GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
B	Volcanic eruptions.
C	Plate tectonics.
D	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 2

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	coal , bitumen
B	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
C	uranium , aluminum
D	minerals , aggregates
E	heavy metals , precious metals

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 3

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Unconformity trap
B	Pinchout trap
C	Anticline trap
D	Fault trap
E	Salt dome trap
F	Lens trap

Question 4

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Canada
B	India
C	Sri Lanka
D	Mexico
E	Tanzania

Question 4 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 5

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Coal
C	Petrol (gasoline)
D	Natural Gas

Question 5 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Building collapse
B	Landslides
C	Fires
D	Liquefaction
E	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.

Question 6 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 7

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A deposit of precious metals.
B	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
C	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
D	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.

Question 8

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Global warming
B	Floodplains
C	Earthquakes
D	Volcanoes

Question 8 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 9

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
B	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
C	None of the answers listed here are correct.
D	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.
E	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.

Question 9 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 10

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	1/5 of world's rivers.
B	1/2 of world's rivers.
C	90% to100% of world's rivers.
D	2/5 of world's rivers.
E	2/3 of world's rivers.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	as a result of improvements in technological industry.
B	as a result of the industrial revolution.
C	after the French revolution.
D	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
E	due to over population.

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 12

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	increase potential energy.
B	slowing down the chemical reaction.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	release atomic and subatomic particles.
E	generate light energy.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 13

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	soil erodibility index.
B	factor of soil cover.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	average annual soil loss.
E	short term rain fall runoff.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 14

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
B	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
C	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
D	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,
E	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 15

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	residual mineral deposit.
B	magmatic deposit.
C	placer deposit.
D	secondary-enrichment deposit.
E	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.

Question 16

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	generate high frequency noise.
B	are always scary.
C	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.
D	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
E	travel perpendicular to the equator.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 17

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Epidote
B	Orthoclase feldspar
C	Plagioclase Feldspar
D	Calcite
E	Quartz

Question 18

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Resource Section
B	Hydrocarbon Sector
C	Oil Window
D	Optimal Range

Question 18 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Radiation energy.
B	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.
C	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
D	Friction between sub-atomic particles.

Question 19 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 20

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
B	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.
C	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
E	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.

Question 20 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 21

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	global science.
B	natural science.
C	climate change science.
D	evolutionary natural science.
E	earth system science.

Question 21 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 22

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 1%
B	About 70%
C	About 10%
D	About 90%
E	About 50%

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Natural subsidence
B	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift
C	Global warming or climate change
D	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
E	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff

Question 23 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 24

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
D	Increased in overburden load.
E	Rapid melting of permafrost.

Question 24 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 25

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Sudden lowering of the water table.
B	Violent shaking of the ground.
C	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
D	Compressional wave.
E	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.

Question 25 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 26

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.
B	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
C	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
D	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
E	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.

Question 26 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 27

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
B	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
C	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.
D	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
E	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.

Question 28

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.
B	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
C	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
D	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
B	Frozen water part of the Earth system.
C	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
D	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
E	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).

Question 29 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 30

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
B	A mineral that has a very high density.
C	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
D	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.
E	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.

Question 31

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Chlorine vapor/gas
B	Butane
C	Propane
D	Methane
E	Ethane

Question 32

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Wind
B	Natural Gas
C	Nuclear
D	Hydroelectric
E	Coal

Question 32 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 33

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
B	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
C	Sharp and steep channel walls
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Meandering sequences

Question 34

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cambrian
B	Cretaceous
C	Permian
D	Devonian
E	Triassic

Question 34 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 35

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	H2O
B	H3O+
C	H2O2
D	CO32−

Question 35 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 36

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	The process requires large amount of energy.
B	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.
C	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
D	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
E	There is no proven technology.

Question 36 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 37

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sand
B	Limestone
C	Sandstone
D	Clay
E	Gravel

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
B	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
C	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.
D	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.

Question 38 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 39

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
B	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.
C	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
D	Monitoring animal behaviors.
E	Areal electromagnetic surveys.

