It occur when the pore water pressure increased enough to push sediment grains apart from each other.

Question 82

What is the best estimate of the age of Earth according to current scientific observations and evidence? (ID-GLF-25)

A	3.92 Ga
B	3.87 Ga
C	3.55 Ga
D	4.54 Ga
E	4.03 Ga

Question 83

Which of the following characteristic of seismic belts is true? (ID-GLF-52)

A	They are usually stationary and has been that for since the beginning of the Earth.
B	They are defined by the magnetic forces of the Earth.
C	They usually coincide with plate boundaries.
D	They runs parallel to the equator of the Earth.
E	They only occur in ductile regions.

Question 84

What is the average frequency of earthquakes? (ID-GLF-109)

A	Weekly
B	Monthly
C	Yearly
D	Daily

Question 84 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 85

An earthquake of magnitude 5.0 is _______ than an earthquake of magnitude 4.0. (ID-GLF-118)

A	100 times less
B	10 times more
C	100 times more
D	10 times less
E	1 times less
F	1 times more

Question 85 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 86

What is permineralization? (ID-GLF-67)

A	The fossilization process in which plant material becomes transformed into rock by the precipitation of silica from groundwater.
B	The process by which atoms dissolved in a solution come together and form minerals.
C	Formation of new minerals when preexisting minerals change into new minerals as a result of an increase in pressure and temperature.
D	The clumping together of clay suspended in river water into bunches that are large enough to settle out.
E	The process by which a magma becomes progressively more silicic as it cools, because early formed crystals settle out.

Question 87

What is the most common cause of earthquakes? (ID-GLF-110)

A	Magma migration
B	Volcanic eruptions
C	Sudden changes in mineral structures
D	Human interference such as construction and nuclear detonations
E	Crustal fault slips

Question 87 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 88

What is the most fundamental factor that determine the shape of a canyon or valley? (ID-GLF-59)

A	Flow rate of the water (velocity) and the volume of water.
B	Sediment load of the river/stream.
C	Resistance of its walls to erosion slumping.
D	Its elevation from the sea level.

Question 89

Precambrian is divided into two Eons as shown on the following diagram as 1C and 1D. What are they? (ID-GLF-62)
Note: DO NOT scroll down to the Geologic Time scale on this page. Answer this question without using any AIDS.

A	Cenozoic and Mesozoic
B	Phanerozoic and Proterozoic
C	Proterozoic and Archean
D	Paleozoic and Phanerozoic
E	Paleozoic and Mesozoic

Question 90

Alluvial fans deposits are characterized by which of the following features? (ID-GLF-95)

A	Gradual decrease in grain size from corasest to finest as moving from the mouth to the distal edge.
B	Muddy deposits closer to the mouth and sandy deposits distally at the edge.
C	High clastic sediment deposits on the edge of the fan.
D	Very thick sandy deposits distally on the edge of the fan.

Question 90 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 91

About 99% of the air in our atmosphere lies below this altitude. (ID-GLF-33)

A	About 30 km
B	About 10 km
C	About 100 km
D	About 1 km
E	About 5 km

Question 91 Explanation:

The answers are intentionally spread apart in altitude value. This is because you do not have to know the exact altitude, but you should have a rough idea.

Question 92

What is the exaggeration factor for a cross section with horizontal scale of 1:20,000 and vertical scale of 1:10,000? (ID-GLF-79)

A	Factor of 1
B	Factor of 10,000
C	Factor of 20,000
D	Factor of 2
E	Factor of 3

Question 93

What process result in pelagic sediment depositions? (ID-GLF-63)

A	Deposits of rock fragments and sediments left behind after a glacier has migrated through a region.
B	Accumulation of microscopic shells and file flakes of clay at the ocean floor.
C	Sudden decrease in energy of a river system result in accumulation of the bedloard.
D	Erosion of high standing sedimentary structures and subsequent deposition of the materials downstream.
E	Deposition of organic matter on terrestrial sediments due to decay of plants and organisms.

Question 94

Folding usually occur under what condition? Choose the best answer. (ID-GLF-46)

A	Brittle deformation
B	At extensional settings
C	Low pressure and high temperature
D	High pressure and low temperature
E	Ductile deformation

Question 95

What is a river gradient? (ID-GLF-94)

A	It measures the change in capacity of sediment load over a distance.
B	It measures the rate at which the transport system deposit its load over a distance.
C	It measures the elevation change over the distance of flow.
D	It measures the largest clast/sediment size a stream/river can transport.
E	It measures the speed at which the river flows.

