GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	significant differences between two lithologies.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
D	slopes of hills or mountains.
E	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Politicization of science itself
B	Lack of funding for research
C	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
D	Not having enough data to prove one way another
E	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 3

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	increase potential energy.
C	generate light energy.
D	release atomic and subatomic particles.
E	slowing down the chemical reaction.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 4

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.

Question 5

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Floodplains
B	Earthquakes
C	Volcanoes
D	Global warming

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
B	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
C	None of the listed answers are correct.
D	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
E	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 7

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	hydrological water reservoirs.
B	oceans.
C	lower atmosphere.
D	mantle.
E	upper crust.

Question 7 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 8

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in subsurface permeability.
D	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 8 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 9

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
B	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
C	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 10

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Wind
B	Hydroelectric
C	Nuclear
D	Natural Gas
E	Coal

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 11

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Chemical mitigation
B	Intervention
C	Environmental mitigation
D	Bioremediation
E	Consolidation

Question 11 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 12

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	Low vegetation
B	High porosity
C	High urbanization
D	High permeability
E	High topographic relief

Question 12 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 13

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
B	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
C	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
D	Polluting the drinking water supply.
E	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
B	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
C	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 14 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 1%
B	About 70%
C	About 90%
D	About 50%
E	About 30%

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 16

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cambrian
B	Permian
C	Devonian
D	Triassic
E	Cretaceous

Question 16 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	C horizon
B	E horizon
C	A horizon
D	B horizon

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	global science.
B	climate change science.
C	earth system science.
D	evolutionary natural science.
E	natural science.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
D	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
B	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
C	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
D	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
E	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 21

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
C	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
D	There is no proven technology.
E	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 22

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Asia/Australia
B	Middle East and Africa
C	Middle East and North America
D	Middle East and Latin America
E	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia

Question 23

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
E	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
B	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
C	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
D	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
E	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 25

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
B	Sudden lowering of the water table.
C	Violent shaking of the ground.
D	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
E	Compressional wave.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 26

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
C	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Sand
B	Gravel
C	Clay
D	Silt
E	Cobble

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
D	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.

Question 29

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
B	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
C	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
D	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
E	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.

Question 30

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at higher depths , at shallower depths
B	animals , plants
C	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
D	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
E	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter

Question 31

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Building collapse
B	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
C	Fires
D	Landslides
E	Liquefaction

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 32

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Reduce acid mine drainage.
E	Install better air quality management system.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 33

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Natural Gas
C	Diesel
D	Petrol (gasoline)

Question 33 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 34

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
B	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
C	Plate tectonics.
D	Volcanic eruptions.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 35

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of hillslope/length
B	soil erodibility index.
C	short term rain fall runoff.
D	average annual soil loss.
E	factor of soil cover.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 36

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
B	Radiation energy.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Friction between sub-atomic particles.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 37

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
B	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
C	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
D	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
E	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 38

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Propane
B	Ethane
C	Chlorine vapor/gas
D	Methane
E	Butane

Question 39

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Sri Lanka
B	Mexico
C	Canada
D	Tanzania
E	India

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	X-Rays
B	Gamma Rays
C	Visible light
D	Shortwave
E	Ultraviolet Rays

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	CO32−
B	H2O2
C	H2O
D	H3O+

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
B	residual mineral deposit.
C	magmatic deposit.
D	placer deposit.
E	secondary-enrichment deposit.

Question 43

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in overburden load.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Rapid melting of permafrost.
D	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
E	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Mostly solids at room temperature
B	Conducts electricity
C	Strong covalent bonds
D	Can be purified through smelting
E	Malleable

Question 45

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Politicization of science
B	Not enough scientific data
C	It is dividing the world leading to wars
D	Not enough researchers working in this area
E	Not enough research funds

Question 45 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 46

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
B	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
C	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
D	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
E	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.

Question 46 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 47

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/5 of world's rivers.
B	2/3 of world's rivers.
C	1/5 of world's rivers.
D	1/2 of world's rivers.
E	90% to100% of world's rivers.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
B	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
C	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
D	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
E	A mineral that has a very high density.

Question 49

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Nuclear
B	Petroleum or oil
C	Natural gas
D	Hydroelectric
E	Coal

Question 49 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 50

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Arsenic
C	Radium
D	Uranium
E	Thorium

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Polonium-218
B	Thorium-234
C	Radium-226
D	Lead-206
E	Lead-214

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 52

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Pinchout trap
B	Salt dome trap
C	Fault trap
D	Unconformity trap
E	Anticline trap
F	Lens trap

Question 53

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Optimal Range
B	Hydrocarbon Sector
C	Oil Window
D	Resource Section

Question 53 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 54

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	characterized by a large basin.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	undergoing subsidence.

Question 55

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Thousands of years
B	10 days
C	2 weeks
D	Up to tens of thousands of years
E	Tens of years

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 56

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
B	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
C	Natural subsidence
D	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
E	Global warming or climate change

Question 56 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Nearly straight and shallow channels
C	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
D	Meandering sequences
E	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor

Question 58

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	transitional metals and carbons.
B	kerogen.
C	inorganic compounds.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 59

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
B	heavy metals , precious metals
C	coal , bitumen
D	uranium , aluminum
E	minerals , aggregates

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	much higher than the previous decade.
B	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
C	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 61

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Land subsidence.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 62

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 10%
B	About 70%
C	About 50%
D	About 90%
E	About 1%

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Petroleum refining industry.
B	Aluminum mining industry.
C	Coal industry.
D	Uranium mining industry.
E	Agricultural industry.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 64

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone.
B	Between vadose and saturation zones.
C	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
D	Above the B soil horizon.
E	Above the the vadose zone.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of the industrial revolution.
B	due to over population.
C	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
D	after the French revolution.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Titanium
B	Chrome
C	Nickel
D	Iron

Question 66 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 67

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
B	None of the answers listed here are correct.
C	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
D	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
E	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Gravel
B	Clay
C	Sand
D	Limestone
E	Sandstone

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 69

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
B	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
C	Monitoring animal behaviors.
D	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
E	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.

Question 70

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
B	Abundance of subsurface water.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
E	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Plagioclase Feldspar
B	Quartz
C	Calcite
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Epidote

Question 72

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	New roads
B	Fresh water pipelines
C	Air pumps
D	Mineral or metal deposit itself
E	Railways

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 73

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
B	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
C	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
D	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.

Question 74

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Galena
B	Dolomite
C	Chromite
D	Hematite
E	Bornite

Question 74 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 75

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
B	generate high frequency noise.
C	travel perpendicular to the equator.
D	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
E	are always scary.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
B	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
C	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 77

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
B	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
C	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
D	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
D	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
B	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
C	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
C	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

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