GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
B	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
C	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
D	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
E	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 2

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Land subsidence.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Increase in regional pore pressures.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 3

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Aluminum mining industry.
B	Petroleum refining industry.
C	Agricultural industry.
D	Coal industry.
E	Uranium mining industry.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 4

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
B	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
C	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Intervention
B	Consolidation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Bioremediation
E	Environmental mitigation

Question 5 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
C	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
D	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
E	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Triassic
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Devonian
E	Cretaceous

Question 7 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 8

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
B	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
C	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 8 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 9

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
B	inorganic compounds.
C	kerogen.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	transitional metals and carbons.

Question 10

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
D	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 11

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	short term rain fall runoff.
B	factor of soil cover.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	soil erodibility index.
E	average annual soil loss.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 12

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
B	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
C	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
D	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
E	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.

Question 12 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Can be purified through smelting
B	Malleable
C	Conducts electricity
D	Strong covalent bonds
E	Mostly solids at room temperature

Question 14

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
B	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
C	Plate tectonics.
D	Volcanic eruptions.

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 15

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Up to tens of thousands of years
B	Tens of years
C	2 weeks
D	Thousands of years
E	10 days

Question 15 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 16

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
C	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 17

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
B	Natural subsidence
C	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	release atomic and subatomic particles.
B	increase potential energy.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	slowing down the chemical reaction.
E	generate light energy.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 19

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 50%
B	About 1%
C	About 90%
D	About 30%
E	About 70%

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 20

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
B	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
C	Radiation energy.
D	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 21

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Nuclear
B	Hydroelectric
C	Natural Gas
D	Coal
E	Wind

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 22

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Floodplains
B	Earthquakes
C	Global warming
D	Volcanoes

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
B	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
C	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Meandering sequences

Question 25

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Dolomite
B	Galena
C	Bornite
D	Chromite
E	Hematite

Question 25 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 26

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
B	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
C	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
D	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
E	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.

Question 27

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
B	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
C	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
D	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
E	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 28

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High urbanization
B	High topographic relief
C	High permeability
D	Low vegetation
E	High porosity

Question 28 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 29

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
D	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.

Question 30

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	None of the answers are correct.
B	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
C	Abundance of subsurface water.
D	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
E	Anoxic subsurface conditions.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
B	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
C	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
D	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
E	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 32

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 10%
B	About 90%
C	About 50%
D	About 70%
E	About 1%

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O2
B	CO32−
C	H2O
D	H3O+

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 34

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/5 of world's rivers.
B	90% to100% of world's rivers.
C	2/5 of world's rivers.
D	2/3 of world's rivers.
E	1/2 of world's rivers.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 35

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
D	None of the answers listed here are correct.
E	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
B	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
C	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
D	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 37

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
B	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.

Question 38

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
B	animals , plants
C	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments

Question 39

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Propane
B	Ethane
C	Butane
D	Methane
E	Chlorine vapor/gas

Question 40

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Unconformity trap
B	Fault trap
C	Lens trap
D	Salt dome trap
E	Pinchout trap
F	Anticline trap

Question 41

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
B	Landslides
C	Building collapse
D	Liquefaction
E	Fires

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 42

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
B	Violent shaking of the ground.
C	Compressional wave.
D	Sudden lowering of the water table.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 43

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface permeability.
B	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
C	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
D	Increased in rainfall.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 43 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 44

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	secondary-enrichment deposit.
B	residual mineral deposit.
C	magmatic deposit.
D	placer deposit.
E	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.

Question 45

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
C	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
D	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.

Question 47

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Gravel
B	Sand
C	Clay
D	Limestone
E	Sandstone

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 48

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Orthoclase feldspar
B	Quartz
C	Epidote
D	Calcite
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 49

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	hydrological water reservoirs.
D	oceans.
E	mantle.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	earth system science.
B	global science.
C	climate change science.
D	evolutionary natural science.
E	natural science.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 51

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Petroleum or oil
B	Coal
C	Nuclear
D	Natural gas
E	Hydroelectric

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 52

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	travel perpendicular to the equator.
B	are always scary.
C	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
D	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
E	generate high frequency noise.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 53

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Diesel
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Natural Gas

Question 53 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 54

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	slopes of hills or mountains.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
D	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 55

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Optimal Range
B	Oil Window
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Resource Section

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 56

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
B	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
C	There is no proven technology.
D	The process requires large amount of energy.
E	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
B	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
C	A mineral that has a very high density.
D	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
E	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.

Question 58

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
B	Not having enough data to prove one way another
C	Lack of funding for research
D	Politicization of science itself
E	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 59

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	B horizon
B	E horizon
C	A horizon
D	C horizon

Question 59 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 60

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	uranium , aluminum
B	coal , bitumen
C	minerals , aggregates
D	heavy metals , precious metals
E	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 61

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
B	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
C	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
D	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
E	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	It is dividing the world leading to wars
B	Not enough scientific data
C	Not enough research funds
D	Not enough researchers working in this area
E	Politicization of science

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
B	Middle East and Asia/Australia
C	Middle East and North America
D	Middle East and Latin America
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 64

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Air pumps
B	Fresh water pipelines
C	Railways
D	New roads
E	Mineral or metal deposit itself

Question 64 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 65

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Titanium
B	Nickel
C	Iron
D	Chrome

Question 65 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 66

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
B	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
C	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
D	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	due to over population.
B	after the French revolution.
C	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
D	as a result of the industrial revolution.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Reduce acid mine drainage.
E	Install better air quality management system.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 69

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Radium
C	Thorium
D	Uranium
E	Arsenic

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Between vadose and saturation zones.
B	Above the the vadose zone.
C	Below the saturation zone.
D	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
E	Above the B soil horizon.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-206
B	Lead-214
C	Thorium-234
D	Radium-226
E	Polonium-218

Question 71 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Canada
B	Mexico
C	Sri Lanka
D	India
E	Tanzania

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 73

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
B	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
C	None of the listed answers are correct.
D	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
E	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 74

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Silt
B	Clay
C	Gravel
D	Sand
E	Cobble

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 75

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
B	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Monitoring animal behaviors.
B	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
C	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
D	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
E	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.

Question 77

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Increased in overburden load.
D	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
E	Rapid melting of permafrost.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
B	rich in organic matter.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	undergoing subsidence.
E	subject to rapid oxidation.

Question 79

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Polluting the drinking water supply.
B	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
C	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
D	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
E	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Gamma Rays
B	X-Rays
C	Ultraviolet Rays
D	Shortwave
E	Visible light

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

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