GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience
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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.
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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam
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Question 1 |
A | Clay |
B | Gravel |
C | Sand |
D | Cobble |
E | Silt |
Question 2 |
A | Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids. |
B | Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars. |
C | Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface. |
D | Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material. |
E | Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier, |
Question 3 |
A | Nickel |
B | Chrome |
C | Iron |
D | Titanium |
Question 4 |
A | MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals. |
B | MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body. |
C | MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water. |
D | MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions. |
Question 5 |
A | Petroleum refining industry. |
B | Agricultural industry. |
C | Uranium mining industry. |
D | Coal industry. |
E | Aluminum mining industry. |
Question 6 |
A | Natural gas |
B | Coal |
C | Petroleum or oil |
D | Nuclear |
E | Hydroelectric |
Question 7 |
A | are always scary. |
B | generate high frequency noise. |
C | have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier. |
D | travel perpendicular to the equator. |
E | are about 10 times faster than a regular waves. |
Question 8 |
A | Arsenic |
B | Thorium |
C | Uranium |
D | Radium |
E | Gold |
Question 9 |
A | Above the the vadose zone. |
B | Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone. |
C | Between vadose and saturation zones. |
D | Below the saturation zone. |
E | Above the B soil horizon. |
Question 10 |
A | Volcanic eruptions. |
B | Plate tectonics. |
C | Extraterrestrial impact on Earth. |
D | Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth. |
Question 11 |
CO2(aq) + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3− + H+ --> ________ + 2H+.
A | H2O |
B | H3O+ |
C | H2O2 |
D | CO32− |
Question 12 |
A | Ultraviolet Rays |
B | Visible light |
C | Shortwave |
D | Gamma Rays |
E | X-Rays |
Question 13 |
A | earth system science. |
B | natural science. |
C | global science. |
D | climate change science. |
E | evolutionary natural science. |
Question 14 |
A | None of the answers listed here are correct. |
B | An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms. |
C | A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment. |
D | A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta. |
E | A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems. |
Question 15 |
A | Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer. |
B | Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction. |
C | Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region. |
D | Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface. |
E | Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer. |
Question 16 |
A | Floodplains |
B | Global warming |
C | Volcanoes |
D | Earthquakes |
Question 17 |
A | magmatic deposit. |
B | secondary-enrichment deposit. |
C | placer deposit. |
D | residual mineral deposit. |
E | Mississippi Valley-type deposit. |
Question 18 |
A | Papers are highly weighted towards evidence. |
B | Influence of political and social pressures on scientists. |
C | Too many contradicting statements in published papers. |
D | Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science. |
E | Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations. |
Question 19 |
A | Ethane |
B | Propane |
C | Methane |
D | Chlorine vapor/gas |
E | Butane |
Question 20 |
A | Areas of high hydraulic pressures. |
B | Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water. |
C | None of the listed answers are correct. |
D | Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well. |
E | Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life. |
Question 21 |
A | Lowering of the local water table. |
B | Increase in regional pore pressures. |
C | Land subsidence. |
D | Significantly smaller cone of depression. |
Question 22 |
A | Natural subsidence |
B | Global warming or climate change |
C | Eustatic change and isostatic uplift |
D | Increased in soil and land erosion in the area |
E | Increased in rainfall and surface runoff |
Question 23 |
A | Intervention |
B | Environmental mitigation |
C | Consolidation |
D | Chemical mitigation |
E | Bioremediation |
Question 24 |
A | It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean. |
B | There is no proven technology. |
C | It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water. |
D | The process requires large amount of energy. |
E | It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt. |
Question 25 |
A | High urbanization |
B | Low vegetation |
C | High permeability |
D | High porosity |
E | High topographic relief |
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.
