GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience

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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.

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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

Addition of energy to a chemical system could lead to all of the following except... (ID-GAF-19)

A	release atomic and subatomic particles.
B	generate light energy.
C	None of the answers are correct.
D	increase potential energy.
E	slowing down the chemical reaction.

Question 1 Explanation: 

Addition of energy could result in any of the above.

Question 2

How does the urbanization impact groundwater systems? (ID-GAF-35)

A	The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff.
B	Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas.
C	Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events.
D	The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration.

Question 2 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 3

Which of the following is not a major problem in modern day scientific literature? (ID-GAF-63)

A	Too many contradicting statements in published papers.
B	Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science.
C	Papers are highly weighted towards evidence.
D	Influence of political and social pressures on scientists.
E	Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations.

Question 3 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 4

Which would increase the surface water infiltration (hence creating more groundwater)? (ID-GAF-73)

A	High urbanization
B	High topographic relief
C	High permeability
D	Low vegetation
E	High porosity

Question 4 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.

Question 5

Our attempt to understand inter-dependencies of natural environments such as atmosphere, oceans, land and biosphere at global scale can be best described as... (ID-GAF-28)

A	global science.
B	natural science.
C	earth system science.
D	evolutionary natural science.
E	climate change science.

Question 5 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 6

In petroleum industry and the scientific world, what term is used to describe the optimal conditions for oil formation (and storage/survive) in the subsurface? (ID-GAF-20)

A	Oil Window
B	Resource Section
C	Optimal Range
D	Hydrocarbon Sector

Question 6 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 7

Why there is an increased interest in marine seafloor cores in recent years? (ID-GAF-29)

A	Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population.
B	They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic.
C	They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments.
D	They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North.
E	They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere.

Question 7 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 8

One of the unconventional methods widely utilized by Japan to predict earthquakes. (ID-GAF-44)

A	Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems.
B	Monitoring animal behaviors.
C	Areal electromagnetic surveys.
D	Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface.
E	Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones.

Question 9

Thermogenic hydrocarbons form ______ and biogenic hydrocarbons form ______. Answers are in respective order. (ID-GAF-13)

A	at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter
B	under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments
C	two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms
D	animals , plants
E	at higher depths , at shallower depths

Question 10

What is Anthropocene? (ID-GAF-37)

A	A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
B	A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment.
C	None of the answers listed here are correct.
D	An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms.
E	A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta.

Question 10 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 11

The following two reactions resulted in acidification of oceans. Fill in the blank for in the last reaction. (ID-GAF-41)
CO_2(aq) + H₂O --> H₂CO₃ --> HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ --> ________ + 2H⁺.

A	CO32−
B	H2O2
C	H3O+
D	H2O

Question 11 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 12

Typically, nuclear power generation processes utilize which of the following primary mechanism to generate electrical power? (ID-GAF-80)

A	Kinetic energy of the atoms.
B	Radiation energy.
C	Friction between sub-atomic particles.
D	Steam produced by heated fluids such as water.

Question 12 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 13

Universal soil loss equation is concerned with all of the following except... (ID-GAF-25)

A	average annual soil loss.
B	factor of soil cover.
C	factor of hillslope/length
D	short term rain fall runoff.
E	soil erodibility index.

Question 13 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.

Question 14

Around 1917, a US company discovered ladies who made the that glow in the dark watch dials exposed to unusually large amount of radiation. What mineral, compound or element is used to create these watch dials? (ID-GAF-60)

A	Thorium
B	Arsenic
C	Gold
D	Radium
E	Uranium

Question 14 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 15

Formation of oil may not occur if the depositional environment is... (ID-GAF-12)

A	rich in organic matter.
B	subject to rapid oxidation.
C	undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation.
D	characterized by a large basin.
E	undergoing subsidence.

