GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 90%
B	About 50%
C	About 70%
D	About 1%
E	About 30%

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 2

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	generate light energy.
B	increase potential energy.
C	release atomic and subatomic particles.
D	slowing down the chemical reaction.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 3

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 70%
C	About 90%
D	About 10%
E	About 50%

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 4

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
C	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
D	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
E	There is no proven technology.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	climate change science.
B	evolutionary natural science.
C	natural science.
D	earth system science.
E	global science.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
B	Violent shaking of the ground.
C	Compressional wave.
D	Sudden lowering of the water table.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 7

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	B horizon
C	A horizon
D	C horizon

Question 7 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 8

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
B	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
C	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
D	Abundance of subsurface water.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 9

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	H3O+
C	CO32−
D	H2O2

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 10

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Silt
B	Sand
C	Gravel
D	Clay
E	Cobble

Question 10 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
B	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
C	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
D	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
E	None of the listed answers are correct.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 12

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
B	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
C	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
D	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
E	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 13

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
B	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
C	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
D	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
E	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 14

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Chromite
B	Galena
C	Bornite
D	Dolomite
E	Hematite

Question 14 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 15

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
C	Global warming or climate change
D	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
E	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff

Question 15 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 16

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Meandering sequences
C	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
D	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
E	Nearly straight and shallow channels

Question 17

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
B	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
C	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
D	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.

Question 18

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	New roads
B	Fresh water pipelines
C	Mineral or metal deposit itself
D	Railways
E	Air pumps

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	generate high frequency noise.
B	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
C	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
D	are always scary.
E	travel perpendicular to the equator.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
B	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
C	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 21

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Nuclear
B	Petroleum or oil
C	Natural gas
D	Hydroelectric
E	Coal

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 22

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	residual mineral deposit.
B	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
C	magmatic deposit.
D	secondary-enrichment deposit.
E	placer deposit.

Question 23

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Petrol (gasoline)
C	Natural Gas
D	Coal

Question 23 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 24

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of hillslope/length
B	soil erodibility index.
C	short term rain fall runoff.
D	average annual soil loss.
E	factor of soil cover.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 25

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Gravel
B	Clay
C	Limestone
D	Sand
E	Sandstone

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 26

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
B	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
C	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
D	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 27

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
B	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
C	Polluting the drinking water supply.
D	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
E	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
B	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
C	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
D	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
E	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 29

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Gamma Rays
B	Visible light
C	X-Rays
D	Ultraviolet Rays
E	Shortwave

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 30

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Nuclear
B	Natural Gas
C	Hydroelectric
D	Wind
E	Coal

Question 30 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 31

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
B	animals , plants
C	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter

Question 32

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Thorium-234
B	Radium-226
C	Polonium-218
D	Lead-214
E	Lead-206

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 33

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
B	kerogen.
C	transitional metals and carbons.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	carbon-oxygen bonds.

Question 34

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
B	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
C	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
D	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
E	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 35

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
B	Landslides
C	Building collapse
D	Fires
E	Liquefaction

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 36

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Agricultural industry.
B	Uranium mining industry.
C	Petroleum refining industry.
D	Aluminum mining industry.
E	Coal industry.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
B	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
C	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
D	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Land subsidence.
D	Significantly smaller cone of depression.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 39

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	oceans.
B	mantle.
C	upper crust.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	lower atmosphere.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 40

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
B	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
C	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
D	None of the answers listed here are correct.
E	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
B	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
C	Volcanic eruptions.
D	Plate tectonics.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 43

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Between vadose and saturation zones.
B	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
C	Above the the vadose zone.
D	Below the saturation zone.
E	Above the B soil horizon.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 44

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
B	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
C	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
D	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
E	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.

Question 44 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 45

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	Low vegetation
B	High permeability
C	High urbanization
D	High topographic relief
E	High porosity

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 46

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Lack of funding for research
D	Not having enough data to prove one way another
E	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
B	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
B	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
C	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
D	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
E	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.

Question 48 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 49

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Nickel
B	Titanium
C	Chrome
D	Iron

Question 49 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 50

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	heavy metals , precious metals
B	minerals , aggregates
C	uranium , aluminum
D	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
E	coal , bitumen

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
B	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
C	A mineral that has a very high density.
D	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
E	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.

Question 52

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Pinchout trap
B	Fault trap
C	Lens trap
D	Anticline trap
E	Salt dome trap
F	Unconformity trap

Question 53

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	much higher than the previous decade.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
D	showing exponential increased in temperatures.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Cretaceous
D	Permian
E	Triassic

Question 54 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 55

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Orthoclase feldspar
B	Quartz
C	Calcite
D	Epidote
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 56

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 57

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
B	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
C	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
D	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 58

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Reduce acid mine drainage.
B	Install better air quality management system.
C	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
D	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
E	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 59

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Consolidation
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Bioremediation
E	Intervention

Question 59 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 60

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Propane
B	Methane
C	Chlorine vapor/gas
D	Butane
E	Ethane

Question 61

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/5 of world's rivers.
B	1/2 of world's rivers.
C	2/3 of world's rivers.
D	2/5 of world's rivers.
E	90% to100% of world's rivers.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Radiation energy.
B	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 63

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Resource Section
B	Optimal Range
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Oil Window

Question 63 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 64

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Up to tens of thousands of years
B	Thousands of years
C	Tens of years
D	2 weeks
E	10 days

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
C	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
D	Increased in subsurface permeability.
E	Increased in rainfall.

Question 65 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 66

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
B	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
C	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
D	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.

Question 68

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
B	Increased in overburden load.
C	Rapid melting of permafrost.
D	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
E	Increased in the groundwater table.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 69

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	undergoing subsidence.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	subject to rapid oxidation.
E	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.

Question 70

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	due to over population.
B	as a result of the industrial revolution.
C	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
D	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
E	after the French revolution.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 71

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
B	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.

Question 71 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
B	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
C	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
D	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.

Question 73

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Malleable
B	Can be purified through smelting
C	Strong covalent bonds
D	Conducts electricity
E	Mostly solids at room temperature

Question 74

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Thorium
C	Uranium
D	Arsenic
E	Radium

Question 74 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 75

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	Canada
C	Sri Lanka
D	India
E	Mexico

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough research funds
B	It is dividing the world leading to wars
C	Not enough researchers working in this area
D	Politicization of science
E	Not enough scientific data

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
B	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
C	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
D	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
E	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and North America
B	Middle East and Latin America
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 79

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
B	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Global warming
B	Volcanoes
C	Earthquakes
D	Floodplains

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

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