{"id":7033,"date":"2013-07-19T13:19:14","date_gmt":"2013-07-19T19:19:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/?p=7033"},"modified":"2020-09-05T06:27:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-05T12:27:00","slug":"paleobiological-hierarchy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/paleobiological-hierarchy","title":{"rendered":"Paleobiological Hierarchy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This page is <b>best viewed in desktop mode<\/b>. If you are using a mobile device, you can switch to desktop site using the switch link at the bottom of the page. Additional tools are available under <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/exams\/glgy491\">Geology 491 &#8211; Paleobiology<\/a> and the identification steps chart <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/introduction-to-paleobiology\">here<\/a>. For more in-depth detailed information on how we classify the following fossils, please read, <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/classification-of-fossils\">Classification of Fossils<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h1><font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Help improve this page with YOUR photos of lab samples<\/b><\/font><\/h1>\n<p><b>I am unable to post pictures of lab samples. As such please submit your pictures to this page using server &#8211; at &#8211; sanuja.net email. I am willing to provide credits for your work! Just let me know if you would like to see your name on the site.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2>Kingdoms (largest divisions)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacteria<\/li>\n<li>Protista<\/li>\n<li>Animalia<\/li>\n<li>Plantae<\/li>\n<li>Fungi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Hierarchy<\/h1>\n<p><font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Note:<\/b> The classifications used by the University of Calgary may differ from the materials on Wikipedia and other sources. This list is <strong>NOT specific<\/strong> to UofC classes such as 391\/491. However, this may be used for reducing confusion.<\/font> <!--The following hierarchy is based on the laboratory manual for Geology 491. Please do not get confused with other classifications.--><\/p>\n<p>You may find this chart of fossils based on their age useful. You may download them in <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/fossils_chart_pleo_v1.5img.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image format<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/fossils_chart_pleo_v1.5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF format<\/a>. Go save as for download. <\/p>\n<div id=\"print_remove\"><figure id=\"attachment_7240\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7240\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"7240\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/paleobiological-hierarchy\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,353\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"fossils_chart_pleo_ico\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;TBA&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico-300x176.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico.jpg\" src=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico.jpg\" alt=\"Fossils Chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico.jpg 600w, https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/fossils_chart_pleo_ico-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Version 1.5: <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/fossils_chart_pleo_v1.5img.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Image Version<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/fossils_chart_pleo_v1.5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF Version<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Kingdom Animalia<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Porifera<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Stromatoporata<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Stromatoporoids<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_stro.jpg\" alt=\"Stromatoporoids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>)<\/li>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Archaeocyatha<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Archaeocyathid<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/archaeocyathid.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/archaeocyathid2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_arch_1.jpg\" alt=\"Archaeocyathid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#0066cc\"><b>Lower &#8211; Mid Cambrian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Cnidaria<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Anthozoa<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Sub Class Zoantharia<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Tabulata <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Catenipora<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_catenipora.jpg\" alt=\"Catenipora - microscopic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_catenipora_side.jpg\" alt=\"Catenipora - side view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_catenipora_top.jpg\" alt=\"Catenipora - top view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image3<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cate.jpg\" alt=\"Catenipora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Chain coral; looks like links on a chain. The cross sectional view is usually have flat lines.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Favosites<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_favosites.jpg\" alt=\"Favosites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_favosites_side.jpg\" alt=\"Favosites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_favo.jpg\" alt=\"Favosites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/> Not to be confused with G: <i>Lithostrotion<\/i> and G: <i>Hexagonaria<\/i>. Honeycomb coral; closely packed polygonal and tubular structures. The center of each polygon has a slight depression while the longitudinal sides should have tiny &#8220;holes&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Heliolites<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_hell.jpg\" alt=\"Heliolites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Tubular structures. The cop view will most likely seen as somewhat circular &#8220;dots&#8221; (but they are actually shaped like flowers&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Syringopora<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_syringopora.jpg\" alt=\"Syringopora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_syringopora_x_sec.jpg\" alt=\"Syringopora - thin section\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_tabulata_syringopora_thin_sec_2.jpg\" alt=\"Syringopora - thin section\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image3<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_syri.jpg\" alt=\"Syringopora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#009900\"><b>Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Small tubes often in mm in diameter. Often braches and looks like &#8220;worms&#8221;, &#8220;spaghetti&#8221; or &#8220;string of poop&#8221;. Highly concave (saggy) tabulae can be observed on thin section.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Rugosa <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Heliophyllum<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_heliophyllum_thin_sec_t.jpg\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_heliophyllum_thin_sec_s.jpg\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_heliophyllum.jpg\">image3<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_helio.jpg\" alt=\"Heliophyllum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Lower &#8211; Mid Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>If the sample is a complete one, the external shape is look like a &#8220;horn&#8221;. The inside of structures should have striations which may appear as a floor like from the top cross sectional view.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Lithostrotion<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_lithostrotion.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_lithostrotion_side.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_lithostrotion_x_sec.