GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	C horizon
B	B horizon
C	E horizon
D	A horizon

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
B	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
C	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
D	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
E	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 3

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
B	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
C	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
D	A deposit of precious metals.

Question 4

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
B	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
C	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
D	Radiation energy.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
B	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
C	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
D	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	minerals , aggregates
B	coal , bitumen
C	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
D	uranium , aluminum
E	heavy metals , precious metals

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	travel perpendicular to the equator.
B	are always scary.
C	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
D	generate high frequency noise.
E	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.

Question 7 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 8

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Chlorine vapor/gas
B	Methane
C	Butane
D	Propane
E	Ethane

Question 9

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
B	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
C	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
D	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 10

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough scientific data
B	Not enough research funds
C	Politicization of science
D	It is dividing the world leading to wars
E	Not enough researchers working in this area

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	placer deposit.
B	secondary-enrichment deposit.
C	magmatic deposit.
D	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
E	residual mineral deposit.

Question 12

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	increase potential energy.
B	generate light energy.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	release atomic and subatomic particles.
E	slowing down the chemical reaction.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 13

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Land subsidence.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Lowering of the local water table.
D	Significantly smaller cone of depression.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	10 days
B	2 weeks
C	Up to tens of thousands of years
D	Thousands of years
E	Tens of years

Question 14 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
B	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
C	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
D	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
E	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.

Question 15 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 16

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Agricultural industry.
B	Uranium mining industry.
C	Petroleum refining industry.
D	Aluminum mining industry.
E	Coal industry.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 17

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	India
B	Mexico
C	Sri Lanka
D	Canada
E	Tanzania

Question 17 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 18

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Gravel
B	Clay
C	Cobble
D	Silt
E	Sand

Question 18 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Thorium-234
B	Radium-226
C	Polonium-218
D	Lead-214
E	Lead-206

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Lens trap
B	Pinchout trap
C	Salt dome trap
D	Fault trap
E	Unconformity trap
F	Anticline trap

Question 21

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
B	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
C	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 22

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
B	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
C	Monitoring animal behaviors.
D	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
E	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.

Question 23

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/5 of world's rivers.
B	1/5 of world's rivers.
C	2/3 of world's rivers.
D	90% to100% of world's rivers.
E	1/2 of world's rivers.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Between vadose and saturation zones.
B	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
C	Above the B soil horizon.
D	Below the saturation zone.
E	Above the the vadose zone.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Thorium
B	Arsenic
C	Uranium
D	Gold
E	Radium

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 26

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Devonian
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Cretaceous
E	Triassic

Question 26 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 27

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Mostly solids at room temperature
B	Conducts electricity
C	Can be purified through smelting
D	Malleable
E	Strong covalent bonds

Question 28

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
B	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
C	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
D	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
E	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	earth system science.
B	natural science.
C	climate change science.
D	global science.
E	evolutionary natural science.

Question 29 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
B	Global warming or climate change
C	Natural subsidence
D	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
E	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift

Question 30 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Plagioclase Feldspar
C	Epidote
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Quartz

Question 32

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
B	There is no proven technology.
C	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
D	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
E	The process requires large amount of energy.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 33

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	lower atmosphere.
B	upper crust.
C	hydrological water reservoirs.
D	mantle.
E	oceans.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 34

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Natural gas
B	Hydroelectric
C	Petroleum or oil
D	Nuclear
E	Coal

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 35

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 90%
B	About 70%
C	About 50%
D	About 1%
E	About 10%

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Meandering sequences
C	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor

Question 38

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
B	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
C	A mineral that has a very high density.
D	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
E	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.

Question 39

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
B	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
C	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
D	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
E	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	characterized by a large basin.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	undergoing subsidence.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.

Question 41

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
C	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
D	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
E	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 42

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O2
B	H3O+
C	H2O
D	CO32−

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 43

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 44

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Fresh water pipelines
B	New roads
C	Mineral or metal deposit itself
D	Railways
E	Air pumps

Question 44 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 45

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
D	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.

Question 46

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Plate tectonics.
B	Volcanic eruptions.
C	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
D	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of the industrial revolution.
B	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
C	after the French revolution.
D	due to over population.
E	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
B	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
C	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
D	animals , plants
E	at higher depths , at shallower depths

Question 49

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
B	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
C	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
D	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	soil erodibility index.
B	short term rain fall runoff.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	factor of soil cover.
E	average annual soil loss.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 51

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Natural Gas
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Diesel

Question 51 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 52

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	kerogen.
B	transitional metals and carbons.
C	carbon-oxygen bonds.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 53

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in the groundwater table.
B	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
C	Rapid melting of permafrost.
D	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
E	Increased in overburden load.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Building collapse
B	Liquefaction
C	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
D	Fires
E	Landslides

Question 55 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 56

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Optimal Range
B	Hydrocarbon Sector
C	Oil Window
D	Resource Section

Question 56 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and North America
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 58

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	Low vegetation
B	High topographic relief
C	High urbanization
D	High permeability
E	High porosity

Question 58 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 59

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
D	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.

Question 60

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Coal
C	Nuclear
D	Natural Gas
E	Wind

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 61

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 1%
B	About 70%
C	About 50%
D	About 90%
E	About 30%

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Politicization of science itself
B	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
C	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
D	Not having enough data to prove one way another
E	Lack of funding for research

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
B	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
E	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 64

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
B	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
C	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
D	None of the listed answers are correct.
E	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
B	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
C	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
D	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
B	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
C	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
D	Polluting the drinking water supply.
E	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Earthquakes
B	Volcanoes
C	Floodplains
D	Global warming

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Install better air quality management system.
B	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Reduce acid mine drainage.
E	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 69

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
B	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
C	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
D	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
E	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	X-Rays
B	Ultraviolet Rays
C	Visible light
D	Shortwave
E	Gamma Rays

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 71

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Abundance of subsurface water.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
D	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
E	Anoxic subsurface conditions.

Question 71 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
B	Violent shaking of the ground.
C	Sudden lowering of the water table.
D	Compressional wave.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 73

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Dolomite
B	Galena
C	Hematite
D	Chromite
E	Bornite

Question 73 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 74

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
D	None of the answers listed here are correct.
E	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 75

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Titanium
B	Iron
C	Nickel
D	Chrome

Question 75 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 76

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
C	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
E	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 77

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in subsurface permeability.
D	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 77 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 78

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Intervention
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Consolidation
D	Chemical mitigation
E	Bioremediation

Question 78 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sand
B	Gravel
C	Clay
D	Sandstone
E	Limestone

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
B	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 80 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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