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Go to: Midterm I | Final

Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Midterm II

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Question 1

Typically Brachiopod shell would have how many planes of symmetry?

A	4
B	3
C	2
D	1

Question 2

The earliest shelly (exoskeleton) organisms were found in what stratigraphic period/era?

A	Paleozoic
B	Cambrian
C	Ediacaran
D	Neoproterozoic
E	Mesoarchean

Question 3

Which of the following Brachiopod growth type would result in equal growth in all directions?

A	Hemipheripheral
B	Holoperipheral
C	Sphericalcircular
D	Mixoperipheral
E	Radiocircular

Question 4

What is the only order that includes both solitary and colonial Cnidarians?

A	Order Septalata
B	Order Scleractinia
C	Order Rugosa
D	Order Tabulata

Question 5

Global spread of Stromatolites began in which of the following era?

A	Phanerozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Archean
D	Hadean
E	Proterozoic

Question 6

What is the structure that fill the void in the pseudopores on brachiopod's shells?

A	Taleola
B	Brachidium
C	Cardinal
D	Median septum
E	Tabula

Question 7

Which of the following lithological unit associated with the first evidence of prokaryote diversification?

A	Fig Tree Formation
B	Apex Chert unit
C	Gunflint Formation
D	Isua Formation
E	Shark Bay stromatolites

Question 8

Modern day stromatolites (Recent) indicates __I__ components and __II__ is populated by anaerobic (100 % of the life cycle) bacteria.

A	I. six (6) II. Oxygen-depleted zone
B	I. four (4) II. Undermat
C	I. four (4) II. Undermat
D	I. four (4) II. Stromatolite mass
E	I. four (4) II. Oxygen-depleted zone

Question 9

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure B?

A	Zygospirid
B	Spiriferid
C	Atrypid
D	Terebratulid

Question 10

When was the last occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 500 million years ago
B	~ 510 million years ago
C	~ 460 million years ago
D	~ 400 million years ago
E	~ 430 million years ago

Question 11

Which is the only period bounded by two major crisis?

A	Triassic
B	Permian
C	Ordovician
D	Cretaceous

Question 12

Organisms in Phylum Brachiopoda are mostly (not all) benthic.

A	True
B	False

Question 13

One of the major crisis that occurred between these two periods.

A	Cambrian and Ordovician
B	Jurassic and Cretaceous
C	Cretaceous and Paleogene
D	Carboniferous and Permian

Question 14

When did the first evolution of multicellular organisms occur?

A	Cambrian
B	Neoproterozoic
C	Neoarchean
D	Mesoproterozoic

Question 15

Ahermatypic corals includes are non-reefbuilding species.

A	True
B	False, because they are reef-builders.
C	False because they are both reef-builders and non-reefbuilders.

Question 16

Which of the following shell morphology is associated with very primitive functions?

A	Pseudopunctate shell
B	Punctate shell
C	Impunctate shell
D	Having a one large and one small shell.

Question 17

Formation of the iron-rich layers in the banded iron formation happens during the volcanic events.

A	True
B	False

Question 18

When is the evolutionary existence of Class Stenolaemata (Phylum Bryozoa)?

A	Cambrian
B	Cretaceous
C	Ordovician
D	Devonian

Question 19

Which of the following fossils is the oldest one to have an exoskeleton?

A	Bonata
B	Terebratula
C	Cloudina
D	Spriggina

Question 20

The first minerals were formed ______ after the formation of Earth.

A	0.8 billion years after
B	4.0 billion years after
C	0.2 billion years after
D	1.5 billion years after

Question 20 Explanation: 

Age of Earth is about 4.6 bya and the oldest known mineral is about 4.4 bya

Question 21

When was the first occurrence of Ediacaran fossils in the lithology?

A	~ 470 million years ago
B	~ 585 million years ago
C	~ 510 million years ago
D	~ 500 million years ago
E	~ 410 million years ago

Question 22

Which of the following organisms Class, Order, Family, Group or Species is the longest on fossil record? (hint: May even exist today!)

A	Orthida
B	Productida
C	Pentamerida
D	Linguliformea

Question 23

Which of the following Ediacara dominant fossils can grow into as large as 2 m long structures?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Parvancorina
C	Dickinsonia
D	Charnia

Question 24

Which of the following Metazoans have?

A	Specialized organs
B	Primitive organs
C	Lungs
D	Specialized tissues

Question 25

What is the stratigraphic range for Order Scleractinia?

A	Cambrian to Permian
B	Ordovician to Permian
C	Ordovician to Recent
D	Triassic to Recent

Question 26

Morphologically Terebratulida is one of the most primitive Orders of brachipods.

A	False
B	True

Question 27

What is the primary function of the organ lophophore?

A	Feeding
B	Defense/attack
C	Circulatory
D	Movement

Question 28

All known Ediacaran fossils can be categorized into what type of fossil group?

A	Recrystallization
B	Carbonizations
C	Impressions
D	Mineralization

Question 29

Which of the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea have weak evidence to either prove or disprove their first evolutionary existence due to lack of evidence?

- Strophomenida
- Productida
- Orthida
- Pentamerida
- Rhynchonellida
- Atrypida
- Spiriferida
- Terebratulida

A	Orthida, Spiriferida and Terebratulida
B	Atrypida, Productida and Pentamerida
C	Orthida and Terebratulida
D	Spiriferida and Terebratulida
E	Atrypida and Productida

Question 30

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Jurassic
D	Neoproterozoic

Question 31

This is where the oldest evidence for existence of cyanobacteria is found.

