GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	short term rain fall runoff.
B	average annual soil loss.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	factor of soil cover.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 2

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
B	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
C	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
D	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
E	A mineral that has a very high density.

Question 3

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	oceans.
B	upper crust.
C	lower atmosphere.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	mantle.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 4

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 6

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
B	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
C	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
D	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
E	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 7

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	magmatic deposit.
B	secondary-enrichment deposit.
C	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
D	placer deposit.
E	residual mineral deposit.

Question 8

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cambrian
B	Cretaceous
C	Permian
D	Triassic
E	Devonian

Question 8 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 9

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone.
B	Above the the vadose zone.
C	Above the B soil horizon.
D	Between vadose and saturation zones.
E	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.

Question 9 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 10

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Lack of funding for research
D	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
E	Not having enough data to prove one way another

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Landslides
B	Liquefaction
C	Building collapse
D	Fires
E	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 12

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	inorganic compounds.
B	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
C	transitional metals and carbons.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	kerogen.

Question 13

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
B	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
C	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
D	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Monitoring animal behaviors.
B	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
C	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
D	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
E	Areal electromagnetic surveys.

Question 15

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	natural science.
B	climate change science.
C	global science.
D	evolutionary natural science.
E	earth system science.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 16

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
B	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
C	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	significant differences between two lithologies.
E	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Calcite
B	Epidote
C	Orthoclase feldspar
D	Quartz
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 19

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
B	The process requires large amount of energy.
C	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
D	There is no proven technology.
E	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Visible light
B	Gamma Rays
C	X-Rays
D	Shortwave
E	Ultraviolet Rays

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 21

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
B	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
C	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
D	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
E	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 22

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	B horizon
B	A horizon
C	E horizon
D	C horizon

Question 22 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 23

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Compressional wave.
B	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
C	Violent shaking of the ground.
D	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
E	Sudden lowering of the water table.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 24

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Can be purified through smelting
B	Mostly solids at room temperature
C	Strong covalent bonds
D	Malleable
E	Conducts electricity

Question 25

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	undergoing subsidence.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
E	subject to rapid oxidation.

Question 26

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Aluminum mining industry.
B	Petroleum refining industry.
C	Uranium mining industry.
D	Agricultural industry.
E	Coal industry.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
B	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
C	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
D	A deposit of precious metals.

Question 28

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Petrol (gasoline)
B	Natural Gas
C	Coal
D	Diesel

Question 28 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 29

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
B	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
C	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
D	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
E	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 30

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
B	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 31

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Optimal Range
B	Oil Window
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Resource Section

Question 31 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 32

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Railways
B	Air pumps
C	Fresh water pipelines
D	Mineral or metal deposit itself
E	New roads

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 33

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Meandering sequences
B	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
C	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Sharp and steep channel walls

Question 34

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Plate tectonics.
B	Volcanic eruptions.
C	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
D	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 35

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in subsurface permeability.
D	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
E	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.

Question 35 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 36

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/2 of world's rivers.
B	2/5 of world's rivers.
C	1/5 of world's rivers.
D	90% to100% of world's rivers.
E	2/3 of world's rivers.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
C	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift

Question 37 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	heavy metals , precious metals
B	minerals , aggregates
C	coal , bitumen
D	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
E	uranium , aluminum

Question 38 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 39

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H3O+
B	CO32−
C	H2O
D	H2O2

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 40

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Silt
B	Sand
C	Clay
D	Gravel
E	Cobble

Question 40 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 41

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
B	due to over population.
C	after the French revolution.
D	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
E	as a result of the industrial revolution.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 42

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Fault trap
B	Pinchout trap
C	Unconformity trap
D	Lens trap
E	Anticline trap
F	Salt dome trap

Question 43

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
C	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
D	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
E	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
C	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
D	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.

Question 45

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Land subsidence.
B	Lowering of the local water table.
C	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
D	Increase in regional pore pressures.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough researchers working in this area
B	It is dividing the world leading to wars
C	Politicization of science
D	Not enough scientific data
E	Not enough research funds

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	Mexico
C	Sri Lanka
D	Canada
E	India

Question 48 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 49

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
B	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Install better air quality management system.
E	Reduce acid mine drainage.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 50

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Wind
C	Coal
D	Nuclear
E	Natural Gas

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 51

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 10%
B	About 70%
C	About 90%
D	About 1%
E	About 50%

Question 51 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 52

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Butane
B	Propane
C	Chlorine vapor/gas
D	Ethane
E	Methane

Question 53

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Floodplains
B	Earthquakes
C	Global warming
D	Volcanoes

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
D	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
E	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 55

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
B	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
C	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
D	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
E	Polluting the drinking water supply.

Question 55 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 56

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
B	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
C	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
D	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
E	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 57

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and North America
B	Middle East and Asia/Australia
C	Middle East and Africa
D	Middle East and Latin America
E	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia

Question 58

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
B	Radiation energy.
C	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
D	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 59

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Coal
C	Nuclear
D	Petroleum or oil
E	Natural gas

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 60

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
B	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
C	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
D	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
E	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.

Question 60 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 61

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Nickel
B	Iron
C	Titanium
D	Chrome

Question 61 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 62

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sand
B	Gravel
C	Limestone
D	Sandstone
E	Clay

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 63

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
B	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
C	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
D	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.

Question 64

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Environmental mitigation
B	Bioremediation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Intervention
E	Consolidation

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Radium
B	Thorium
C	Arsenic
D	Gold
E	Uranium

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High porosity
B	High topographic relief
C	Low vegetation
D	High urbanization
E	High permeability

Question 66 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 67

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	increase potential energy.
B	generate light energy.
C	slowing down the chemical reaction.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	release atomic and subatomic particles.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 68

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
B	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
C	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
D	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
E	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.

Question 69

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
B	at higher depths , at shallower depths
C	animals , plants
D	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
E	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments

Question 70

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
B	travel perpendicular to the equator.
C	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
D	are always scary.
E	generate high frequency noise.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 71

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Galena
B	Hematite
C	Dolomite
D	Chromite
E	Bornite

Question 71 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 72

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-214
B	Lead-206
C	Radium-226
D	Polonium-218
E	Thorium-234

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 73

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 30%
B	About 1%
C	About 50%
D	About 70%
E	About 90%

Question 73 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 74

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
C	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
D	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 75

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
B	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
E	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
C	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 77

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
B	Abundance of subsurface water.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
E	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.

Question 77 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 78

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
B	None of the answers listed here are correct.
C	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
D	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
E	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 79

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Increased in the groundwater table.
B	Increased in overburden load.
C	Rapid melting of permafrost.
D	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
E	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 80

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Up to tens of thousands of years
B	Tens of years
C	Thousands of years
D	10 days
E	2 weeks

Question 80 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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