GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	90% to100% of world's rivers.
B	2/5 of world's rivers.
C	1/2 of world's rivers.
D	2/3 of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 2

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
B	Abundance of subsurface water.
C	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
D	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 3

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Polonium-218
B	Thorium-234
C	Radium-226
D	Lead-206
E	Lead-214

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 4

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
B	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
C	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
D	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
E	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
B	at higher depths , at shallower depths
C	animals , plants
D	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
E	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments

Question 7

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Salt dome trap
B	Fault trap
C	Anticline trap
D	Pinchout trap
E	Lens trap
F	Unconformity trap

Question 8

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
B	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
C	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
D	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
E	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 9

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Natural Gas
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Coal

Question 9 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 10

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
B	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
C	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
D	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
E	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
D	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
E	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 12

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
D	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
E	Increased in subsurface permeability.

Question 12 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 13

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 1%
B	About 90%
C	About 30%
D	About 70%
E	About 50%

Question 13 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 14

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
C	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area

Question 14 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 15

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
D	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 16

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	slopes of hills or mountains.
B	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
C	significant differences between two lithologies.
D	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
E	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
B	Radiation energy.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Friction between sub-atomic particles.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Above the B soil horizon.
B	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
C	Between vadose and saturation zones.
D	Below the saturation zone.
E	Above the the vadose zone.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sand
B	Sandstone
C	Clay
D	Gravel
E	Limestone

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
B	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
C	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
D	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
E	Monitoring animal behaviors.

Question 21

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
B	A mineral that has a very high density.
C	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
D	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
E	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.

Question 22

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 50%
B	About 70%
C	About 1%
D	About 90%
E	About 10%

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	minerals , aggregates
B	uranium , aluminum
C	coal , bitumen
D	heavy metals , precious metals
E	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Rapid melting of permafrost.
B	Increased in overburden load.
C	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
D	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
E	Increased in the groundwater table.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 25

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Hematite
B	Bornite
C	Chromite
D	Galena
E	Dolomite

Question 25 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 26

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
B	placer deposit.
C	residual mineral deposit.
D	secondary-enrichment deposit.
E	magmatic deposit.

Question 27

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	global science.
B	evolutionary natural science.
C	natural science.
D	climate change science.
E	earth system science.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Lack of funding for research
D	Not having enough data to prove one way another
E	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Meandering sequences
C	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
D	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
E	Nearly straight and shallow channels

Question 30

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
B	Polluting the drinking water supply.
C	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
D	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
E	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and North America
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 32

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Plate tectonics.
B	Volcanic eruptions.
C	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
D	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	H3O+
C	CO32−
D	H2O2

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 34

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
B	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
C	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
D	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
E	Frozen water part of the Earth system.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 35

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	hydrological water reservoirs.
B	oceans.
C	upper crust.
D	mantle.
E	lower atmosphere.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 36

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	travel perpendicular to the equator.
B	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
C	generate high frequency noise.
D	are always scary.
E	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Liquefaction
B	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
C	Landslides
D	Fires
E	Building collapse

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 38

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Floodplains
B	Earthquakes
C	Volcanoes
D	Global warming

Question 38 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 39

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Wind
B	Coal
C	Nuclear
D	Natural Gas
E	Hydroelectric

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 40

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Can be purified through smelting
B	Conducts electricity
C	Malleable
D	Strong covalent bonds
E	Mostly solids at room temperature

Question 41

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	New roads
B	Air pumps
C	Railways
D	Mineral or metal deposit itself
E	Fresh water pipelines

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
B	Violent shaking of the ground.
C	Compressional wave.
D	Sudden lowering of the water table.
E	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 43

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Coal industry.
B	Aluminum mining industry.
C	Uranium mining industry.
D	Agricultural industry.
E	Petroleum refining industry.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Devonian
E	Triassic

Question 44 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 45

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
C	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
D	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.

Question 46

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
B	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
C	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
D	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
B	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
C	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 48

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
B	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
C	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 48 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 49

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Optimal Range
B	Oil Window
C	Resource Section
D	Hydrocarbon Sector

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	2 weeks
B	Thousands of years
C	10 days
D	Tens of years
E	Up to tens of thousands of years

Question 50 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 51

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Ethane
B	Methane
C	Chlorine vapor/gas
D	Propane
E	Butane

Question 52

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of hillslope/length
B	average annual soil loss.
C	short term rain fall runoff.
D	factor of soil cover.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 53

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough scientific data
B	Politicization of science
C	Not enough researchers working in this area
D	It is dividing the world leading to wars
E	Not enough research funds

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
B	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
C	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 55

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	Low vegetation
C	High porosity
D	High permeability
E	High urbanization

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 56

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
B	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
C	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
D	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
E	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Uranium
B	Gold
C	Arsenic
D	Radium
E	Thorium

Question 57 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 58

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	release atomic and subatomic particles.
B	slowing down the chemical reaction.
C	increase potential energy.
D	generate light energy.
E	None of the answers are correct.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 59

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
B	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
C	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
D	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 60

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	None of the listed answers are correct.
B	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
C	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
D	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
E	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 61

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	Sri Lanka
C	Canada
D	Mexico
E	India

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	X-Rays
B	Shortwave
C	Gamma Rays
D	Visible light
E	Ultraviolet Rays

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
B	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
C	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
D	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
E	None of the answers listed here are correct.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 64

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	transitional metals and carbons.
B	kerogen.
C	inorganic compounds.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 65

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
D	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.

Question 66

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Land subsidence.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Lowering of the local water table.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Nickel
B	Titanium
C	Iron
D	Chrome

Question 67 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 68

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
B	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
C	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
D	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
E	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.

Question 69

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
B	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Reduce acid mine drainage.
E	Install better air quality management system.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 70

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Consolidation
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Intervention
D	Chemical mitigation
E	Bioremediation

Question 70 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Cobble
B	Sand
C	Clay
D	Silt
E	Gravel

Question 71 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	subject to rapid oxidation.
B	characterized by a large basin.
C	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
D	rich in organic matter.
E	undergoing subsidence.

Question 73

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
B	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
C	A deposit of precious metals.
D	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.

Question 74

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Epidote
C	Orthoclase feldspar
D	Quartz
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 75

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Natural gas
B	Nuclear
C	Hydroelectric
D	Coal
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 76

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
B	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
C	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
D	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
E	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	after the French revolution.
B	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
C	as a result of the industrial revolution.
D	due to over population.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 78

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	There is no proven technology.
B	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
C	The process requires large amount of energy.
D	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
E	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
B	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
C	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
D	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
E	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.

Question 79 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 80

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	A horizon
B	B horizon
C	E horizon
D	C horizon

Question 80 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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