GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, no guarantees for the currency or accuracy of information are made. It takes several proof readings and rewrites to bring the quiz to an exceptional level. If you find an error, please contact me as soon as possible. Please indicate the question ID-Number or description because server may randomize the questions and answers.

Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

Go to: Midterm Exam

Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

Some questions have hints and explanations. Click Start to begin.

Start

Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam.

You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%. With incorrect multiple attempts your score is %%PERCENTAGE%%

Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted below.

Question 1

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Chemical mitigation
B	Bioremediation
C	Environmental mitigation
D	Consolidation
E	Intervention

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
B	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
C	Increased in the groundwater table.
D	Rapid melting of permafrost.
E	Increased in overburden load.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 3

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 4

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	release atomic and subatomic particles.
B	slowing down the chemical reaction.
C	generate light energy.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	increase potential energy.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 5

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Mineral or metal deposit itself
B	Railways
C	New roads
D	Fresh water pipelines
E	Air pumps

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
B	Plate tectonics.
C	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
D	Volcanic eruptions.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
B	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
C	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
D	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
E	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).

Question 7 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 8

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
B	secondary-enrichment deposit.
C	magmatic deposit.
D	placer deposit.
E	residual mineral deposit.

Question 9

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
B	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
C	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
D	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
E	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 10

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Coal
B	Natural gas
C	Nuclear
D	Hydroelectric
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 11

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
B	much higher than the previous decade.
C	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
D	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 12

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough research funds
B	Not enough scientific data
C	Politicization of science
D	It is dividing the world leading to wars
E	Not enough researchers working in this area

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 13

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
B	after the French revolution.
C	due to over population.
D	as a result of the industrial revolution.
E	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 14

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
C	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
D	There is no proven technology.
E	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	10 days
B	Thousands of years
C	Up to tens of thousands of years
D	2 weeks
E	Tens of years

Question 15 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 16

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 1%
B	About 90%
C	About 30%
D	About 50%
E	About 70%

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 17

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	slopes of hills or mountains.
B	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
C	significant differences between two lithologies.
D	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
E	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	None of the answers listed here are correct.
B	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
C	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
D	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
E	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Uranium
B	Thorium
C	Arsenic
D	Radium
E	Gold

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	High porosity
C	High permeability
D	High urbanization
E	Low vegetation

Question 20 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 21

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Land subsidence.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Increase in regional pore pressures.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 22

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	are always scary.
B	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
C	generate high frequency noise.
D	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
E	travel perpendicular to the equator.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	X-Rays
B	Visible light
C	Shortwave
D	Ultraviolet Rays
E	Gamma Rays

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Meandering sequences
B	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
C	Sharp and steep channel walls
D	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
E	Nearly straight and shallow channels

Question 25

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
B	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
C	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
D	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
E	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 26

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
B	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
C	Natural subsidence
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff

Question 26 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 27

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
B	A mineral that has a very high density.
C	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
D	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
E	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.

Question 28

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Reduce acid mine drainage.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
E	Install better air quality management system.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 29

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
B	Fires
C	Landslides
D	Liquefaction
E	Building collapse

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 30

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
B	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
C	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
D	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.

Question 31

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
B	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
C	Abundance of subsurface water.
D	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 32

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Polonium-218
B	Lead-214
C	Thorium-234
D	Lead-206
E	Radium-226

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 33

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Malleable
B	Strong covalent bonds
C	Can be purified through smelting
D	Conducts electricity
E	Mostly solids at room temperature

Question 34

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	undergoing subsidence.
C	subject to rapid oxidation.
D	characterized by a large basin.
E	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.

Question 35

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
E	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
B	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
C	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
D	A deposit of precious metals.

Question 37

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
D	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
E	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
B	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
C	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
D	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
E	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.