Question 40

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Not having enough data to prove one way another
B	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
C	Politicization of science itself
D	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
E	Lack of funding for research

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
B	Above the B soil horizon.
C	Above the the vadose zone.
D	Below the saturation zone.
E	Between vadose and saturation zones.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 42

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
B	animals , plants
C	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
D	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
E	at higher depths , at shallower depths

Question 43

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	showing exponential increased in temperatures.
B	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
C	much higher than the previous decade.
D	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 44

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.
D	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.

Question 45

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	C horizon
C	B horizon
D	A horizon

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Nuclear
B	Hydroelectric
C	Natural gas
D	Coal
E	Petroleum or oil

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 47

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Ultraviolet Rays
B	Shortwave
C	Visible light
D	Gamma Rays
E	X-Rays

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
B	significant differences between two lithologies.
C	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
D	slopes of hills or mountains.
E	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.

Question 48 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 49

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Mostly solids at room temperature
B	Conducts electricity
C	Can be purified through smelting
D	Malleable
E	Strong covalent bonds

Question 50

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Increase in regional pore pressures.
B	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
C	Lowering of the local water table.
D	Land subsidence.

Question 50 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 51

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
B	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.
C	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
D	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
E	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.

Question 51 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 52

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Agricultural industry.
B	Coal industry.
C	Petroleum refining industry.
D	Aluminum mining industry.
E	Uranium mining industry.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 53

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	undergoing subsidence.
D	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
E	characterized by a large basin.

Question 54

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High topographic relief
B	Low vegetation
C	High permeability
D	High porosity
E	High urbanization

Question 54 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 55

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 70%
B	About 30%
C	About 90%
D	About 50%
E	About 1%

Question 55 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 56

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Titanium
B	Nickel
C	Chrome
D	Iron

Question 56 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 57

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Bornite
B	Hematite
C	Dolomite
D	Chromite
E	Galena

Question 57 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 58

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Sand
B	Gravel
C	Clay
D	Cobble
E	Silt

Question 58 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 59

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Abundance of subsurface water.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	Anoxic subsurface conditions.
D	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
E	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 60

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	New roads
B	Mineral or metal deposit itself
C	Air pumps
D	Railways
E	Fresh water pipelines

Question 60 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 61

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
B	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
C	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
D	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.

Question 62

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
B	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
C	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
D	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.
E	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.

Question 62 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 63

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Gold
B	Radium
C	Thorium
D	Uranium
E	Arsenic

Question 63 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 64

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	upper crust.
B	lower atmosphere.
C	oceans.
D	hydrological water reservoirs.
E	mantle.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 65

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	Not enough scientific data
B	Not enough researchers working in this area
C	Not enough research funds
D	Politicization of science
E	It is dividing the world leading to wars

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
B	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
C	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
D	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
E	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 67

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
D	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.
E	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.
D	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 69

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.
B	None of the listed answers are correct.
C	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
D	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
E	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.

Question 69 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 70

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Install better air quality management system.
B	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
C	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
D	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.
E	Reduce acid mine drainage.

Question 70 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 71

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Up to tens of thousands of years
B	2 weeks
C	Thousands of years
D	10 days
E	Tens of years

Question 71 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 72

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
B	Middle East and Latin America
C	Middle East and North America
D	Middle East and Asia/Australia
E	Middle East and Africa

Question 73

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Chemical mitigation
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Bioremediation
D	Consolidation
E	Intervention

Question 73 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 74

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.
B	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
C	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
D	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
E	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.

Question 74 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 75

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
B	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
C	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
D	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.

Question 75 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 76

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-214
B	Thorium-234
C	Polonium-218
D	Lead-206
E	Radium-226

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 77

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	transitional metals and carbons.
B	carbon-oxygen bonds.
C	kerogen.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 78

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
B	Increased in subsurface permeability.
C	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
D	Increased in rainfall.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 78 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 79

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
B	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.
C	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
D	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
E	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 80

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
B	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.
C	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
D	Polluting the drinking water supply.
E	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.

Question 80 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

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