GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Sand
B	Cobble
C	Silt
D	Clay
E	Gravel

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
B	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
C	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
D	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 3

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
B	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
C	None of the listed answers are correct.
D	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
E	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 4

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface permeability.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
D	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 4 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 5

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
B	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Abundance of subsurface water.
E	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Violent shaking of the ground.
B	Compressional wave.
C	Sudden lowering of the water table.
D	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
E	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 7

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).

Question 7 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 8

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	None of the answers listed here are correct.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
D	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
E	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 9

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Fault trap
B	Pinchout trap
C	Salt dome trap
D	Anticline trap
E	Lens trap
F	Unconformity trap

Question 10

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
B	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
C	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
D	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
E	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
B	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.

Question 12

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	2 weeks
B	Up to tens of thousands of years
C	10 days
D	Tens of years
E	Thousands of years

Question 12 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 13

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
B	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
C	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
D	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
E	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.

Question 13 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 14

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	secondary-enrichment deposit.
B	residual mineral deposit.
C	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
D	placer deposit.
E	magmatic deposit.

Question 15

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Liquefaction
B	Landslides
C	Building collapse
D	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
E	Fires

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 16

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
B	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
C	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
D	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
E	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 17

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Radium-226
B	Lead-206
C	Polonium-218
D	Thorium-234
E	Lead-214

Question 17 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
D	significant differences between two lithologies.
E	slopes of hills or mountains.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
B	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
C	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
D	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Asia/Australia
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and Africa
D	Middle East and North America
E	Middle East and Latin America

Question 21

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Bioremediation
B	Consolidation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Intervention
E	Environmental mitigation

Question 21 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 22

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	A horizon
C	C horizon
D	B horizon

Question 22 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 23

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Cretaceous
E	Triassic

Question 23 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 24

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/5 of world's rivers.
B	1/2 of world's rivers.
C	2/3 of world's rivers.
D	90% to100% of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 25

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
B	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
C	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
D	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
E	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 26

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
D	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 27

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
B	Monitoring animal behaviors.
C	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
D	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
E	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.

Question 28

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Iron
B	Nickel
C	Titanium
D	Chrome

Question 28 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 29

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Clay
B	Limestone
C	Sand
D	Sandstone
E	Gravel

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	uranium , aluminum
B	minerals , aggregates
C	coal , bitumen
D	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
E	heavy metals , precious metals

Question 30 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 31

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 70%
B	About 50%
C	About 90%
D	About 1%
E	About 10%

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 32

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
B	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
E	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Nearly straight and shallow channels
B	Sharp and steep channel walls
C	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
D	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
E	Meandering sequences

Question 34

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
B	Natural subsidence
C	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
D	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
E	Global warming or climate change

Question 34 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 35

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Volcanoes
B	Earthquakes
C	Floodplains
D	Global warming

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	mantle.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	oceans.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 37

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in overburden load.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
D	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
E	Rapid melting of permafrost.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 38

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	global science.
B	natural science.
C	climate change science.
D	earth system science.
E	evolutionary natural science.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 39

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
C	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
D	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
E	Frozen water part of the Earth system.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Visible light
B	Shortwave
C	X-Rays
D	Ultraviolet Rays
E	Gamma Rays

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	animals , plants
B	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
C	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter

Question 42

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Politicization of science
B	Not enough research funds
C	Not enough researchers working in this area
D	Not enough scientific data
E	It is dividing the world leading to wars

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 43

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	Low vegetation
C	High urbanization
D	High permeability
E	High porosity

Question 43 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 44

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Not having enough data to prove one way another
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
D	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
E	Lack of funding for research

Question 44 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 45

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
B	kerogen.
C	inorganic compounds.
D	transitional metals and carbons.
E	carbon-oxygen bonds.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Mostly solids at room temperature
B	Strong covalent bonds
C	Conducts electricity
D	Can be purified through smelting
E	Malleable

Question 47

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Galena
B	Chromite
C	Dolomite
D	Bornite
E	Hematite

Question 47 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 48

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
D	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.

Question 49

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Between vadose and saturation zones.
B	Below the saturation zone.
C	Above the the vadose zone.
D	Above the B soil horizon.
E	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
B	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
C	Polluting the drinking water supply.
D	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
E	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 51

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
B	Lowering of the local water table.
C	Increase in regional pore pressures.
D	Land subsidence.

Question 51 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 52

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	undergoing subsidence.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
E	subject to rapid oxidation.

Question 53

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
B	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
C	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
D	Radiation energy.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 54

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
B	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
C	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
D	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
B	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
C	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 56

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Ethane
B	Chlorine vapor/gas
C	Propane
D	Methane
E	Butane

Question 57

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Volcanic eruptions.
B	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
C	Plate tectonics.
D	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 58

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
B	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
C	A mineral that has a very high density.
D	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
E	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.

Question 59

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
B	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
E	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
B	due to over population.
C	as a result of the industrial revolution.
D	after the French revolution.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 61

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
B	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	showing exponential increased in temperatures.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Epidote
B	Plagioclase Feldspar
C	Quartz
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Calcite

Question 63

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
D	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 64

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	release atomic and subatomic particles.
B	generate light energy.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	increase potential energy.
E	slowing down the chemical reaction.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 65

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Air pumps
B	Railways
C	Mineral or metal deposit itself
D	New roads
E	Fresh water pipelines

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
C	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H3O+
B	H2O
C	CO32−
D	H2O2

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	are always scary.
B	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
C	travel perpendicular to the equator.
D	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
E	generate high frequency noise.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 69

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Mexico
B	Sri Lanka
C	Canada
D	India
E	Tanzania

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
B	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
C	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
D	There is no proven technology.
E	The process requires large amount of energy.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Hydrocarbon Sector
B	Resource Section
C	Optimal Range
D	Oil Window

Question 71 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Coal
C	Natural Gas
D	Petrol (gasoline)

Question 72 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 73

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Uranium
B	Gold
C	Arsenic
D	Thorium
E	Radium

Question 73 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 74

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	short term rain fall runoff.
B	soil erodibility index.
C	average annual soil loss.
D	factor of hillslope/length
E	factor of soil cover.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 75

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Petroleum refining industry.
B	Aluminum mining industry.
C	Uranium mining industry.
D	Agricultural industry.
E	Coal industry.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Coal
B	Wind
C	Natural Gas
D	Nuclear
E	Hydroelectric

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 77

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 70%
B	About 90%
C	About 30%
D	About 50%
E	About 1%

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Install better air quality management system.
B	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
C	Reduce acid mine drainage.
D	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
E	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 79

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
B	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
C	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
D	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.

Question 80

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Nuclear
C	Coal
D	Natural gas
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

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