Question 38 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 39

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Not having enough data to prove one way another
B	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
C	Politicization of science itself
D	Lack of funding for research
E	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Methane
B	Chlorine vapor/gas
C	Propane
D	Ethane
E	Butane

Question 41

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Aluminum mining industry.
B	Agricultural industry.
C	Uranium mining industry.
D	Coal industry.
E	Petroleum refining industry.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Salt dome trap
B	Fault trap
C	Lens trap
D	Anticline trap
E	Unconformity trap
F	Pinchout trap

Question 43

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
B	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
C	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
D	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
E	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Cobble
B	Sand
C	Clay
D	Gravel
E	Silt

Question 44 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 45

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
C	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Natural Gas
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Diesel

Question 46 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 47

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
B	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
C	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
D	Radiation energy.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 48

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Iron
B	Titanium
C	Chrome
D	Nickel

Question 48 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 49

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Above the B soil horizon.
B	Above the the vadose zone.
C	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
D	Below the saturation zone.
E	Between vadose and saturation zones.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Polluting the drinking water supply.
B	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
C	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
D	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
E	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 51

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Devonian
B	Cambrian
C	Triassic
D	Cretaceous
E	Permian

Question 51 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 52

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
C	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
D	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.

Question 53

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
B	Increased in subsurface porosity.
C	Increased in rainfall.
D	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
E	Increased in subsurface permeability.

Question 53 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 54

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	minerals , aggregates
B	coal , bitumen
C	heavy metals , precious metals
D	uranium , aluminum
E	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Bornite
B	Galena
C	Dolomite
D	Hematite
E	Chromite

Question 55 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 56

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/3 of world's rivers.
B	90% to100% of world's rivers.
C	1/2 of world's rivers.
D	2/5 of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 57

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
B	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
C	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
D	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
E	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
B	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
C	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
D	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
E	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 59

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Floodplains
B	Global warming
C	Earthquakes
D	Volcanoes

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	oceans.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	mantle.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 61

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
B	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
C	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
D	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
E	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.

Question 62

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Wind
C	Nuclear
D	Coal
E	Natural Gas

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 63

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Asia/Australia
B	Middle East and Latin America
C	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
D	Middle East and North America
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 64

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Mexico
B	Sri Lanka
C	India
D	Canada
E	Tanzania

Question 64 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 65

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
B	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
C	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
D	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 66

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
B	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
C	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
D	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O2
B	H2O
C	CO32−
D	H3O+

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	animals , plants
B	at higher depths , at shallower depths
C	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
D	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
E	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments

Question 69

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
B	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
C	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 70

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	kerogen.
B	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
C	carbon-oxygen bonds.
D	transitional metals and carbons.
E	inorganic compounds.

Question 71

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sand
B	Clay
C	Limestone
D	Sandstone
E	Gravel

Question 71 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 10%
B	About 90%
C	About 70%
D	About 50%
E	About 1%

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 73

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of soil cover.
B	short term rain fall runoff.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	average annual soil loss.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 74

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 75

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
D	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Compressional wave.
B	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
C	Sudden lowering of the water table.
D	Violent shaking of the ground.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 77

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	C horizon
C	A horizon
D	B horizon

Question 77 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 78

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	evolutionary natural science.
B	global science.
C	earth system science.
D	climate change science.
E	natural science.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Optimal Range
B	Resource Section
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Oil Window

Question 79 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Plagioclase Feldspar
C	Epidote
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Quartz

Once you are finished, click the button below. Any items you have not completed will be marked incorrect. Get Results

There are 80 questions to complete.

←

List

→

Return

Shaded items are complete.

1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30
31	32	33	34	35
36	37	38	39	40
41	42	43	44	45
46	47	48	49	50
51	52	53	54	55
56	57	58	59	60
61	62	63	64	65
66	67	68	69	70
71	72	73	74	75
76	77	78	79	80
End

Return

You have completed

questions

question

Your score is

Correct

Wrong

Partial-Credit

You have not finished your quiz. If you leave this page, your progress will be lost.

Correct Answer

You Selected

Not Attempted

Final Score on Quiz

Attempted Questions Correct

Attempted Questions Wrong

Questions Not Attempted

Total Questions on Quiz

Question Details

Results

Date

Score

Hint

Time allowed

minutes

seconds

Time used

Answer Choice(s) Selected

Question Text

All done

Need more practice!

Keep trying!

Not bad!

Good work!

Perfect!

If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. You have multiple opportunities to select the correct answer. This will open up hints and explanations (if available), which will provide additional information.