Question 16

Some Geologists and others who worked in mining operations have experienced silicosis. What can be done to reduce silicosis among workers? (ID-GAF-53)

A	Decrease the humidity of the mines.
B	Reduce acid mine drainage.
C	Install better air quality management system.
D	Increase the access to fresh drinking water.
E	Provide better eye wear protection equipment.

Question 16 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016. You should know silicosis is caused by air pollution.

Question 17

Global warming is best defined as increased in temperature of Earth's.... (ID-GAF-30)

A	mantle.
B	oceans.
C	upper crust.
D	lower atmosphere.
E	hydrological water reservoirs.

Question 17 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 18

After geologists found a contaminated area, biologists used natural microbial action to degrade organic contaminants. This can be best described by which of the following term(s)? (ID-GAF-26)

A	Bioremediation
B	Environmental mitigation
C	Intervention
D	Consolidation
E	Chemical mitigation

Question 18 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 19

Fossil fuels are chains of... (ID-GAF-10)

A	transitional metals and carbons.
B	carbon-hydrogen bonds.
C	kerogen.
D	inorganic compounds.
E	carbon-oxygen bonds.

Question 20

How does the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposit? (ID-GAF-05)

A	MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body.
B	MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions.
C	MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals.
D	MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water.

Question 21

What is the difference between a asteroid and a comet? (ID-GAF-67)

A	Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material.
B	Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface.
C	Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars.
D	Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids.
E	Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier,

Question 21 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 22

Tsunami waves... (ID-GAF-55)

A	have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier.
B	generate high frequency noise.
C	are always scary.
D	travel perpendicular to the equator.
E	are about 10 times faster than a regular waves.

Question 22 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 23

In Alberta, majority of electricity is produced between 2000 to 2016 from what type of energy source? (ID-GAF-49)

A	Nuclear
B	Natural gas
C	Petroleum or oil
D	Coal
E	Hydroelectric

Question 23 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Coal was used to generate 48% of electricity in Alberta.

Question 24

The porous Earth theory by Aristotle was introduced to explain what natural phenomena or concept? (ID-GAF-64)

A	Floodplains
B	Global warming
C	Earthquakes
D	Volcanoes

Question 24 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 25

Which of the following statement is true about minerals? (ID-GAF-59)

A	Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition.
B	Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface.
C	Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits.
D	The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid.
E	Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments.

Question 25 Explanation: 

1. Naturally formed ice is a mineral but not ice formed through artificial means.
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.

Question 26

Majority of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth belongs to which section of the light spectrum? (ID-GAF-45)

A	Shortwave
B	Gamma Rays
C	Visible light
D	Ultraviolet Rays
E	X-Rays

Question 26 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 27

Typically, significant large volume of which gas (compared to small volumes of other gases) is preset at majority of hydrocarbon gas deposits? (ID-GAF-11)

A	Butane
B	Methane
C	Ethane
D	Propane
E	Chlorine vapor/gas

Question 28

Current rate of warming of Earth can be best described as... (ID-GAF-46)

A	much higher than the previous decade.
B	well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies.
C	composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene.
D	showing exponential increased in temperatures.

Question 28 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 29

In countries like Sri Lanka, gold and other metal deposits are often mined through filtering rivers. This type of deposit can be best described as a... (ID-GAF-07)

A	residual mineral deposit.
B	Mississippi Valley-type deposit.
C	secondary-enrichment deposit.
D	magmatic deposit.
E	placer deposit.

Question 30

Which of the following is required to form fossil fuels? (ID-GAF-50)

A	Abundance of subsurface water.
B	None of the answers are correct.
C	Slow burial and lithification of sediments.
D	Lower pressures in subsurface than normal.
E	Anoxic subsurface conditions.

Question 30 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 31

What was the first Cascadia earthquake? (ID-GAF-43)

A	Violent shaking of the ground.
B	Sudden lowering of the water table.
C	Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures.
D	Loud noises produced at the fault line.
E	Compressional wave.