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image3<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_litho.jpg\" alt=\"Lithostrotion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#009900\"><b>Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font> = Carboniferous<br \/>Not to be confused with G: <i>Favosites<\/i> and G: <i>Hexagonaria<\/i>. They looks very similar due to polygonal shape. However, this is NOT closely (&#8220;tightly&#8221;) packed compared to G: <i>Favosites<\/i>. They also usually have 2-3 rows of dissepiments and have domed (curved) the tabulae (better to observe on thin section).<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Hexagonaria<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_hexagonaria.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_hexagonaria_side.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_hexagonaria_x_sec.jpg\">image3<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cind_rugosa_hexagonaria_x_sec2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image4<\/a>) <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>6-8 rows of dissepiments is a unique feature (slide or thin section is better for observation). Colonial life form with flat tabulae.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Scleractinia (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_p_cnidaria_o_scleractinia.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_scle.jpg\" alt=\"Scleractinia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#cc0066\"><b>Triassic<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font> = Modern day<br \/>Top view may looks like a mafia cut out human brain. But individually they should look like &#8220;pellets&#8221; of hamster poop. They add the septas in cycles in which each cycle consist of &#8220;in-between&#8221; additions. For example, if I am a Scleractinia type guy, I would add 6 first then, 6 + 6 + 12 + 12 + 24 + &#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Brachiopoda<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Inarticulata (Lingulata)<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Lingulida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Lingula<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_o_lingulida__lingula.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/o_lingulida__lingula_f2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_o_lingulida_lingula_life.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image3<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_lingula.jpg\" alt=\"Lingula\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>Spatulate Valves with pedicle are placed between the two shells. Should be able to observe elliptical growth lines extending longitudinally on the surface of the shell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Articulata<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Terebratulida (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_terebratulida1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_terebratulida_side.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_terebratulida.jpg\" alt=\"Terebratulida\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>Biconvex shape and has large circular\/semi-circular pedicle opening. Curved hingeline (look at the side view). The pedicle itself is often not preserved in the fossil record.\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Oleneothyris<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_oleneothyris.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>)<br \/>Note the zig-zag commissure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Order Spiriferida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Atrypa<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_o_spiriferida_g_atrypa.jpg\">image<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/paleo_atrypa.gif\" alt=\"Atrypa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Cyrtina<\/i> () <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Mucrospirifer<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_mucr.jpg\" alt=\"Mucrospirifer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Mid Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>A distinct straight hinge line with a very large delthyrium (triangular shape in the middle). Biconvex shells with very well defined costae. Note this is used in labs as an example for Order Spiriferida.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Paraspirifer<\/i> () <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Lower &#8211; Mid Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Orthida<\/li>\n<li>Order Pentamerida<\/li>\n<li>Order Rhynchonellida<\/li>\n<li>Order Strophomenida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Sub Order Strophomenioina<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Derbyia<\/i> () <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Strophomena<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_brac_strophomena_1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Strophomena\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_brac_strophomena.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Strophomena\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_strop.jpg\" alt=\"Strophomena\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Sub Order Productina<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Dictyoclostus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_dictyoclostus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_dict.jpg\" alt=\"Dictyoclostus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Spines (spike like). Chubby fat guy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Bryozoa<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Cyclostomata<\/li>\n<li>Order Cheilostomata\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Bugula<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_o_cheilostomata_sp_bugula.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_o_cheilostomata_sp_bugula2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Order Fenestrata<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Fenestella<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/bryo_fenestrata_fenestella.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Genus Fenestella\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Archimedes<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_bryo_archimedes.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Genus Archimedes screw shape\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/bryo_archimedes_sed_filled.jpg\" alt=\"Genus Archimedes with sediment filled preservation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a>) <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Screw like zooarium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Trepostomata<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Hallopora<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_bryo_hallopora.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_bryo_hallopora_micro.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image2<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Prasopora<\/i> () <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Helmichordata<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Graptolithina<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Denoroidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Rhabdinopora<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_rhabdinopora.jpg\" alt=\"Rhabdinopora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_rhab.jpg\" alt=\"Rhabdinopora\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#0066cc\"><b>Upper Cambrian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; Lower Carboniferous<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Graptoloidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Teragraptus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_teragraptus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Teragraptus\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Lower Ordovician<\/b><\/font><br \/>Also can be found in horizontal type in which it the organism looks like a cross\/crossing branches. Uniserial variety.