Question 26 |
A | About 70% |
B | About 50% |
C | About 1% |
D | About 90% |
E | About 30% |
Question 27 |
A | Increased in overburden load. |
B | Increased in the groundwater table. |
C | Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface. |
D | Increased compaction of subsurface sediments. |
E | Rapid melting of permafrost. |
Question 28 |
A | Middle East and Latin America |
B | Middle East and Asia/Australia |
C | Middle East and North America |
D | Middle East and Africa |
E | Middle East and Europe/Eurasia |
Question 29 |
A | Railways |
B | Air pumps |
C | Fresh water pipelines |
D | Mineral or metal deposit itself |
E | New roads |
Question 30 |
A | It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill. |
B | It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane. |
C | It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it. |
D | It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world. |
E | It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane. |
Question 31 |
A | significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other. |
B | differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude. |
C | difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform. |
D | slopes of hills or mountains. |
E | significant differences between two lithologies. |
Question 32 |
A | after the French revolution. |
B | as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower. |
C | as a result of improvements in technological industry. |
D | as a result of the industrial revolution. |
E | due to over population. |
Question 33 |
A | B horizon |
B | A horizon |
C | E horizon |
D | C horizon |
Question 34 |
A | 1/2 of world's rivers. |
B | 90% to100% of world's rivers. |
C | 2/5 of world's rivers. |
D | 1/5 of world's rivers. |
E | 2/3 of world's rivers. |
Question 35 |
A | lower atmosphere. |
B | hydrological water reservoirs. |
C | oceans. |
D | mantle. |
E | upper crust. |
Question 36 |
A | Increased in rainfall. |
B | Increased in surface water evaporation rate. |
C | Increased in subsurface porosity. |
D | Increased in sediment compaction rate. |
E | Increased in subsurface permeability. |
Question 37 |
A | Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity |
B | Not having enough data to prove one way another |
C | Lack of funding for research |
D | Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction |
E | Politicization of science itself |
Question 38 |
A | Frozen water part of the Earth system. |
B | Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system). |
C | Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere. |
D | Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere. |
E | Upper most layer of the lithosphere. |
Question 39 |
A | A deposit of precious metals. |
B | A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust. |
C | A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals. |
D | A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined. |
Question 40 |
A | Radiation energy. |
B | Steam produced by heated fluids such as water. |
C | Kinetic energy of the atoms. |
D | Friction between sub-atomic particles. |
Question 41 |
A | Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains. |
B | Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains. |
C | Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week). |
D | There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary. |
E | The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so. |
Question 42 |
A | Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits. |
B | Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments. |
C | Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface. |
D | The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid. |
E | Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition. |
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.
Question 43 |
A | Strong covalent bonds |
B | Malleable |
C | Can be purified through smelting |
D | Mostly solids at room temperature |
E | Conducts electricity |
Question 44 |
A | Slow burial and lithification of sediments. |
B | Lower pressures in subsurface than normal. |
C | None of the answers are correct. |
D | Abundance of subsurface water. |
E | Anoxic subsurface conditions. |
Question 45 |
A | Anticline trap |
B | Salt dome trap |
C | Lens trap |
D | Unconformity trap |
E | Pinchout trap |
F | Fault trap |
Question 46 |
A | Channels cut in to the soil by erosion. |
B | Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas. |
C | Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake. |
D | Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration. |
Question 47 |
A | Hydroelectric |
B | Coal |
C | Natural Gas |
D | Nuclear |
E | Wind |
Question 48 |
A | Devonian |
B | Triassic |
C | Cambrian |
D | Permian |
E | Cretaceous |
Question 49 |
A | Limestone |
B | Sand |
C | Clay |
D | Sandstone |
E | Gravel |
Question 50 |
A | It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum. |
B | It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite. |
C | It measures radiation of the sun and planets. |
D | It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum. |
E | It measure the capacity to change energy balance. |
Question 51 |
A | unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials |
B | coal , bitumen |
C | minerals , aggregates |
D | uranium , aluminum |
E | heavy metals , precious metals |
Question 52 |
A | two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms |
B | at higher depths , at shallower depths |
C | under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments |
D | at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter |
E | animals , plants |
Question 53 |
A | It can be caused by both natural and human processes. |
B | It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture. |
C | In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts. |
