GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
B	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
C	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
D	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
E	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 2

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
B	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
C	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
D	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 3

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	Abundance of subsurface water.
C	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
D	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
E	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 4

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Gamma Rays
B	Ultraviolet Rays
C	X-Rays
D	Shortwave
E	Visible light

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	much higher than the previous decade.
B	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
C	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Thorium
B	Uranium
C	Arsenic
D	Radium
E	Gold

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
B	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
C	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
D	Monitoring animal behaviors.
E	Areal electromagnetic surveys.

Question 8

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
B	Compressional wave.
C	Sudden lowering of the water table.
D	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
E	Violent shaking of the ground.

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 9

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
B	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
C	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
D	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
E	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 10

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
B	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
C	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
D	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Epidote
C	Plagioclase Feldspar
D	Quartz
E	Orthoclase feldspar

Question 12

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
B	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
C	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
D	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
E	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 13

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that has a very high density.
B	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
C	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
D	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
E	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.

Question 14

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
C	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
D	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
E	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.

Question 14 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
D	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 16

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Natural gas
C	Nuclear
D	Coal
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 17

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Volcanic eruptions.
B	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
C	Plate tectonics.
D	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 18

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
B	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
C	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
D	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
E	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
D	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
E	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Propane
B	Butane
C	Ethane
D	Chlorine vapor/gas
E	Methane

Question 21

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
B	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
C	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
D	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
E	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 22

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
C	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
D	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
E	There is no proven technology.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 23

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
D	slopes of hills or mountains.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 24

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	oceans.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	mantle.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Nuclear
B	Hydroelectric
C	Natural Gas
D	Coal
E	Wind

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 26

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-214
B	Thorium-234
C	Radium-226
D	Polonium-218
E	Lead-206

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 27

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of soil cover.
B	factor of hillslope/length
C	average annual soil loss.
D	short term rain fall runoff.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 28

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
B	secondary-enrichment deposit.
C	placer deposit.
D	magmatic deposit.
E	residual mineral deposit.

Question 29

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
B	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
C	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
D	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
E	Polluting the drinking water supply.

Question 29 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
B	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
C	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
D	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.

Question 31

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Global warming or climate change
B	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
C	Natural subsidence
D	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
E	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area

Question 31 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 32

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Coal industry.
B	Petroleum refining industry.
C	Uranium mining industry.
D	Aluminum mining industry.
E	Agricultural industry.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	90% to100% of world's rivers.
B	2/3 of world's rivers.
C	2/5 of world's rivers.
D	1/2 of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 34

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	natural science.
B	global science.
C	evolutionary natural science.
D	earth system science.
E	climate change science.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 35

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Unconformity trap
B	Anticline trap
C	Salt dome trap
D	Pinchout trap
E	Lens trap
F	Fault trap

Question 36

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Environmental mitigation
B	Consolidation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Intervention
E	Bioremediation

Question 36 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 37

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
B	due to over population.
C	after the French revolution.
D	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
E	as a result of the industrial revolution.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 38

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Chrome
B	Iron
C	Titanium
D	Nickel

Question 38 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 39

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	CO32−
B	H2O
C	H2O2
D	H3O+

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
D	Install better air quality management system.
E	Reduce acid mine drainage.

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 41

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Fires
B	Building collapse
C	Liquefaction
D	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
E	Landslides

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 42

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	generate light energy.
B	increase potential energy.
C	slowing down the chemical reaction.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	release atomic and subatomic particles.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 43

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	coal , bitumen
B	heavy metals , precious metals
C	minerals , aggregates
D	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
E	uranium , aluminum

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
B	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
C	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
D	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 45

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Clay
B	Sand
C	Limestone
D	Gravel
E	Sandstone

Question 45 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Rapid melting of permafrost.
B	Increased in overburden load.
C	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
D	Increased in the groundwater table.
E	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface permeability.
B	Increased in subsurface porosity.
C	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
D	Increased in rainfall.
E	Increased in sediment compaction rate.

Question 47 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 48

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Lack of funding for research
B	Not having enough data to prove one way another
C	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
D	Politicization of science itself
E	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity

Question 48 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 49

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Oil Window
B	Resource Section
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Optimal Range

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and North America
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 51

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
B	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
C	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.

Question 51 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 52

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
B	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
C	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
D	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
E	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.

Question 52 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 53

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
D	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough research funds
B	Not enough researchers working in this area
C	Politicization of science
D	Not enough scientific data
E	It is dividing the world leading to wars

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Thousands of years
B	Tens of years
C	10 days
D	Up to tens of thousands of years
E	2 weeks

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 56

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
B	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
E	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 57

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
B	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
C	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
D	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
E	None of the answers listed here are correct.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 58

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	Low vegetation
B	High permeability
C	High porosity
D	High topographic relief
E	High urbanization

Question 58 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 59

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Dolomite
B	Chromite
C	Galena
D	Bornite
E	Hematite

Question 59 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 60

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	animals , plants
B	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
C	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter

Question 61

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
B	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
C	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
D	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
E	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A deposit of precious metals.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
D	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.

Question 63

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cambrian
B	Devonian
C	Cretaceous
D	Permian
E	Triassic

Question 63 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 64

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Gravel
B	Cobble
C	Silt
D	Sand
E	Clay

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	C horizon
C	B horizon
D	A horizon

Question 65 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 66

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Railways
B	Air pumps
C	New roads
D	Fresh water pipelines
E	Mineral or metal deposit itself

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
B	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
C	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
D	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.

Question 68

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	kerogen.
B	carbon-oxygen bonds.
C	inorganic compounds.
D	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
E	transitional metals and carbons.

Question 69

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Volcanoes
B	Earthquakes
C	Global warming
D	Floodplains

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Radiation energy.
B	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Friction between sub-atomic particles.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	subject to rapid oxidation.
B	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
C	undergoing subsidence.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	characterized by a large basin.

Question 72

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Petrol (gasoline)
B	Natural Gas
C	Diesel
D	Coal

Question 72 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 73

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Can be purified through smelting
B	Conducts electricity
C	Strong covalent bonds
D	Mostly solids at room temperature
E	Malleable

Question 74

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Above the the vadose zone.
B	Between vadose and saturation zones.
C	Below the saturation zone.
D	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
E	Above the B soil horizon.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 75

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 70%
B	About 90%
C	About 1%
D	About 30%
E	About 50%

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
B	Nearly straight and shallow channels
C	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
D	Sharp and steep channel walls
E	Meandering sequences

Question 77

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 50%
B	About 70%
C	About 90%
D	About 10%
E	About 1%

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Land subsidence.
B	Lowering of the local water table.
C	Increase in regional pore pressures.
D	Significantly smaller cone of depression.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	India
C	Canada
D	Sri Lanka
E	Mexico

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 80

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	generate high frequency noise.
B	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
C	travel perpendicular to the equator.
D	are always scary.
E	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

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