Question 31 Explanation: 

Class notes and readings Winter 2016

Question 32

Knowing that it is a stratigraphic trap, what is represented by diagram E? (ID-GAF-09)

A	Fault trap
B	Salt dome trap
C	Pinchout trap
D	Unconformity trap
E	Anticline trap
F	Lens trap

Question 33

Which two regions has the two highest volumes of proven oil reserves? (ID-GAF-16)

A	Middle East and North America
B	Middle East and Africa
C	Middle East and Europe/Eurasia
D	Middle East and Asia/Australia
E	Middle East and Latin America

Question 34

When classifying erosion, geologists describe soil components which are based on grain sizes. What term best describe soils with majority of the particles between 0.004 to 0.074 mm in diameter? (ID-GAF-21)

A	Silt
B	Sand
C	Clay
D	Gravel
E	Cobble

Question 34 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 35

Gold is typically associated with which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-03)

A	Quartz
B	Orthoclase feldspar
C	Plagioclase Feldspar
D	Calcite
E	Epidote

Question 36

Coal-bed methane is a new source of hydrocarbon energy source. Why is it a viable option for conventional petroleum gas deposits? (ID-GAF-15)

A	It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane.
B	It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane.
C	It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it.
D	It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill.
E	It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world.

Question 37

Why is desalination of sea water is very costly? (ID-GAF-78)

A	It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water.
B	The process requires large amount of energy.
C	It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt.
D	There is no proven technology.
E	It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean.

Question 37 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 38

What is the typical residence time of rivers and streams? (ID-GAF-70)

A	Up to tens of thousands of years
B	10 days
C	Tens of years
D	Thousands of years
E	2 weeks

Question 38 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 39

In most parts of the world, sudden decrease in reservoirs storage capacity of water indicate which of the following? (ID-GAF-24)

A	Global warming or climate change
B	Natural subsidence
C	Increased in rainfall and surface runoff
D	Increased in soil and land erosion in the area
E	Eustatic change and isostatic uplift

Question 39 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 40

According to current global water storage calculations, what percentage of water is stored as groundwater? (ID-GAF-65)

A	About 50%
B	About 90%
C	About 70%
D	About 30%
E	About 1%

Question 40 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 41

High volume groundwater pumps almost always create which of the following problem? (ID-GAF-76)

A	Significantly smaller cone of depression.
B	Increase in regional pore pressures.
C	Lowering of the local water table.
D	Land subsidence.

Question 41 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 42

What percentage of Earth surface is covered by water? (ID-GAF-66)

A	About 10%
B	About 70%
C	About 50%
D	About 1%
E	About 90%

Question 42 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 43

What are aquifers? (ID-GAF-74)

A	None of the listed answers are correct.
B	Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life.
C	Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well.
D	Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water.
E	Areas of high hydraulic pressures.

Question 43 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 44

All earthquakes models are said to be stochastic. What does it mean by stochastic? (ID-GAF-57)

A	Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities.
B	Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence.
C	All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities.
D	All determinations are based on random probability statistics.
E	Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes.

Question 44 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 45

By definition, where does the water table located? (ID-GAF-72)

A	Below the saturation zone.
B	Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone.
C	Above the B soil horizon.
D	Above the the vadose zone.
E	Between vadose and saturation zones.

Question 45 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 46

Which of the following statement is correct about tsunamis? (ID-GAF-54)

A	Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher.
B	Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change.
C	North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us.
D	Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami".
E	Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries.

Question 46 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 47

Most dramatic increased in human activities that impact the environment occurred... (ID-GAF-38)

A	due to over population.
B	as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower.
C	after the French revolution.
D	as a result of the industrial revolution.
E	as a result of improvements in technological industry.

Question 47 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 48

Topographic relief can be best described as... (ID-GAF-71)

A	significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other.
B	difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform.
C	slopes of hills or mountains.
D	significant differences between two lithologies.
E	differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude.