Question 95 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 96

In Geology, the term orogenesis refers to which of the following? (ID-GLF-99)

A	Process of magma generation and solidification.
B	Process of biological and geological evolution of life and Earth.
C	Study of the origins of rocks and minerals.
D	Study of the origin of Earth and its evolution.
E	Process of mountain building.

Question 96 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 97

Which of the following is most likely a trace fossil? (ID-GLF-68)

A	Skeletons
B	Burrows
C	Shell fragments
D	Petrified wood
E	Amber embedded fossils

Question 98

The following diagram depict a map view of a fault plane displacing a geologic units. Based on the displacement, what kind of fault is it? (ID-GLF-77)

A	Normal fault
B	Thrust fault
C	Left-lateral strike slip fault
D	Right-lateral strike slip fault
E	Reverse fault

Question 98 Explanation:

The key term "map view" should taken in to account. If you do not pay attention to that two words, you may pick the normal fault.

Question 99

The principle of inclusions state... (ID-GLF-18)

A	inclusions are younger than the rock which contains them.
B	inclusions only occur in magma chambers.
C	younger rocks are always will be on top of the older rocks.
D	inclusions never appear on the surface of rocks.
E	inclusions are always older than the rock which contains them.

Question 100

What is an isobar? (ID-GLF-40)

A	It is a line on a map used to separate different air pressures.
B	It is a bar where ice cold drinks are served only for cool geoscientists.
C	It is an imaginary line that separates the four major layers of atmosphere.
D	It is a representation of pressure - temperature boundaries which specific minerals may form out of a magma.
E	It is a graphical representation of change in temperature with depth in the lithosphere.

Question 101

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GLF-65)

A	Higher the friction between a glacier and the ground, faster the migration of the glacier.
B	Higher the mountains in collisional or convergent orogen, the deeper the crustal root.
C	Higher the depth of a river, larger the volume of sediment deposition and accumulation on the river bed.
D	Plate tectonic movement is mostly driven by the energy obtained through the rotation of the Earth. Hint: This is what some scientists thought long time ago. This has been proven to be incorrect.
E	Dykes are formed primarily due to preexisting weak planes of the country rock.

Question 102

Which of the following is a characteristic of compressional waves? (ID-GLF-114)

A	Material moves back and forth parallel to the wave direction.
B	They are P-waves that intersects the land surface.
C	Causes ground to ripple up and down like water waves in a lake.
D	Slower than S-waves but faster than Love waves.
E	They are S-waves that intersects the land surface.

Question 102 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 103

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is know as the... (ID-GLF-07)

A	Wadati-Benioff discontinuity
B	Mohorovic discontinuity
C	Mercalli discontinuity
D	Wegener discontinuity

Question 104

Normal faults are more more abundant in which of the following Geologic setting? (ID-GLF-102)

A	Strike-slip environments
B	Collisional orogenesis environments
C	Mid-oceanic ridge environments
D	Extensional rifting environments

Question 104 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 105

Groundwater extraction result in formation of cones of depression. Which of the following scenario would create the largest (deepest and most laterally extensive) depression cones? (ID-GLF-90)

A	Extraction of groundwater in large volumes in a small period of time.
B	Extraction of groundwater in large volumes in a long period of time.
C	Higher rate of leaking groundwater into rivers and lakes due to higher formation pressures.
D	Injection/addition of water into the ground due to heavy rainfall.

Question 105 Explanation:

Groundwater extraction at a higher rate/volume will reduce the window needed to "bounce back" of cone of depression by infilling the pore space.
Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 106

Why earthquakes are rare below 660 km? (ID-GLF-119)

A	Mantle is ductile
B	Lack of water
C	Lower temperatures
D	Increase in pressure
E	Increase in frictional forces

Question 106 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 107

Which of the following is not a type of primary porosity? (ID-GLF-85)

A	Vesicles and voids within matrix
B	Inter granular porosity
C	Dissolution
D	Reef framework

Question 107 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 108

Upstream erosion of a river is known as... (ID-GLF-92)

A	surface erosion.
B	fracture network.
C	drainage erosion.
D	dendritic network.
E	headward erosion.

