GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	increase potential energy.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	release atomic and subatomic particles.
D	slowing down the chemical reaction.
E	generate light energy.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 2

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Radiation energy.
B	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
C	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
D	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 3

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Politicization of science
B	Not enough researchers working in this area
C	Not enough research funds
D	It is dividing the world leading to wars
E	Not enough scientific data

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 4

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
D	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 5

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
B	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
C	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
D	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
B	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
C	Rapid melting of permafrost.
D	Increased in the groundwater table.
E	Increased in overburden load.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
B	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
C	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
D	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.

Question 8

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Global warming
B	Floodplains
C	Volcanoes
D	Earthquakes

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 9

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Ethane
B	Methane
C	Chlorine vapor/gas
D	Propane
E	Butane

Question 10

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
B	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
C	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
D	There is no proven technology.
E	The process requires large amount of energy.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	None of the listed answers are correct.
B	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
C	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
D	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
E	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 12

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Petroleum or oil
B	Coal
C	Natural gas
D	Hydroelectric
E	Nuclear

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 13

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Quartz
C	Epidote
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 14

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Agricultural industry.
B	Petroleum refining industry.
C	Aluminum mining industry.
D	Coal industry.
E	Uranium mining industry.

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 15

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Titanium
B	Chrome
C	Nickel
D	Iron

Question 15 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 16

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Cobble
B	Silt
C	Clay
D	Sand
E	Gravel

Question 16 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High urbanization
B	Low vegetation
C	High permeability
D	High topographic relief
E	High porosity

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 18

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 50%
B	About 90%
C	About 70%
D	About 30%
E	About 1%

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Coal
B	Diesel
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Natural Gas

Question 19 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
B	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
C	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
D	None of the answers listed here are correct.
E	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 21

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Meandering sequences
B	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
C	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Sharp and steep channel walls

Question 22

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
B	heavy metals , precious metals
C	uranium , aluminum
D	minerals , aggregates
E	coal , bitumen

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and Asia/Australia
C	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
D	Middle East and North America
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 24

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
C	Global warming or climate change
D	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
E	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff

Question 24 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of the industrial revolution.
B	after the French revolution.
C	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
D	due to over population.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 26

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Canada
B	Mexico
C	Tanzania
D	India
E	Sri Lanka

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	climate change science.
B	evolutionary natural science.
C	natural science.
D	earth system science.
E	global science.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at higher depths , at shallower depths
B	animals , plants
C	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
D	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
E	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments

Question 29

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Polluting the drinking water supply.
B	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
C	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
D	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
E	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.

Question 29 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A deposit of precious metals.
B	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
C	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
D	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.

Question 31

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Coal
B	Natural Gas
C	Hydroelectric
D	Nuclear
E	Wind

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 32

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Gravel
B	Sand
C	Sandstone
D	Limestone
E	Clay

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 33

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	showing exponential increased in temperatures.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 34

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Building collapse
B	Landslides
C	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
D	Liquefaction
E	Fires

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 35

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Shortwave
B	Ultraviolet Rays
C	X-Rays
D	Visible light
E	Gamma Rays

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
E	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Compressional wave.
B	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
C	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
D	Sudden lowering of the water table.
E	Violent shaking of the ground.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 38

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in rainfall.
B	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
C	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
D	Increased in subsurface porosity.
E	Increased in subsurface permeability.

Question 38 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 39

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
B	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
C	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 40

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-214
B	Polonium-218
C	Lead-206
D	Radium-226
E	Thorium-234

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 41

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
C	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	average annual soil loss.
B	factor of hillslope/length
C	factor of soil cover.
D	short term rain fall runoff.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 43

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Fault trap
B	Anticline trap
C	Pinchout trap
D	Unconformity trap
E	Lens trap
F	Salt dome trap

Question 44

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
B	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
C	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 44 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 45

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
B	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
C	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 46

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	hydrological water reservoirs.
B	upper crust.
C	oceans.
D	mantle.
E	lower atmosphere.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 47

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 48

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
D	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.

Question 49

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	are always scary.
B	generate high frequency noise.
C	travel perpendicular to the equator.
D	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
E	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 50

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
B	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
C	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
D	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
E	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
B	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
E	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 52

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/5 of world's rivers.
B	90% to100% of world's rivers.
C	1/2 of world's rivers.
D	2/3 of world's rivers.
E	2/5 of world's rivers.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 53

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
D	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 54

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
B	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
C	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
D	A mineral that has a very high density.
E	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.

Question 55

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Bornite
B	Hematite
C	Dolomite
D	Galena
E	Chromite

Question 55 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 56

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	B horizon
C	C horizon
D	A horizon

Question 56 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Oil Window
B	Resource Section
C	Optimal Range
D	Hydrocarbon Sector

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 50%
B	About 90%
C	About 10%
D	About 1%
E	About 70%

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 59

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Lack of funding for research
B	Not having enough data to prove one way another
C	Politicization of science itself
D	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
E	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Abundance of subsurface water.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
D	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
E	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 61

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Bioremediation
B	Consolidation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Intervention
E	Environmental mitigation

Question 61 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 62

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
B	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
C	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
D	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
E	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
B	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
C	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
D	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 64

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Uranium
C	Thorium
D	Arsenic
E	Radium

Question 64 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 65

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
B	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
B	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
C	Volcanic eruptions.
D	Plate tectonics.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Can be purified through smelting
B	Mostly solids at room temperature
C	Strong covalent bonds
D	Conducts electricity
E	Malleable

Question 68

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	secondary-enrichment deposit.
B	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
C	residual mineral deposit.
D	placer deposit.
E	magmatic deposit.

Question 69

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	H3O+
C	CO32−
D	H2O2

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Triassic
B	Cretaceous
C	Devonian
D	Permian
E	Cambrian

Question 70 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
B	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
C	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
D	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
E	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.

Question 71 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 72

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	transitional metals and carbons.
B	inorganic compounds.
C	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	kerogen.

Question 73

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Thousands of years
B	Tens of years
C	2 weeks
D	10 days
E	Up to tens of thousands of years

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 74

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Land subsidence.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Increase in regional pore pressures.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 75

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Air pumps
B	Mineral or metal deposit itself
C	Railways
D	New roads
E	Fresh water pipelines

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
B	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
C	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 77

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
B	Below the saturation zone.
C	Between vadose and saturation zones.
D	Above the B soil horizon.
E	Above the the vadose zone.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 78

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
B	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
C	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
D	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 79

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Install better air quality management system.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Reduce acid mine drainage.
D	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
E	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 80

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	undergoing subsidence.

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