Question 48 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 49

According to recent (2014-2016) studies, how much of the world's river systems has been altered due to human activities? (ID-GAF-36)

A	90% to100% of world's rivers.
B	2/3 of world's rivers.
C	1/5 of world's rivers.
D	1/2 of world's rivers.
E	2/5 of world's rivers.

Question 49 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 50

Majority of black shale which produce tight natural gas deposited during which geologic time period? (ID-GAF-17)

A	Cretaceous
B	Triassic
C	Devonian
D	Cambrian
E	Permian

Question 50 Explanation: 

For example, Devonian Shale in Alberta is very important to the gas production. Question Ref: Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 51

Copper metal can be extracted from which of the following mineral? (ID-GAF-06)

A	Galena
B	Hematite
C	Bornite
D	Dolomite
E	Chromite

Question 51 Explanation: 

Think about "brass" which is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc.

Question 52

How do the confined aquifers differ from unconfined aquifers? (ID-GAF-75)

A	Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region.
B	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer.
C	Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction.
D	Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer.
E	Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface.

Question 52 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 53

Which of the the following would not result from an earthquake? (ID-GAF-56)

A	Building collapse
B	Fires
C	Liquefaction
D	Landslides
E	All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake.

Question 53 Explanation: 

Class note Winter 2016

Question 54

What is the major problem climate scientists are facing in the 21st Century? (ID-GAF-33)

A	Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction
B	Not having enough data to prove one way another
C	Politicization of science itself
D	Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity
E	Lack of funding for research

Question 54 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 55

After fossil fuels, what is the Canada's second largest source of energy (in terms of average for over the last 50 years to now)? (ID-GAF-48)

A	Wind
B	Nuclear
C	Coal
D	Hydroelectric
E	Natural Gas

Question 55 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016; Hydroelectric supplied about 26% of the national energy.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a property of metals? (ID-GAF-02)

A	Mostly solids at room temperature
B	Conducts electricity
C	Strong covalent bonds
D	Malleable
E	Can be purified through smelting

Question 57

What is cryosphere? (ID-GAF-39)

A	Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere.
B	Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system).
C	Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere.
D	Upper most layer of the lithosphere.
E	Frozen water part of the Earth system.

Question 57 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 58

What is a mineral resource? (ID-GAF-01)

A	A mineral that expensive due to rarity.
B	A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people.
C	A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness.
D	A mineral that has a very high density.
E	A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry.

Question 59

What is radiative forcing or RF? (ID-GAF-47)

A	It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum.
B	It measure the capacity to change energy balance.
C	It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum.
D	It measures radiation of the sun and planets.
E	It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite.

Question 59 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 60

How does off-road vehicles (ORVs) causes environmental damage? Choose the primary/direct cause. (ID-GAF-27)

A	Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil.
B	Polluting the drinking water supply.
C	Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs.
D	Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings.
E	Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas.

Question 60 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 61

According to currently accepted scientific theory, what caused the formation of Earth's moon? (ID-GAF-68)

A	Plate tectonics.
B	Extraterrestrial impact on Earth.
C	Volcanic eruptions.
D	Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth.

Question 61 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 62

Gullies formed by soil erosion typically have which of the following characteristics? (ID-GAF-23)

A	Sharp and steep channel walls
B	Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor
C	Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form
D	Nearly straight and shallow channels
E	Meandering sequences

Question 63

What are rills? (ID-GAF-22)

A	Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas.
B	Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration.
C	Channels cut in to the soil by erosion.
D	Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake.

Question 63 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 64

Which of the following statement is true? (ID-GAF-58)

A	Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week).
B	The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so.
C	Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains.
D	Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains.
E	There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary.

Question 64 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 65

Which industry in the Almeria, Spain has the largest impact on the environment? (ID-GAF-34)

A	Aluminum mining industry.
B	Agricultural industry.
C	Coal industry.
D	Petroleum refining industry.
E	Uranium mining industry.