Question 108 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 109

Deep focus earthquakes are most commonly associated with ____. (ID-GLF-02)

A	hot spots
B	subduction zones
C	transform zones
D	mid-ocean ridges

Question 110

____ is the condition that exists when the buoyancy force pushing lithosphere up equals the gravitational force pulling lithosphere down. (ID-GLF-48)

A	Mesopause
B	Orogeny
C	Isostasy
D	Induced equilibrium
E	Accretion

Question 111

What is the primary contributing factor/force for sick-slip behavior of faults? (ID-GLF-54)

A	Compression pressure along the contact boundary between two moving sections.
B	Non-uniform boundary conditions between two moving sections.
C	Ductile nature of the two moving sections.
D	Mineral alignment along the contact points between two moving sections.
E	Friction between two moving sections.

Question 112

Which of the following type of aquifer has the highest possibility for contamination and contaminant transport? (ID-GLF-87)

A	Aquifers with very high porosity, but very low permeability.
B	Unconfined aquifers with very high permeability.
C	Aquifers with very low porosity and permeability.
D	Confined aquifers with very high permeability.

Question 112 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Alexander Dutchak Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 113

Deformation of rocks exclusively through distortion (and distortion only) will most likely result in which of the following features? (ID-GLF-108)

A	Folds
B	Fractures
C	Upside down beds (oldest on top)
D	Faults

Question 113 Explanation:

Ref: Dr. Brandon Karchewski Fall 2015 lecture notes.

Question 114

Mushrooms and yeast belong to this Eukarya domain. (ID-GLF-69)

A	Protista
B	Animalia
C	Fungi
D	Bacteria
E	Plantae

Question 115

Oil forming temperature range is known as the... (ID-GLF-51)

A	decomposition temperature.
B	ideal temperature.
C	oil window.
D	critical temperature.
E	ideal window.
F	critical window.

Question 116

A rock that has undergone deformation may...(choose all the correct answers) (ID-GLF-06)

A	most likely maintain the original mineral composition
B	change its orientation
C	change its location
D	change its shape by shortening
E	retains the primary igneous structures.

Question 117

Stream piracy occurs when.... (ID-GLF-61)

A	headward erosion by one stream causes the stream to intersect another stream.
B	reversing of the flow direction due to change in the direction of slope due to tectonic of other events.
C	water levels are not high enough to maintain the flow resulting in change in stream direction.
D	water levels and flow rates are too high for a river bed to maintain its shape result in collapse of valleys or canyons.

Question 118

Which earthquake intensity scale takes into account the amount of slip that has occurred along the fault plane? (ID-GLF-01)

A	Seismic-moment magnitude scale
B	Richter scale
C	Wadati-Benioff scale
D	Mercalli scale

Question 119

The ___ is defined by the average environmental conditions while ___ is defined by the local and short term environmental conditions. (ID-GLF-42)

A	climate , weather
B	temperature . heat
C	weather seasons , plate tectonics
D	precipitation . rain
E	high pressure systems , low pressure systems

Question 120

Majority of volcanic gas is composed of what type of compound? (ID-GLF-31)

A	carbon dioxide
B	water
C	ammonia
D	methane
E	nitrogen

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Gerald Osborn during Fall 2010 and textbook ISBN-978-0-393-93750-3. This version has been updated on between September and December 2015 using excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Glenn Dolphin, Alex Dutchak and Dr. Brandon Karchewski during Fall 2015.
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Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2010 Final

Important!

↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on 2010 lecture notes!

-Know the definitions and features of Composite Volcanos (CV) and Shield volcanos (SV).
-Types of crystallization processes
-Geologic zones; subduction, mid ocean, etc and their features
-Difference between nonconformity and disconformity.
-Difference between stress and strain.
-Differences between tensile stress, compressional stress and shear stress
-Understanding geologic events based on relative deposition.
-Earthquakes and their nature of intensity.
-Types of waves; S-,P-,L- and R- waves.
-Earth’s components and their variation in composition.
-Be able to interpret features on a given map or cross-section.
-Mohorovic discontinuity and it’s importance to geologic studies.
-Know, asymmetrical syncline/anticline, symmetrical syncline/anticline.
-General history of geology as a study subject.
-Concept; slab pull, ridge push and hypothesis on why these occur.
-You should memorize this time scale. Yes, this will most likely appear on the final, but also very useful for the future of your geologic carrier. Most geologists and geophysicsts remember the Geologic Time Scale with respect to important events took place in the history.

Sanuja Senanayake

Geology 201 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geology (GLGY 201-UCAL) Final Exam

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2010 Final

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geology (GLGY 201-UCAL) Final Exam

Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2010 Final

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Standing on the shoulders of giants