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Phyllograptus<\/i> () <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Lower Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Didymograptus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/paleo_helm_grap_didymograptus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Genus Didymograptus\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Lower &#8211; Upper Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Climacograptus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_climagraptus.jpg\" alt=\"Climacograptus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_clim.jpg\" alt=\"Climacograptus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Lower Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Orthograptus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_orth.jpg\" alt=\"Orthograptus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Upper Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Lower Silurian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Monograptus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_monograptus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Monograptus - spiral form\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Lower Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Lower Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Found in both straight and spiral formations.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Cyrtograptus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_cyrtograptus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image1<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_cyrtograptus_rock.jpg\">image2<\/a> | <a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_cyrto.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrtograptus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Mid Silurian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Chordata<\/u> (Species Vertebrata (Cranrata))<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Conodonta<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Streptognathodus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_streptognathodus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#009900\"><b>Lower Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Lower Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Neogondolella<\/i> () <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#cc0066\"><b>Triassic<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Polygnathus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_polygnathus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Lower Devonian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Lower Mississippian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Palmatolepis<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_palmatolepis.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image<\/a>) <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Upper Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Arthropoda<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Crustacea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Sub Class Ostracoda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Trilobita<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Agnostida<\/li>\n<li>Order Phacopida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Calymene<\/i>  (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/trilobitomorpha-hi-220x300.png\" alt=\"Calymene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Lower Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Mid Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Phacops<\/i> () <font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Redlichiida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Olenellus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_olenellus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Olenellus\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#0066cc\"><b>Lower Cambrian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Ptychoparida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Trinucleus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_trinucleus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Trinucleus\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Isotelus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_isotelus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Isotelus\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Mid &#8211; Upper Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Proetida (not on exams?)<\/li>\n<li>Order Corynexochida (not on exams?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Chelicerata<\/li>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Eurypterus<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Mollusca<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Gastropoda<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Bellerophon<\/i> () <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#cc0066\"><b>Triassic<\/b><\/font><br \/> T = 0 with involute planispiral coiling. Often find with ribs but with no sutures.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Maclurites<\/i> () <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font><br \/>Low T, but not zero. With exceptions to few, almost always found as an internal mold. No sutures and it is trochospiral.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Turritella<\/i> () <font color=\"#3399ff\"><b>Oligocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/> Very very high T and therefore have an elongation along the trochospiral coiling.  Dexutual coil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Polyplacophora<\/li>\n<li>Class Bivalvia<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Trigonia<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_trig.jpg\" alt=\"Trigonia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#cc0066\"><b>Triassic<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><br \/>Schizodont dentition. Curved hingeline. However, you may find fossils without the curved edges due to preservation conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Inoceramus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_inoce.jpg\" alt=\"Inoceramus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#ff0099\"><b>Jurassic<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><br \/>Very strong rugae.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Mya<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_mya.jpg\" alt=\"Mya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#3399ff\"><b>Oligocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>Spoon-shaped chondrophore.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Mercenaria<\/i> <font color=\"#3399ff\"><b>Oligocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>Looks very similar to Genus Mya, but lacks the spoon-shaped chondrophore.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Exogyra<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_exog.jpg\" alt=\"Exogyra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#ff0099\"><b>Jurassic<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><br \/>Trochospirak with high translation (coiling out).<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Gryphaea<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_gryp.jpg\" alt=\"Gryphaea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>)<br \/>Similar to Genus Exogyra but it is planispiral hence it curves inwards (&#8220;devil&#8217;s finger&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Pecten<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_pect.jpg\" alt=\"Pecten\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#3366cc\"><b>Eocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>Very strong ribs. Auricles (wing-shaped) on both sides for swimming. The larger aurticle points to the anterior direction.