Geophysics 375 – Natural Disasters and Critical Earth Phenomena

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the a the current (2015) approximate doubling time for Earth's human population? (ID-NDF-22)

A	45 years
B	150 years
C	1 year
D	100 years
E	15 years

Question 2

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago? (ID-NDF-17)

A	Extensive volcanism in South America
B	Supernova close to the Earth
C	Sea level fall
D	An asteroid or cometary impact
E	Dramatic climate change

Question 3

What country has suffered the greatest number of fatalities from cyclonic storms in recent years? (ID-NDF-20)

A	Cuba
B	Bangladesh
C	Nepal
D	United States
E	Japan

Question 4

What is K-T boundary? (ID-NDF-25)

A	Carbonaceous-Triassic change of trilobite termination
B	Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary with the dinosaur extinction
C	Kelvin temperature of cloud ice/hail formation
D	Minimum Kelvin temperature required for magma formation
E	Kellogg-Trottier sea ice transition temperature

Question 4 Explanation:

Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary is formally known as Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. But the "K-T" is still widely used in the geological community.

Question 5

What will a seismic gap likely do? (ID-NDF-26)

A	Provide a place of permanent stress quiescence
B	Generate several weak seismic events over a long period of time
C	Eventually rupture causing an earthquake
D	Generate a volcanic eruption
E	Continue to be a source of ongoing earthquakes

Question 6

Which of the following is true about lightning? (ID-NDF-29)

A	It never strikes the same place twice
B	It is an acoustic shock wave
C	It is a discharge of voltage generated in a cloud
D	It is caused by transmission of positive ions from the cloud
E	It travels at the speed of sound

Question 7

What are are the three main requirements for fires? (ID-NDF-06)

A	preheating, oxygen, fuel
B	reverse photosynthesis, fuel, carbon dioxide
C	fuel, oxygen, ignition
D	oxidation, pyrolysis, convection
E	fuel, ignition, carbon dioxide

Question 8

What is a crown fire? (ID-NDF-30)

A	A forest fire that spreads from treetop to treetop
B	A small forest fire that get exhausted in a short period of time
C	A forest fire that is caused by friction between tree branches igniting tree leaves
D	A forest fire that lowers the oxygen content significantly in a short period of time
E	A forest fire caused by a lightning strike

Question 9

Which of the following describes a Gamblers' ruin? (ID-NDF-12)

A	The result of underestimating the frequency of a hundred-year flood on a river.
B	The chance of dying in a tornado in Kansas.
C	The over estimation of stability of a slope resulting catastrophic failure.
D	A statistical fluctuation in population that can lead to species= extinction.
E	An ill-timed death due to participation in a hurricane party.

Question 10

If you were to live in Japan. Which of the following is most likely to impact you the most? (ID-NDF-18)

A	A heart attack while driving to work.
B	A hurricane while driving to a brothel.
C	A vehicle collision while driving to work.
D	A tsunami while driving to work.
E	An earthquake while driving to work.

Question 10 Explanation:

Earthquakes are more common in Japan than other listed items above.

Question 11

What is the kinetic energy of a two tonne asteroidal fragment entering the atmosphere at 15 km/s? (ID-NDF-10)

A	2.25 x 10 ¹¹ Joules
B	1.50 x 10 ¹³ Joules
C	1.25 x 10 ⁹ Joules
D	2.25 x 10 ¹³ Joules
E	1.50 x 10 ⁷ Joules

Question 11 Explanation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 x m x v²

Question 12

The Mount Pinatubo volcano is located in what geographic location? (ID-NDF-32)

A	Hawaii
B	Philippines
C	Japan
D	Norway

Question 13

What is a hypocenter? (ID-NDF-03)

A	A high-temperature region within glaciers
B	The convergence point two or more earthquakes
C	The convergence point of earthquake-generated tsunamis
D	The location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
E	The initiation point of an earthquake usually below the surface

Question 14

In New Orleans, the deaths and destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina (2005) were mostly the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-34)

A	Tornados
B	None of the answers are correct
C	Lightning
D	Flooding
E	Hail

Question 15

Which of the following is true about glaciers? (ID-NDF-05)

A	Melting of all current glaciers would raise sea level by only 1m.
B	Glaciers have been covering a significant global area for 2 million years
C	Glaciers have advanced and receded consistent with Milankovitch cycles.
D	Glaciers can gouge steep V-shaped valleys Hint: Glaciers are associated with U-shaped valleys
E	Glaciers cannot carry much more than pebbles as they advance

Question 16

Which of the following typically causes the greatest annual energy input to the Earth's surface? (ID-NDF-15)

A	Violent weathers phenomenons such as hurricanes
B	Earthquakes
C	Release of internal heat
D	Sunlight
E	Volcanic eruptions
F	Meteorite impacts

Question 17

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ______ growth. (ID-NDF-33)

A	integrated
B	parabolic
C	exponential
D	algebraic
E	linear

Question 18

Volcanoes are formed as a result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-23)

A	Continuous heat produced in subsurface due to atomic decay
B	Accumulation of metal oxides in the upper mantle
C	None of the answers listed here are correct
D	Increase in pressure due to escaped primordial gasses from the core of the Earth
E	Strain build up caused by continental drift

