GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Increased in overburden load.
D	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
E	Rapid melting of permafrost.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 2

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
B	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
C	Nearly straight and shallow channels
D	Meandering sequences
E	Sharp and steep channel walls

Question 3

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
B	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
C	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
D	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
E	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.

Question 3 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 4

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
B	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
C	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
D	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
E	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 6

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Chrome
B	Titanium
C	Iron
D	Nickel

Question 6 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 7

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	Air pumps
B	Fresh water pipelines
C	Mineral or metal deposit itself
D	New roads
E	Railways

Question 7 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 8

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sand
B	Sandstone
C	Limestone
D	Gravel
E	Clay

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 9

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
B	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
C	Monitoring animal behaviors.
D	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
E	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.

Question 10

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
C	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
D	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
E	There is no proven technology.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 11

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	coal , bitumen
B	heavy metals , precious metals
C	minerals , aggregates
D	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
E	uranium , aluminum

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 12

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Gravel
B	Clay
C	Sand
D	Cobble
E	Silt

Question 12 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 13

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
C	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
D	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
E	Global warming or climate change

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 14

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Uranium
B	Arsenic
C	Radium
D	Thorium
E	Gold

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 15

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/5 of world's rivers.
B	90% to100% of world's rivers.
C	2/5 of world's rivers.
D	1/2 of world's rivers.
E	2/3 of world's rivers.

Question 15 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 16

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
B	Radiation energy.
C	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
D	Friction between sub-atomic particles.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 17

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	natural science.
B	global science.
C	earth system science.
D	evolutionary natural science.
E	climate change science.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
B	A deposit of precious metals.
C	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
D	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.

Question 19

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
B	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
C	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
D	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
E	None of the listed answers are correct.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	after the French revolution.
B	due to over population.
C	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
D	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
E	as a result of the industrial revolution.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 21

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Epidote
B	Plagioclase Feldspar
C	Calcite
D	Orthoclase feldspar
E	Quartz

Question 22

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Fires
B	Liquefaction
C	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.
D	Building collapse
E	Landslides

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 23

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Earthquakes
B	Floodplains
C	Volcanoes
D	Global warming

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 24

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 30%
B	About 70%
C	About 90%
D	About 50%
E	About 1%

Question 24 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 25

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
B	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.
C	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
D	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 26

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
B	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
C	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
D	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
E	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
D	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
E	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.

Question 27 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 28

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
B	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
C	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
D	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-206
B	Thorium-234
C	Lead-214
D	Polonium-218
E	Radium-226

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 30

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Methane
B	Ethane
C	Butane
D	Propane
E	Chlorine vapor/gas

Question 31

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
B	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
C	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.
D	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.

Question 32

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at higher depths , at shallower depths
B	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
C	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
D	animals , plants
E	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms

Question 33

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
B	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
C	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
D	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
E	Frozen water part of the Earth system.

Question 33 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 34

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Nuclear
B	Natural Gas
C	Wind
D	Hydroelectric
E	Coal

Question 34 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 35

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Coal
B	Petroleum or oil
C	Hydroelectric
D	Natural gas
E	Nuclear

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 36

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.
B	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
C	Volcanic eruptions.
D	Plate tectonics.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 37

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Intervention
B	Chemical mitigation
C	Environmental mitigation
D	Bioremediation
E	Consolidation

Question 37 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough research funds
B	It is dividing the world leading to wars
C	Not enough researchers working in this area
D	Politicization of science
E	Not enough scientific data

Question 38 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 39

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	significant differences between two lithologies.
B	slopes of hills or mountains.
C	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
D	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.
E	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.

Question 39 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 40

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Tens of years
B	2 weeks
C	Up to tens of thousands of years
D	10 days
E	Thousands of years

Question 40 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 41

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	kerogen.
B	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
C	inorganic compounds.
D	carbon-oxygen bonds.
E	transitional metals and carbons.

Question 42

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
C	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
D	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 43

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Lack of funding for research
B	Politicization of science itself
C	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
D	Not having enough data to prove one way another
E	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	undergoing subsidence.
C	characterized by a large basin.
D	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
E	subject to rapid oxidation.

Question 45

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Compressional wave.
B	Sudden lowering of the water table.
C	Violent shaking of the ground.
D	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
E	Loud noises produced at the fault line.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 46

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 70%
C	About 10%
D	About 50%
E	About 90%

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	increase potential energy.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	slowing down the chemical reaction.
D	release atomic and subatomic particles.
E	generate light energy.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 48

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
B	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
C	Polluting the drinking water supply.
D	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
E	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.

Question 48 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 49

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Malleable
B	Mostly solids at room temperature
C	Can be purified through smelting
D	Conducts electricity
E	Strong covalent bonds

Question 50

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
D	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
E	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 51

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Latin America
B	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
C	Middle East and Africa
D	Middle East and North America
E	Middle East and Asia/Australia

Question 52

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
B	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
C	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
D	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
E	A mineral that has a very high density.

Question 53

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	short term rain fall runoff.
B	soil erodibility index.
C	average annual soil loss.
D	factor of hillslope/length
E	factor of soil cover.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 54

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Tanzania
B	Sri Lanka
C	India
D	Mexico
E	Canada

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	residual mineral deposit.
B	placer deposit.
C	magmatic deposit.
D	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
E	secondary-enrichment deposit.

Question 56

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cretaceous
B	Triassic
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Cambrian

Question 56 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 57

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Lowering of the local water table.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Land subsidence.
D	Significantly smaller cone of depression.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 58

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
B	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
C	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
D	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.

Question 58 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 59

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Oil Window
B	Resource Section
C	Hydrocarbon Sector
D	Optimal Range

Question 59 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 60

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
B	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
E	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 61

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
B	travel perpendicular to the equator.
C	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
D	generate high frequency noise.
E	are always scary.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in subsurface porosity.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in subsurface permeability.
D	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
E	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.

Question 62 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 63

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone.
B	Above the the vadose zone.
C	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
D	Between vadose and saturation zones.
E	Above the B soil horizon.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 64

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
B	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
C	Abundance of subsurface water.
D	None of the answers are correct.
E	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Visible light
B	Ultraviolet Rays
C	Gamma Rays
D	Shortwave
E	X-Rays

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Coal industry.
B	Uranium mining industry.
C	Aluminum mining industry.
D	Agricultural industry.
E	Petroleum refining industry.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Install better air quality management system.
B	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
C	Reduce acid mine drainage.
D	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
E	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 68

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
B	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
C	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
D	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
E	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 69

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
B	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
C	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
D	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	oceans.
D	mantle.
E	hydrological water reservoirs.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 71

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Natural Gas
C	Coal
D	Petrol (gasoline)

Question 71 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Pinchout trap
B	Anticline trap
C	Salt dome trap
D	Unconformity trap
E	Fault trap
F	Lens trap

Question 73

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	B horizon
B	C horizon
C	E horizon
D	A horizon

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 74

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
B	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
C	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
D	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
E	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.

Question 75

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Hematite
B	Galena
C	Dolomite
D	Bornite
E	Chromite

Question 75 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 76

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
B	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
C	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
D	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
E	None of the answers listed here are correct.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	High urbanization
C	Low vegetation
D	High permeability
E	High porosity

Question 77 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 78

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
D	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.

Question 78 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 79

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
B	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
C	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
D	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.

Question 80

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	H2O2
C	H3O+
D	CO32−

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

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