Question 65 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 66

In the natural environment, which of the following material has the highest porosity but very poor hydraulic conductivity? (ID-GAF-77)

A	Sandstone
B	Limestone
C	Gravel
D	Sand
E	Clay

Question 66 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 67

Which of the following is not considered as infrastructures when developing a mineral or a metal mine? (ID-GAF-52)

A	New roads
B	Air pumps
C	Fresh water pipelines
D	Mineral or metal deposit itself
E	Railways

Question 67 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 68

There is a growing problem of weakening foundations of structures such as buildings and roads in Northern parts of Canada and Alaska, USA. This is caused by which of following process? (ID-GAF-40)

A	Rapid melting of permafrost.
B	Increased in the groundwater table.
C	Increased compaction of subsurface sediments.
D	Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface.
E	Increased in overburden load.

Question 68 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 69

Tanzanite is only found in which of the following country or region? (ID-GAF-61)

A	Mexico
B	Canada
C	Tanzania
D	Sri Lanka
E	India

Question 69 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 70

Bauxite ore has a reddish colour. Given that it is used as aluminum ore, what other metal most likely to be present in Bauxite? (ID-GAF-08)

A	Titanium
B	Nickel
C	Iron
D	Chrome

Question 70 Explanation: 

The reddish colour is usually associated with iron.

Question 71

Which of the following would significantly increase the groundwater flow rate? (ID-GAF-32)

A	Increased in sediment compaction rate.
B	Increased in rainfall.
C	Increased in surface water evaporation rate.
D	Increased in subsurface permeability.
E	Increased in subsurface porosity.

Question 71 Explanation: 

You could potentially argue for increased in rainfall. However, that is not the best answer because increase in rainfall would not guarantee increase in flow rates if the permeability of the subsurface is poor.

Question 72

What is an ore deposit? (ID-GAF-04)

A	A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust.
B	A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals.
C	A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined.
D	A deposit of precious metals.

Question 73

The first stage of Uranium-238 decay with half-life if 4.5 billion years will result in formation of what radioactive mineral? (ID-GAF-79)

A	Lead-214
B	Lead-206
C	Polonium-218
D	Radium-226
E	Thorium-234

Question 73 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016 and textbook, Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 74

Which of the fuel type has the least carbon released per unit of energy, hence the most environmentally friendly fuel? (ID-GAF-31)

A	Diesel
B	Petrol (gasoline)
C	Natural Gas
D	Coal

Question 74 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 75

What is the biggest problem with Climate Science and Global Warming? (ID-GAF-62)

A	It is dividing the world leading to wars
B	Not enough scientific data
C	Not enough researchers working in this area
D	Politicization of science
E	Not enough research funds

Question 75 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 76

Which of the following statement is true about Soil salinization? (ID-GAF-42)

A	It is only observed in regions where there are mines.
B	In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts.
C	It can be caused by both natural and human processes.
D	It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture.

Question 76 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

Question 77

What type of lithological formations would make the best petroleum reservoirs? (ID-GAF-14)

A	Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale.
B	Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions.
C	Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale.
D	Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay.

Question 78

The prismatic soil structures are usually found in which of the following soil horizon? (ID-GAF-69)

A	E horizon
B	B horizon
C	A horizon
D	C horizon

Question 78 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 79

Methane hydrates, off the coast of Norway, discovered by the Russian researchers is not extracted to supply our energy demands. What is the reason behind this decision? (ID-GAF-18)

A	The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices.
B	Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction.
C	The deposit is too small for exploration and production.
D	Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs.

Question 79 Explanation: 

Environmental Geology 9th Edition by Edward A. Keller; ISBN-978-0-321-64375-9

Question 80

Pits yield ______ while quarries yield ______. (ID-GAF-51)

A	heavy metals , precious metals
B	minerals , aggregates
C	unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials
D	uranium , aluminum
E	coal , bitumen

Question 80 Explanation: 

Class notes Winter 2016

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