GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	characterized by a large basin.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	undergoing subsidence.

Question 2

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
B	Violent shaking of the ground.
C	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
D	Sudden lowering of the water table.
E	Compressional wave.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 3

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface permeability.
B	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
C	Increased in subsurface porosity.
D	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
E	Increased in rainfall.

Question 3 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 4

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
B	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Radiation energy.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	secondary-enrichment deposit.
B	placer deposit.
C	residual mineral deposit.
D	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
E	magmatic deposit.

Question 6

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
B	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
C	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
D	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 7

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	High permeability
C	High urbanization
D	High porosity
E	Low vegetation

Question 7 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 8

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
B	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
C	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
D	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
E	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.

Question 9

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
B	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
C	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
D	Abundance of subsurface water.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 10

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Hydrocarbon Sector
B	Resource Section
C	Oil Window
D	Optimal Range

Question 10 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
B	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
C	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
D	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
E	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 12

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
B	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
C	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
D	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 13

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
B	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
C	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Strong covalent bonds
B	Conducts electricity
C	Mostly solids at room temperature
D	Can be purified through smelting
E	Malleable

Question 15

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Butane
B	Ethane
C	Methane
D	Propane
E	Chlorine vapor/gas

Question 16

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Hematite
B	Chromite
C	Dolomite
D	Bornite
E	Galena

Question 16 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 17

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Up to tens of thousands of years
B	2 weeks
C	10 days
D	Tens of years
E	Thousands of years

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/2 of world's rivers.
B	2/5 of world's rivers.
C	1/5 of world's rivers.
D	90% to100% of world's rivers.
E	2/3 of world's rivers.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Politicization of science itself
B	Lack of funding for research
C	Not having enough data to prove one way another
D	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
E	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
B	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
C	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Natural subsidence

Question 20 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 21

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
C	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 22

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	release atomic and subatomic particles.
B	generate light energy.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	increase potential energy.
E	slowing down the chemical reaction.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 23

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
D	Rapid melting of permafrost.
E	Increased in overburden load.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
B	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
C	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
D	Polluting the drinking water supply.
E	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Natural Gas
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Diesel

Question 25 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 26

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	India
C	Mexico
D	Sri Lanka
E	Canada

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that has a very high density.
B	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
C	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
D	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
E	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.

Question 28

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Liquefaction
B	Landslides
C	Fires
D	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
E	Building collapse

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 29

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
B	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
C	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 30

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Anticline trap
B	Salt dome trap
C	Unconformity trap
D	Pinchout trap
E	Lens trap
F	Fault trap

Question 31

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
B	Install better air quality management system.
C	Reduce acid mine drainage.
D	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
E	Decrease the humidity of the mines.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 32

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
C	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
B	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
C	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 34

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
D	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
E	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 35

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
B	animals , plants
C	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments

Question 36

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
B	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
C	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
D	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
E	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
C	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
D	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.

Question 38

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	oceans.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	upper crust.
D	mantle.
E	hydrological water reservoirs.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 39

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough researchers working in this area
B	Not enough scientific data
C	Politicization of science
D	Not enough research funds
E	It is dividing the world leading to wars

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
D	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
E	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.

Question 40 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 41

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 70%
C	About 10%
D	About 90%
E	About 50%

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Environmental mitigation
B	Chemical mitigation
C	Bioremediation
D	Intervention
E	Consolidation

Question 42 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 43

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	travel perpendicular to the equator.
B	are always scary.
C	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
D	generate high frequency noise.
E	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
B	coal , bitumen
C	uranium , aluminum
D	minerals , aggregates
E	heavy metals , precious metals

Question 44 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 45

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Above the B soil horizon.
B	Above the the vadose zone.
C	Below the saturation zone.
D	Between vadose and saturation zones.
E	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Nuclear
B	Coal
C	Hydroelectric
D	Natural gas
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 47

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
D	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.

Question 48

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
D	A deposit of precious metals.

Question 49

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
B	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
C	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
D	slopes of hills or mountains.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Railways
B	Fresh water pipelines
C	New roads
D	Mineral or metal deposit itself
E	Air pumps

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	due to over population.
B	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
C	after the French revolution.
D	as a result of the industrial revolution.
E	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 52

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	None of the answers listed here are correct.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
D	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
E	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 53

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
B	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
C	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
D	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
E	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H3O+
B	H2O
C	H2O2
D	CO32−

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
B	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
C	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
D	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
E	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.

Question 55 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 56

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Triassic
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Cretaceous
E	Permian

Question 56 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Clay
B	Silt
C	Cobble
D	Gravel
E	Sand

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Gravel
B	Sandstone
C	Limestone
D	Clay
E	Sand

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 59

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Radium
C	Arsenic
D	Thorium
E	Uranium

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Iron
B	Titanium
C	Nickel
D	Chrome

Question 60 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 61

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
B	much higher than the previous decade.
C	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
D	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Ultraviolet Rays
B	Shortwave
C	Visible light
D	X-Rays
E	Gamma Rays

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
B	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
C	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
D	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
E	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.

Question 63 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 64

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
B	Nearly straight and shallow channels
C	Meandering sequences
D	Sharp and steep channel walls
E	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor

Question 65

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	C horizon
C	A horizon
D	B horizon

Question 65 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 66

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Volcanoes
B	Earthquakes
C	Floodplains
D	Global warming

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
B	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
C	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
D	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 68

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 90%
B	About 50%
C	About 1%
D	About 70%
E	About 30%

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 69

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and Africa
E	Middle East and North America

Question 70

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Radium-226
B	Thorium-234
C	Lead-206
D	Lead-214
E	Polonium-218

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Orthoclase feldspar
B	Plagioclase Feldspar
C	Quartz
D	Calcite
E	Epidote

Question 72

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Land subsidence.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Lowering of the local water table.

Question 72 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 73

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	transitional metals and carbons.
B	kerogen.
C	carbon-oxygen bonds.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 74

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of soil cover.
B	soil erodibility index.
C	average annual soil loss.
D	short term rain fall runoff.
E	factor of hillslope/length

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 75

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Volcanic eruptions.
B	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
C	Plate tectonics.
D	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Petroleum refining industry.
B	Coal industry.
C	Agricultural industry.
D	Aluminum mining industry.
E	Uranium mining industry.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	evolutionary natural science.
B	earth system science.
C	natural science.
D	global science.
E	climate change science.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 78

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
B	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
C	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
D	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 79

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
B	There is no proven technology.
C	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
D	The process requires large amount of energy.
E	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Wind
B	Natural Gas
C	Hydroelectric
D	Coal
E	Nuclear

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

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