D | It is only observed in regions where there are mines. |
Question 54 |
A | A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry. |
B | A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness. |
C | A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people. |
D | A mineral that has a very high density. |
E | A mineral that expensive due to rarity. |
Question 55 |
A | Monitoring animal behaviors. |
B | Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems. |
C | Areal electromagnetic surveys. |
D | Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones. |
E | Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface. |
Question 56 |
A | Bornite |
B | Chromite |
C | Galena |
D | Dolomite |
E | Hematite |
Question 57 |
A | Lead-214 |
B | Polonium-218 |
C | Thorium-234 |
D | Radium-226 |
E | Lead-206 |
Question 58 |
A | carbon-oxygen bonds. |
B | transitional metals and carbons. |
C | kerogen. |
D | inorganic compounds. |
E | carbon-hydrogen bonds. |
Question 59 |
A | Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures. |
B | Sudden lowering of the water table. |
C | Violent shaking of the ground. |
D | Compressional wave. |
E | Loud noises produced at the fault line. |
Question 60 |
A | increase potential energy. |
B | None of the answers are correct. |
C | generate light energy. |
D | slowing down the chemical reaction. |
E | release atomic and subatomic particles. |
Question 61 |
A | Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities. |
B | Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes. |
C | All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities. |
D | All determinations are based on random probability statistics. |
E | Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence. |
Question 62 |
A | The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff. |
B | The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration. |
C | Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events. |
D | Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas. |
Question 63 |
A | undergoing subsidence. |
B | subject to rapid oxidation. |
C | rich in organic matter. |
D | characterized by a large basin. |
E | undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation. |
Question 64 |
A | Meandering sequences |
B | Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor |
C | Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form |
D | Sharp and steep channel walls |
E | Nearly straight and shallow channels |
Question 65 |
A | They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North. |
B | They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere. |
C | They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments. |
D | Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population. |
E | They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic. |
Question 66 |
A | average annual soil loss. |
B | factor of soil cover. |
C | short term rain fall runoff. |
D | soil erodibility index. |
E | factor of hillslope/length |
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.
Question 67 |
A | Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher. |
B | Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change. |
C | Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami". |
D | Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries. |
E | North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us. |
Question 68 |
A | well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies. |
B | much higher than the previous decade. |
C | showing exponential increased in temperatures. |
D | composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene. |
Question 69 |
A | Oil Window |
B | Optimal Range |
C | Hydrocarbon Sector |
D | Resource Section |
Question 70 |
A | Epidote |
B | Orthoclase feldspar |
C | Calcite |
D | Plagioclase Feldspar |
E | Quartz |
Question 71 |
A | Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay. |
B | Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions. |
C | Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale. |
D | Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale. |
Question 72 |
A | Tanzania |
B | Sri Lanka |
C | India |
D | Canada |
E | Mexico |
Question 73 |
A | Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs. |
B | Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction. |
C | The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices. |
D | The deposit is too small for exploration and production. |
Question 74 |
A | 10 days |
B | Tens of years |
C | 2 weeks |
D | Thousands of years |
E | Up to tens of thousands of years |
Question 75 |
A | Not enough scientific data |
B | Not enough research funds |
C | It is dividing the world leading to wars |
D | Not enough researchers working in this area |
E | Politicization of science |
Question 76 |
A | Provide better eye wear protection equipment. |
B | Install better air quality management system. |
C | Reduce acid mine drainage.
|
D | Increase the access to fresh drinking water. |
E | Decrease the humidity of the mines. |
Question 77 |
A | Natural Gas |
B | Petrol (gasoline) |
C | Coal |
D | Diesel |
Question 78 |
A | Landslides |
B | Building collapse |
C | Fires |
D | All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake. |
E | Liquefaction |
Question 79 |
A | About 1% |
B | About 50% |
C | About 70% |
D | About 10% |
E | About 90% |
Question 80 |
A | Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas. |
B | Polluting the drinking water supply. |
C | Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs. |
D | Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil. |
E | Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings. |
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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Gerald Osborn and Dr. Glenn Dolphin during Winter 2016 and textbook ISBN-978-0-393-93750-3.
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