GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
B	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
C	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
D	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
E	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Lack of funding for research
D	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
E	Not having enough data to prove one way another

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 3

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	carbon-oxygen bonds.
B	transitional metals and carbons.
C	inorganic compounds.
D	kerogen.
E	carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 4

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	oceans.
C	hydrological water reservoirs.
D	mantle.
E	lower atmosphere.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Bioremediation
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Intervention
E	Consolidation

Question 5 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/5 of world's rivers.
B	2/3 of world's rivers.
C	1/2 of world's rivers.
D	90% to100% of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough research funds
B	Politicization of science
C	Not enough scientific data
D	It is dividing the world leading to wars
E	Not enough researchers working in this area

Question 7 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 8

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Butane
B	Chlorine vapor/gas
C	Ethane
D	Propane
E	Methane

Question 9

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Permian
B	Cretaceous
C	Devonian
D	Triassic
E	Cambrian

Question 9 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 10

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
B	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
C	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
D	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Petrol (gasoline)
C	Diesel
D	Natural Gas

Question 11 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 12

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
B	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
C	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
D	Radiation energy.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 13

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	None of the answers listed here are correct.
B	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
C	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
D	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
E	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 14

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sandstone
B	Gravel
C	Sand
D	Limestone
E	Clay

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
B	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
C	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
D	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
E	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 16

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 50%
C	About 70%
D	About 10%
E	About 90%

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 17

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
B	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
C	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
D	A mineral that has a very high density.
E	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.

Question 18

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Agricultural industry.
B	Uranium mining industry.
C	Petroleum refining industry.
D	Coal industry.
E	Aluminum mining industry.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
C	Nearly straight and shallow channels
D	Meandering sequences
E	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form

Question 20

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 21

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Building collapse
B	Landslides
C	Fires
D	Liquefaction
E	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 22

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Install better air quality management system.
D	Reduce acid mine drainage.
E	Decrease the humidity of the mines.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 23

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
B	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
C	The process requires large amount of energy.
D	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
E	There is no proven technology.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 24

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
D	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
B	are always scary.
C	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
D	generate high frequency noise.
E	travel perpendicular to the equator.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 26

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
B	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
C	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
D	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.

Question 27

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 90%
B	About 30%
C	About 70%
D	About 50%
E	About 1%

Question 27 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 28

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Fresh water pipelines
B	Air pumps
C	Mineral or metal deposit itself
D	New roads
E	Railways

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
B	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
C	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
D	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
B	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
C	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
D	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
E	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 31

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
C	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
D	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 32

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	slowing down the chemical reaction.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	generate light energy.
D	release atomic and subatomic particles.
E	increase potential energy.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 33

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
B	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
C	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
D	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.

Question 34

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Resource Section
B	Optimal Range
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Oil Window

Question 34 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 35

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Violent shaking of the ground.
B	Compressional wave.
C	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
D	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
E	Sudden lowering of the water table.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 36

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
B	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
C	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
D	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
E	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
B	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
C	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
D	Natural subsidence
E	Global warming or climate change

Question 37 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
B	Volcanic eruptions.
C	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
D	Plate tectonics.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 39

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone.
B	Between vadose and saturation zones.
C	Above the the vadose zone.
D	Above the B soil horizon.
E	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 40

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Lens trap
B	Unconformity trap
C	Salt dome trap
D	Pinchout trap
E	Fault trap
F	Anticline trap

Question 41

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of soil cover.
B	soil erodibility index.
C	average annual soil loss.
D	short term rain fall runoff.
E	factor of hillslope/length

Question 41 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 42

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
B	significant differences between two lithologies.
C	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
D	slopes of hills or mountains.
E	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 43

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Earthquakes
B	Floodplains
C	Global warming
D	Volcanoes

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	secondary-enrichment deposit.
B	magmatic deposit.
C	placer deposit.
D	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
E	residual mineral deposit.

Question 45

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
B	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
E	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 46

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
B	at higher depths , at shallower depths
C	animals , plants
D	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
E	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms

Question 47

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Visible light
B	Shortwave
C	Ultraviolet Rays
D	X-Rays
E	Gamma Rays

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
B	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
C	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
D	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
E	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.

Question 49

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Arsenic
C	Thorium
D	Uranium
E	Radium

Question 49 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 50

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and North America
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and Latin America
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 51

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	much higher than the previous decade.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 52

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
B	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.

Question 53

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	B horizon
B	C horizon
C	E horizon
D	A horizon

Question 53 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 54

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
B	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Abundance of subsurface water.
E	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 55

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Land subsidence.
D	Significantly smaller cone of depression.

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 56

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 57

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
B	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
C	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
D	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	global science.
B	climate change science.
C	natural science.
D	earth system science.
E	evolutionary natural science.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 59

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Thousands of years
B	10 days
C	2 weeks
D	Up to tens of thousands of years
E	Tens of years

Question 59 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 60

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
B	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
C	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
D	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
E	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.

Question 60 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 61

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
C	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
D	undergoing subsidence.
E	characterized by a large basin.

Question 63

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Nuclear
C	Wind
D	Coal
E	Natural Gas

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 64

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
B	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
C	Polluting the drinking water supply.
D	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
E	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Petroleum or oil
B	Hydroelectric
C	Nuclear
D	Coal
E	Natural gas

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 66

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	Sri Lanka
C	India
D	Canada
E	Mexico

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	CO32−
B	H3O+
C	H2O2
D	H2O

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Nickel
B	Titanium
C	Chrome
D	Iron

Question 68 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 69

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Polonium-218
B	Radium-226
C	Thorium-234
D	Lead-214
E	Lead-206

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 70

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	heavy metals , precious metals
B	coal , bitumen
C	minerals , aggregates
D	uranium , aluminum
E	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 71

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of the industrial revolution.
B	after the French revolution.
C	due to over population.
D	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
E	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.

Question 71 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 72

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Quartz
B	Calcite
C	Plagioclase Feldspar
D	Epidote
E	Orthoclase feldspar

Question 73

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High porosity
B	Low vegetation
C	High permeability
D	High topographic relief
E	High urbanization

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 74

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Chromite
B	Dolomite
C	Hematite
D	Galena
E	Bornite

Question 74 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 75

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
C	Increased in rainfall.
D	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
E	Increased in subsurface permeability.

Question 75 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 76

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Strong covalent bonds
B	Conducts electricity
C	Malleable
D	Mostly solids at room temperature
E	Can be purified through smelting

Question 77

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
B	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in the groundwater table.
B	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
C	Increased in overburden load.
D	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
E	Rapid melting of permafrost.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 79

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Silt
B	Cobble
C	Gravel
D	Sand
E	Clay

Question 79 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	None of the listed answers are correct.
B	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
C	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
D	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
E	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.

Question 80 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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