GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Increase in regional pore pressures.
B	Land subsidence.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Lowering of the local water table.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Nuclear
B	Hydroelectric
C	Petroleum or oil
D	Natural gas
E	Coal

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 3

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in overburden load.
B	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
C	Increased in the groundwater table.
D	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
E	Rapid melting of permafrost.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 4

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
B	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
E	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
B	kerogen.
C	transitional metals and carbons.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	carbon-oxygen bonds.

Question 6

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
B	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
C	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
D	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 7

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Can be purified through smelting
B	Mostly solids at room temperature
C	Conducts electricity
D	Malleable
E	Strong covalent bonds

Question 8

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
B	There is no proven technology.
C	The process requires large amount of energy.
D	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
E	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 9

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
B	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
C	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
D	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.

Question 10

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Global warming
B	Floodplains
C	Volcanoes
D	Earthquakes

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
B	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
C	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
D	Install better air quality management system.
E	Reduce acid mine drainage.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 12

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	subject to rapid oxidation.
B	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
C	undergoing subsidence.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	characterized by a large basin.

Question 13

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	coal , bitumen
B	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
C	heavy metals , precious metals
D	minerals , aggregates
E	uranium , aluminum

Question 13 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 14

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Chemical mitigation
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Consolidation
D	Bioremediation
E	Intervention

Question 14 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	magmatic deposit.
B	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
C	placer deposit.
D	residual mineral deposit.
E	secondary-enrichment deposit.

Question 16

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
C	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Epidote
B	Orthoclase feldspar
C	Calcite
D	Quartz
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 18

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Permian
B	Cretaceous
C	Triassic
D	Devonian
E	Cambrian

Question 18 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Lack of funding for research
B	Not having enough data to prove one way another
C	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
D	Politicization of science itself
E	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	earth system science.
B	natural science.
C	global science.
D	climate change science.
E	evolutionary natural science.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 21

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Silt
B	Gravel
C	Clay
D	Sand
E	Cobble

Question 21 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 22

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
B	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
C	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
D	much higher than the previous decade.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	are always scary.
B	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
C	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
D	generate high frequency noise.
E	travel perpendicular to the equator.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
B	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
C	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Natural subsidence

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
B	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
C	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
D	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 26

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	after the French revolution.
B	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
C	as a result of the industrial revolution.
D	due to over population.
E	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Radium-226
B	Thorium-234
C	Lead-206
D	Lead-214
E	Polonium-218

Question 27 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
D	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.

Question 29

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Dolomite
B	Hematite
C	Chromite
D	Galena
E	Bornite

Question 29 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 30

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Petrol (gasoline)
B	Natural Gas
C	Diesel
D	Coal

Question 30 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Tens of years
B	2 weeks
C	Up to tens of thousands of years
D	10 days
E	Thousands of years

Question 31 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 32

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Railways
B	Fresh water pipelines
C	Air pumps
D	Mineral or metal deposit itself
E	New roads

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
B	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
C	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
D	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
E	None of the listed answers are correct.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 34

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
B	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
C	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
D	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 35

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
B	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
C	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
D	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
E	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
B	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
C	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
D	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
E	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of soil cover.
B	soil erodibility index.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	short term rain fall runoff.
E	average annual soil loss.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
B	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
C	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
D	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
E	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 39

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Salt dome trap
B	Unconformity trap
C	Fault trap
D	Pinchout trap
E	Lens trap
F	Anticline trap

Question 40

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Shortwave
B	Ultraviolet Rays
C	X-Rays
D	Visible light
E	Gamma Rays

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sandstone
B	Limestone
C	Clay
D	Gravel
E	Sand

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 42

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
B	A mineral that has a very high density.
C	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
D	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
E	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.

Question 43

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
B	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
C	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Sudden lowering of the water table.
B	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
C	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
D	Compressional wave.
E	Violent shaking of the ground.

Question 44 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 45

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 50%
B	About 90%
C	About 70%
D	About 1%
E	About 30%

Question 45 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 46

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at higher depths , at shallower depths
B	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
C	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
D	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
E	animals , plants

Question 47

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	hydrological water reservoirs.
B	oceans.
C	mantle.
D	upper crust.
E	lower atmosphere.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 48

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Above the the vadose zone.
B	Between vadose and saturation zones.
C	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
D	Below the saturation zone.
E	Above the B soil horizon.

Question 48 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 49

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
B	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
C	Nearly straight and shallow channels
D	Meandering sequences
E	Sharp and steep channel walls

Question 50

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Agricultural industry.
B	Uranium mining industry.
C	Petroleum refining industry.
D	Coal industry.
E	Aluminum mining industry.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	It is dividing the world leading to wars
B	Not enough scientific data
C	Not enough research funds
D	Not enough researchers working in this area
E	Politicization of science

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 52

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	C horizon
B	A horizon
C	E horizon
D	B horizon

Question 52 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 53

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Radium
B	Arsenic
C	Uranium
D	Thorium
E	Gold

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and North America
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and Latin America
D	Middle East and Asia/Australia
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 55

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Methane
B	Propane
C	Butane
D	Chlorine vapor/gas
E	Ethane

Question 56

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
B	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
C	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
D	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
E	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.

Question 57

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	significant differences between two lithologies.
B	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
E	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Coal
B	Wind
C	Hydroelectric
D	Nuclear
E	Natural Gas

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 59

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
B	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
C	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
D	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A deposit of precious metals.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
D	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.

Question 61

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
B	Polluting the drinking water supply.
C	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
D	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
E	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 62

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
B	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
C	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
D	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
E	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.

Question 62 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 63

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
C	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 64

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High urbanization
B	High permeability
C	Low vegetation
D	High porosity
E	High topographic relief

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 65

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface permeability.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
D	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 65 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 66

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	Abundance of subsurface water.
C	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
D	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
E	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
D	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
E	None of the answers listed here are correct.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
C	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
D	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
E	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 69

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	increase potential energy.
B	release atomic and subatomic particles.
C	generate light energy.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	slowing down the chemical reaction.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 70

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
B	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
C	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
D	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
E	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 71

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Mexico
B	India
C	Tanzania
D	Sri Lanka
E	Canada

Question 71 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 72

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	CO32−
B	H2O
C	H3O+
D	H2O2

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 73

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Volcanic eruptions.
B	Plate tectonics.
C	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
D	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.

Question 73 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 74

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Liquefaction
B	Building collapse
C	Fires
D	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
E	Landslides

Question 74 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 75

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Resource Section
B	Hydrocarbon Sector
C	Oil Window
D	Optimal Range

Question 75 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 76

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 50%
B	About 90%
C	About 1%
D	About 10%
E	About 70%

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
B	Monitoring animal behaviors.
C	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
D	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
E	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.

Question 78

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	90% to100% of world's rivers.
B	1/5 of world's rivers.
C	2/5 of world's rivers.
D	2/3 of world's rivers.
E	1/2 of world's rivers.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 79

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Chrome
B	Titanium
C	Iron
D	Nickel

Question 79 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 80

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Radiation energy.
B	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
C	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
D	Friction between sub-atomic particles.

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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