<\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Rudistid<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><br \/>Not to be confused with corals or bryozoans. Small lids which covers to tops are often missing from lab samples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Scaphopoda<\/li>\n<li>Class Cephalopoda<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Sub Class Nautiloidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Euterphoceras<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Nautilus<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_naut.jpg\" alt=\"Nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#3399ff\"><b>Oligocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Sub Class Actinoceratoidea<\/li>\n<li>Sub Class Endoceratoidea<\/li>\n<li>Sub Class Bactritoidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Bactrites<\/i> () <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Sub Class Ammonoidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Goniatitida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Tornoceras<\/i> () <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Goniatites<\/i> () <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Ceratitida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Ceratites<\/i> () <font color=\"#cc0066\"><b>Mid Triassic<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Order Ammonitida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Dactylioceras<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff0099\"><b>Lower Jurassic<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Harpoceras<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff0099\"><b>Lower Jurassic<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Baculites<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Upper Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Scaphites<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Upper Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Sub Class Coleoidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Belemnites<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_bele.jpg\" alt=\"Belemnites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#ff0099\"><b>Jurassic<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Echinodermata<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Class Asteroidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus &#8220;<i>Starfish<\/i>&#8221; (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_star.jpg\" alt=\"Starfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>)<br \/> Five fold ( pentameral) symmetry. A good example of a living fossil. Well defined body wall and sometimes the central five side disc may be observed in the center.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Blastoidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Pentremites<\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Haeckel_Blastoidea.jpg\/426px-Haeckel_Blastoidea.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" alt=\"Pentremites\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font> \u2013 <font color=\"#009900\"><b>Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font> = Carboniferous<br \/>Small structures that looks like wrapping around a small ball. The five fold ( pentameral) body is often covered in a &#8220;cap&#8221; shaped external structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Crinoidea<\/li>\n<li>Class Echinoidea<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Micraster<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_micr.jpg\" alt=\"Micraster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Upper Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Dendraster<\/i> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_dend.jpg\" alt=\"Dendraster\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">figure<\/a>) <font color=\"#ff3300\"><b>Pliocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>Dome (&#8220;circular&#8221;) shaped overall structure. Flower like appearance on the surface. Very good example of five-fold radial symmetry on the cross sectional body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Edrioasteroid<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Isorophus<\/i> () <font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Mid &#8211; Upper Ordovician<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Class Erhombifera (&#8220;ctriuds&#8221;)<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Strobilocystites<\/i> () <font color=\"#000066\"><b>Mid &#8211; Upper Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>Looks like a pellet of poop. Not to be confused with Genus <i>Pentremites<\/i>. Small dotted &#8220;ball&#8221; like structures within the five fold star like physical frame.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kingdom Protista<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Phylum Chrysophyta<\/u><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Sub Class Rhizopoda<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Order Foraminiferida<\/li>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Textularia<\/i> () <font color=\"#009900\"><b>Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#ff3300\"><b>Pliocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Globorotalia<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff3300\"><b>Pliocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li>Genus <i>Globigerina<\/i> () <font color=\"#ff3300\"><b>Pliocene<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li>Sub Order Fusulinina<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Genus <i>Schwagerinid wall<\/i> () <font color=\"#009900\"><b>Upper Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font> &#8211; <font color=\"#006600\"><b>Mid Permian<\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"><!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-1299214865172105\";\n\/* Mobile_textOnly *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"2000678170\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 320;\ngoogle_ad_height = 50;\n\/\/-->\n<\/script><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\">\n<\/script><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<p><b>Why won&#8217;t you publish digital photos of the lab samples?<\/b> Unfortunately I am a member of the Faulty of Science since June 2013. As a result, I am not allow to publish images of lab samples on my site. However, if you would like to have images here, please email your images to me so I can post them on this site. Sorry for the inconvenience.<\/p>\n<p><b>How does this colour scheme work?<\/b> Oh well&#8230; like this<br \/><b>Quaternary<\/b><br \/>\n<font color=\"#663300\"><b>Holocene<\/b><\/font> = Modern day<br \/>\n<font color=\"#cc6633\"><b>Pleistocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#ff3300\"><b>Pliocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#990033\"><b>Miocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#3399ff\"><b>Oligocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#3366cc\"><b>Eocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#009999\"><b>Paleocene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#666666\"><b>Neogene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#999999\"><b>Paleogene<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#ff0000\"><b>Cretaceous<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#ff0099\"><b>Jurasic<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#cc0066\"><b>Triassic<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#006600\"><b>Permian<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#009900\"><b>Pennsylvanian<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#00cc00\"><b>Mississippian<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#000066\"><b>Devonian<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#330099\"><b>Silurian<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#6633ff\"><b>Ordovician<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n<font color=\"#0066cc\"><b>Cambrian<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<h1>Thank You<\/h1>\n<p id=\"rf1\">Felicia MacMurchy, Kathleen Nester, Pulkit Sabharwal and Laura A McCowan, University of Calgary (Undergraduate Students)<\/p>\n<hr>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page is best viewed in desktop mode. If you are using a mobile device, you can switch to desktop site using the switch link at the bottom of the page. Additional tools are available under Geology 491 &#8211; Paleobiology and the identification steps chart here. For more in-depth detailed information on how we classify &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/paleobiological-hierarchy\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Paleobiological Hierarchy<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7869,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[8,23,16],"class_list":["post-7033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-science","tag-academic","tag-geology","tag-life"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/pbio_graptolpoidea_teragraptus.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7033"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7033\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7033"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sanuja.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}