Question 19

Most fatalities during a hurricane occur as the result of which of the following? (ID-NDF-28)

A	Electrical fires
B	Wind damage
C	Building collapse
D	Flying debris
E	Storm surge

Question 20

What is the Oort Cloud? (ID-NDF-27)

A	A cloud formation that causes the formation of thunderstorms
B	A murky region above a marine volcanic vent
C	An envelop of comets surrounding the Solar System
D	The ring of asteroids between Jupiter and Mars
E	A type of cloud that often result in formation of tornado

Question 21

Which of the following natural hazards is not the direct result of the process of plate tectonics? (ID-NDF-35)

A	Flooding
B	Earthquakes
C	Volcanic eruptions
D	Tsunamis
E	Mountain building

Question 22

Which of the following does NOT describe the Frank Slide? (ID-NDF-07)

A	A limestone anticline failure
B	71 casualties
C	Clay liquefaction
D	Situated in the Crowsnest Pass
E	Turtle Mountain landslide

Question 23

About how long would it take for a coin, dropped overboard from a ship passing over the deepest part of the Pacific, to reach the ocean bottom? (ID-NDF-09)

A	10 minutes
B	12 hours
C	1 day
D	The coin would never reach the bottom due to high upward pressure.
E	2 hours

Question 24

Why didn't the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines resulted in large human casualties? (ID-NDF-24)

A	There were relatively low human populations lived near the volcano
B	The volcano's eruption products were not very hazardous
C	The 1991 eruption was a substantially lower in destruction power than predicted
D	Pinatubo does not have an explosive eruption style
E	Most people obeyed the early warnings and evacuation orders

Question 25

What is Milankovitch cycle? (ID-NDF-08)

A	It is a type of seismic wave responses observed just before a tsunami waves hit the surface of the ocean.
B	It is a variation in Earth=s orbit leading to climate changes.
C	It is the time between the tsunami wave cycles.
D	It explains the phenomenon of linked series of events in a hurricane.
E	It is a type of cyclone that rotate towards the north.

Question 26

What is a jokulhlaup? (ID-NDF-04)

A	A sudden outburst of water from a glacier
B	A Icelandic marine tornado
C	A volcanic landslide
D	A rapidly eroding coastline
E	A lake vibration caused by an earthquake

Question 27

The Himalaya mountains are the result of which tectonic phenomenon? (ID-NDF-02)

A	Transform faulting across the Sino-Persian divide
B	Indo-Asian continent-continent collision
C	Volcanic outpourings of the Deccan Traps
D	Eurasian subduction underneath the Phillipine plate
E	Sino-Indian spreading center initiation

Question 28

Which of the following is true about hurricanes? (ID-NDF-19)

A	They form in tropical waters right on the equator
B	They usually rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere
C	They have a low-pressure center and surrounding powerful updrafts
D	They are form in tropical waters right on the equator

Question 29

Which of the following action would most likely help you survive a tornado? (ID-NDF-21)

A	If in a house, find the best window and stay next to it in case you have to break out of the house after it move past your area.
B	If in a car, drive as fast as possible towards the tornado to punch through it.
C	If in a house run outside, so the house does not fall on you.
D	If in a car, stop, get out, and lie face down in a low area such as a ditch.
E	If walking outside, seek high ground to avoid drowning in a flash flood.

Question 30

What is a growler? (ID-NDF-31)

A	A far-off thunder clap
B	A large forest fire
C	A small iceberg
D	The sound of an approaching earthquake
E	A micro-tornado

Question 31

Which of the following is not a surface wave associated with earthquakes? (ID-NDF-14)

A	None of the above answers are correct.
B	Rayleigh waves
C	Tsunami
D	S waves
E	Love waves

Question 31 Explanation:

S wave is a body wave.

Question 32

Which has the highest annual risk of fatality for an Albertan? (ID-NDF-01)

A	Driving
B	Tornado
C	Lightning
D	Blizzard
E	Rock climbing

Question 33

This type of wave associated with earthquakes moves along the surface by oscillating side to side as opposed to up and down and only produce horizontal motion. (ID-NDF-16)

A	Body waves
B	Love waves
C	S waves
D	Rayleigh waves
E	P waves

Question 34

Which of the following allows landslides of rock, such as the Frank slide, to run out to great distances? (ID-NDF-11)

A	Lubrication of the fault/separation surface from fluids such as a water.
B	Formation of an air cushion between the moving rock mass and the stationary rock mass.
C	Penetration of high pressure groundwater between two masses.
D	Sturzstrom or acoustic fluidization due to seismic energy reducing friction between the two masses.
E	Thick soil horizons between the surfaces.

Question 35

Which of the following describe an atmospheric inversion? (ID-NDF-13)

A	Warm air overlying cold air
B	Clean air overlying polluted air
C	Low pressure air overlying high pressure air
D	Polluted air overlying dry clear air
E	Cold air overlying warm air

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by student contributors Lingxiao (Shawn) Sun and Audrey Cancel during Fall Fall 2015.
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Sanuja Senanayake

Geophysics 375 Final Exam-University of Calgary

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

Standing on the shoulders of giants

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Geophysics 375 (GOPH 375) Final Exam

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Standing on the shoulders of giants