GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Polonium-218
B	Thorium-234
C	Lead-214
D	Lead-206
E	Radium-226

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 2

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 3

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Fresh water pipelines
B	Mineral or metal deposit itself
C	Air pumps
D	Railways
E	New roads

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 4

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	are always scary.
B	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
C	generate high frequency noise.
D	travel perpendicular to the equator.
E	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
D	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
E	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
B	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
C	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
D	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.

Question 7

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
B	Land subsidence.
C	Increase in regional pore pressures.
D	Lowering of the local water table.

Question 7 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 8

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Politicization of science
B	Not enough researchers working in this area
C	Not enough research funds
D	Not enough scientific data
E	It is dividing the world leading to wars

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 9

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Sand
B	Silt
C	Clay
D	Cobble
E	Gravel

Question 9 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 10

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Radiation energy.
B	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
C	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
D	Kinetic energy of the atoms.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	C horizon
C	B horizon
D	A horizon

Question 11 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 12

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Coal industry.
B	Aluminum mining industry.
C	Petroleum refining industry.
D	Uranium mining industry.
E	Agricultural industry.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 13

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
B	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
C	Volcanic eruptions.
D	Plate tectonics.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 14

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Fires
B	Liquefaction
C	Landslides
D	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
E	Building collapse

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 15

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
B	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
C	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
D	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 16

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
C	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
D	Global warming or climate change
E	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff

Question 16 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	slowing down the chemical reaction.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	increase potential energy.
D	release atomic and subatomic particles.
E	generate light energy.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 18

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
B	Rapid melting of permafrost.
C	Increased in the groundwater table.
D	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
E	Increased in overburden load.

Question 18 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 19

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Meandering sequences
C	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor

Question 20

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	None of the answers listed here are correct.
B	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
C	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
D	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
E	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 21

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Earthquakes
B	Floodplains
C	Global warming
D	Volcanoes

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 22

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
B	The process requires large amount of energy.
C	There is no proven technology.
D	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
E	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 23

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Compressional wave.
B	Sudden lowering of the water table.
C	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
D	Violent shaking of the ground.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 24

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Devonian
B	Cretaceous
C	Permian
D	Cambrian
E	Triassic

Question 24 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 25

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	oceans.
B	hydrological water reservoirs.
C	mantle.
D	upper crust.
E	lower atmosphere.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 26

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 50%
B	About 70%
C	About 1%
D	About 30%
E	About 90%

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
B	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
C	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
D	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
E	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.

Question 27 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 28

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
B	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
C	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
D	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
E	A mineral that has a very high density.

Question 29

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
B	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
C	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
D	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
E	Polluting the drinking water supply.

Question 29 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	natural science.
B	earth system science.
C	climate change science.
D	global science.
E	evolutionary natural science.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Methane
B	Butane
C	Propane
D	Chlorine vapor/gas
E	Ethane

Question 32

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and Africa
C	Middle East and Asia/Australia
D	Middle East and North America
E	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia

Question 33

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
B	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
C	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
D	much higher than the previous decade.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 34

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	factor of soil cover.
B	factor of hillslope/length
C	short term rain fall runoff.
D	average annual soil loss.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 34 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 35

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	after the French revolution.
B	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
C	as a result of the industrial revolution.
D	due to over population.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
D	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.

Question 37

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
B	carbon-oxygen bonds.
C	kerogen.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	transitional metals and carbons.

Question 38

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
B	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
C	animals , plants
D	at higher depths , at shallower depths
E	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms

Question 39

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sandstone
B	Gravel
C	Clay
D	Sand
E	Limestone

Question 39 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 40

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
B	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
C	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
D	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
E	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Chrome
B	Titanium
C	Iron
D	Nickel

Question 41 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 42

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
D	A deposit of precious metals.

Question 43

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Dolomite
B	Chromite
C	Galena
D	Bornite
E	Hematite

Question 43 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 44

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
B	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
E	significant differences between two lithologies.

Question 44 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 45

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Monitoring animal behaviors.
B	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
C	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
D	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
E	Areal electromagnetic surveys.

Question 46

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Environmental mitigation
B	Bioremediation
C	Chemical mitigation
D	Consolidation
E	Intervention

Question 46 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 47

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
B	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
C	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
D	None of the listed answers are correct.
E	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 48

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Quartz
B	Orthoclase feldspar
C	Calcite
D	Epidote
E	Plagioclase Feldspar

Question 49

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Oil Window
B	Optimal Range
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Resource Section

Question 49 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 50

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
B	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
C	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
D	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
E	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	High urbanization
C	High permeability
D	Low vegetation
E	High porosity

Question 51 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 52

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	residual mineral deposit.
B	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
C	placer deposit.
D	secondary-enrichment deposit.
E	magmatic deposit.

Question 53

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
B	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
C	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
D	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
E	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 54

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	2/5 of world's rivers.
B	2/3 of world's rivers.
C	1/2 of world's rivers.
D	90% to100% of world's rivers.
E	1/5 of world's rivers.

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 55 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 56

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	H3O+
C	H2O2
D	CO32−

Question 56 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 57

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
B	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
C	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Nuclear
C	Coal
D	Natural gas
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 58 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 59

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
E	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
B	Reduce acid mine drainage.
C	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
D	Install better air quality management system.
E	Decrease the humidity of the mines.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 61

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in subsurface permeability.
D	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
E	Increased in sediment compaction rate.

Question 61 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 62

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Mostly solids at room temperature
B	Conducts electricity
C	Can be purified through smelting
D	Strong covalent bonds
E	Malleable

Question 63

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	heavy metals , precious metals
B	coal , bitumen
C	uranium , aluminum
D	minerals , aggregates
E	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 64

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Radium
B	Arsenic
C	Gold
D	Uranium
E	Thorium

Question 64 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 65

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Shortwave
B	X-Rays
C	Visible light
D	Ultraviolet Rays
E	Gamma Rays

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Lens trap
B	Unconformity trap
C	Salt dome trap
D	Pinchout trap
E	Fault trap
F	Anticline trap

Question 67

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
B	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
C	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
D	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
E	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Hydroelectric
B	Nuclear
C	Wind
D	Coal
E	Natural Gas

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 69

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Between vadose and saturation zones.
B	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
C	Below the saturation zone.
D	Above the B soil horizon.
E	Above the the vadose zone.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 70

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Politicization of science itself
B	Not having enough data to prove one way another
C	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
D	Lack of funding for research
E	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 71

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	India
B	Mexico
C	Canada
D	Tanzania
E	Sri Lanka

Question 71 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 72

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
B	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
C	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
D	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
E	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.

Question 72 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 73

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
B	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
C	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
D	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
E	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 74

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 90%
C	About 10%
D	About 70%
E	About 50%

Question 74 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 75

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
D	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
E	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 76

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Coal
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Natural Gas

Question 76 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 77

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	2 weeks
B	Tens of years
C	Up to tens of thousands of years
D	10 days
E	Thousands of years

Question 77 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 78

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Abundance of subsurface water.
B	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
E	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
B	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
C	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
D	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
E	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.

Question 80

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	undergoing subsidence.
E	rich in organic matter.

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