GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Coal
B	Natural gas
C	Hydroelectric
D	Petroleum or oil
E	Nuclear

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 2

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High permeability
B	High porosity
C	High topographic relief
D	High urbanization
E	Low vegetation

Question 2 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 3

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
B	Polluting the drinking water supply.
C	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
D	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
E	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 4

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
B	slopes of hills or mountains.
C	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
D	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cretaceous
B	Cambrian
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Triassic

Question 5 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	generate high frequency noise.
B	are always scary.
C	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
D	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
E	travel perpendicular to the equator.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	magmatic deposit.
B	placer deposit.
C	residual mineral deposit.
D	secondary-enrichment deposit.
E	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.

Question 8

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Sand
B	Gravel
C	Clay
D	Silt
E	Cobble

Question 8 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 9

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Global warming
B	Volcanoes
C	Floodplains
D	Earthquakes

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 10

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Politicization of science
B	Not enough researchers working in this area
C	It is dividing the world leading to wars
D	Not enough research funds
E	Not enough scientific data

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Chrome
B	Nickel
C	Titanium
D	Iron

Question 11 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 12

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
D	Increased in subsurface permeability.
E	Increased in sediment compaction rate.

Question 12 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 13

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Natural Gas
B	Coal
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Diesel

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 15

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
B	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
C	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
D	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
E	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 16

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Quartz
C	Epidote
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 17

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	much higher than the previous decade.
B	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
C	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
D	showing exponential increased in temperatures.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 18

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/5 of world's rivers.
B	1/2 of world's rivers.
C	90% to100% of world's rivers.
D	2/3 of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Lack of funding for research
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
D	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
E	Not having enough data to prove one way another

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
B	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
C	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
D	Reduce acid mine drainage.
E	Install better air quality management system.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 21

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Pinchout trap
B	Unconformity trap
C	Lens trap
D	Anticline trap
E	Fault trap
F	Salt dome trap

Question 22

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Wind
C	Nuclear
D	Natural Gas
E	Coal

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 23

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Mexico
B	Tanzania
C	Canada
D	India
E	Sri Lanka

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.

Question 25

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
D	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
E	None of the answers listed here are correct.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 26

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	climate change science.
B	evolutionary natural science.
C	earth system science.
D	natural science.
E	global science.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 27

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
B	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Abundance of subsurface water.
E	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Mineral or metal deposit itself
B	Air pumps
C	Fresh water pipelines
D	New roads
E	Railways

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	CO32−
C	H3O+
D	H2O2

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 30

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
B	Land subsidence.
C	Increase in regional pore pressures.
D	Lowering of the local water table.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
C	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
D	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
E	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 32

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Violent shaking of the ground.
B	Compressional wave.
C	Sudden lowering of the water table.
D	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 33

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
C	There is no proven technology.
D	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
E	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 34

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
B	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
C	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
D	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
E	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 35

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Uranium
C	Thorium
D	Radium
E	Arsenic

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Thorium-234
B	Radium-226
C	Polonium-218
D	Lead-214
E	Lead-206

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 37

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 70%
B	About 1%
C	About 90%
D	About 30%
E	About 50%

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 38

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	uranium , aluminum
B	minerals , aggregates
C	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
D	coal , bitumen
E	heavy metals , precious metals

Question 38 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 39

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
B	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
C	Nearly straight and shallow channels
D	Meandering sequences
E	Sharp and steep channel walls

Question 40

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Above the B soil horizon.
B	Below the saturation zone.
C	Between vadose and saturation zones.
D	Above the the vadose zone.
E	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.

Question 40 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 41

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Limestone
B	Sand
C	Clay
D	Sandstone
E	Gravel

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 42

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
B	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
C	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 43

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Africa
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and North America
D	Middle East and Asia/Australia
E	Middle East and Latin America

Question 44

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Resource Section
B	Oil Window
C	Optimal Range
D	Hydrocarbon Sector

Question 44 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 45

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
B	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
C	animals , plants
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter

Question 46

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	slowing down the chemical reaction.
C	release atomic and subatomic particles.
D	generate light energy.
E	increase potential energy.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 47

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
B	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
C	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
D	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
E	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.

Question 47 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 48

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	short term rain fall runoff.
B	factor of soil cover.
C	average annual soil loss.
D	factor of hillslope/length
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 48 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 49

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	10 days
B	Tens of years
C	Thousands of years
D	Up to tens of thousands of years
E	2 weeks

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	undergoing subsidence.
B	rich in organic matter.
C	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
D	characterized by a large basin.
E	subject to rapid oxidation.

Question 51

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
B	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
C	A mineral that has a very high density.
D	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
E	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.

Question 52

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
B	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
C	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
D	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
E	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 53

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
B	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
C	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
D	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
E	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Shortwave
B	Ultraviolet Rays
C	X-Rays
D	Gamma Rays
E	Visible light

Question 55 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 56

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	C horizon
B	A horizon
C	E horizon
D	B horizon

Question 56 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Aluminum mining industry.
B	Petroleum refining industry.
C	Agricultural industry.
D	Uranium mining industry.
E	Coal industry.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 58

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
B	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 59

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
B	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
C	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
D	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 60

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
B	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
C	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
D	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 61

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
D	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
E	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
B	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
C	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 62 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 63

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
B	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
C	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
D	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
E	None of the listed answers are correct.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 64

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Dolomite
B	Galena
C	Chromite
D	Bornite
E	Hematite

Question 64 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 65

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 50%
C	About 90%
D	About 10%
E	About 70%

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Butane
B	Propane
C	Chlorine vapor/gas
D	Ethane
E	Methane

Question 67

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Conducts electricity
B	Malleable
C	Can be purified through smelting
D	Mostly solids at room temperature
E	Strong covalent bonds

Question 68

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	oceans.
B	upper crust.
C	lower atmosphere.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	mantle.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 69

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
B	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
C	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
D	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 70

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 71

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	inorganic compounds.
B	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
C	transitional metals and carbons.
D	kerogen.
E	carbon-oxygen bonds.

Question 72

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
B	due to over population.
C	as a result of the industrial revolution.
D	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
E	after the French revolution.

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 73

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
C	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
D	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.

Question 74

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
B	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
C	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
D	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.

Question 75

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Landslides
B	Liquefaction
C	Fires
D	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
E	Building collapse

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 76

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Volcanic eruptions.
B	Plate tectonics.
C	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
D	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
B	Radiation energy.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 78

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Bioremediation
B	Consolidation
C	Environmental mitigation
D	Chemical mitigation
E	Intervention

Question 78 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in the groundwater table.
B	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
C	Increased in overburden load.
D	Rapid melting of permafrost.
E	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 80

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
B	Natural subsidence
C	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift

Question 80 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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