A	Isua Formation in SW Greenland Hint: Only traces of it found here; NOT strong evidence.
B	Apex Chert from Western Australia
C	Crater rocks from Moon, Mercury and Mars
D	Gunflint Formation from Ontario

Question 32

Which of the following is the oldest event in Geologic history?

A	Apex Chert unit
B	Isua Formation.
C	Gunflint Formation.
D	Fig Tree Formation

Question 33

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure D?

A	Terebratulid
B	Atrypid
C	Spiriferid
D	Zygospirid

Question 34

The horizontal curved plates that subdivide the zooecia in Order Trepostomata known as diaphragms.

A	False because they are known as cups.
B	False because they are known as plates.
C	True
D	False because they are known as cystiphragms.

Question 35

Which of the following Ediacara fossil have up to 10 possible appendages with different stages of growth?

A	Parvancorina
B	Tribrachidium
C	Charnia
D	Dickinsonia

Question 36

Order the following major crises that resulted in shifts in the biological evolution from oldest (first to occur) to youngest.

I. Triassic - Jurassic crisis
II. Cretaceous - Paleogene crisis
III. Ordovician - Silurian crisis
IV. Frasnian - Famennian crisis
V. Permian - Triassic crisis

A	(oldest) I > II > V > III > IV (youngest)
B	(oldest) III > IV > V > I > II (youngest)
C	(oldest) V > III > IV > II > I (youngest)
D	(oldest) II > IV > V > III > I (youngest)

Question 37

Beak of a Brachiopod shell is found in brachial valve.

A	False
B	True

Question 38

Order the following lithological items from oldest to the youngest.

I. Stromatolites numerical reduction
II. Apex Chert unit
III. Gunflint Formation
IV. Fig Tree Formation
V. Isua Formation
VI. Shark Bay stromatolites

A	(oldest) V > II > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) VI > III > IV > II > I > V (youngest)
C	(oldest) II > V > IV > III > I > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) VI > II > IV > III > I > V (youngest)
E	(oldest) V > IV > II > I > III > VI (youngest)

Question 39

What is the dominant material/substance found in Isua Formation?

A	Calcite based minerals
B	Dolomite based minerals
C	Volcanic lava
D	Graphite

Question 40

Oldest rocks from Earth are dated back to as far as ___

A	Paleozoic
B	Neoarchean
C	Hadean
D	Eoarchean
E	Paleoproterozoic

Question 41

Term Primordial soup (1924, Alexander Oparin of USSR) describes a mixture of living organic matter and biochemicals.

A	True
B	False

Question 41 Explanation: 

While it is True that Alexander Oparin did come up with the concept, the Primordial soup is a mixture of matter cad chemicals which are NON-LIVING!

Question 42

The fossil record have well preserved evidence on biochemical evolution of early Earth.

A	False
B	True

Question 42 Explanation: 

Very hard to find evidence for this but the Isua Formation of the southwestern Greenland help us out.

Question 43

What type of organisms abundant in Tommotian fauna?

A	Shelly organisms
B	Invertebrates organisms
C	Prokaryotic organisms
D	Eukaryotic organisms

Question 43 Explanation: 

It is a division of Lower Cambrian.

Question 44

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure C?

A	Atrypid
B	Spiriferid
C	Terebratulid
D	Zygospirid

Question 45

In Order Rugosa how many degrees between the Cardinal septum and Counter septum?

A	90
B	60
C	180
D	45

Question 46

This particular Order of organisms are very large ( above 10 cm) compared to others in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They have no pedicle opening but ornamented with spines that cut across their shells.

A	Productida
B	Terebratulida
C	Atrypida
D	Strophomenida
E	Rhynchonellida

Question 47

Which of the following statements describes hermatypic corals?

A	They are a Suborder of Order Rugosa.
B	They are solitary corals and lives in low energy environments.
C	They are reef-builders and are colonial.
D	They are highly concentrated with cyanobacteria.

Question 48

What is the shell growth type of genus Lingula?

A	Sphereperipheral
B	Hemiperipheral
C	Mixoperipheral
D	Holoperiheral

Question 49

Order Spiriferida usually (not always) have pseudopunctate shell structure.

A	True
B	False, because they always have impunctate shells.
C	False, because they can be either punctate or impunctate.
D	False, because they always have punctate shells.

Question 50

What is the composition of valves of linguliformea?

A	Aragonitic
B	Calcitic
C	Organophosphatic
D	Siliceous
E	Organocalcitic

Question 51

How old is the Isua Formation?

A	About 3.8 billion years.
B	About 4.2 billion years.
C	About 2.5 billion years.
D	About 3.2 billion years.

Question 51 Explanation: 

...and was found in Greenland.

Question 52

The oldest fossils on Earth were discovered in which lithologic formation/unit?

A	Delta calcitic unit.
B	Apex Chert unit.
C	Banded Iron Fm.
D	Isua Fm.

Question 53

What is the function of nematocysts cells in Phylum Cnidaria?

A	Building the structures to hold the corals to the seabed (skeleton).
B	Processing water to extract dissolved oxygen (respiratory).
C	Discharging poison into a pray (feeding).
D	Distribution of organic materials throughout the body structure (circulatory).

Question 54

What is the highest complexity in bryozoan architecture?

A	zooecia
B	zooarium
C	zooid
D	zooarozoida

Question 55

The earliest evolution of pseudopunctate shells appeared in which Order of Brachiopods (hint: Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea)?

A	Strophomenida
B	Pentamerida
C	Rhynchonellida
D	Orthida
E	Productida

Question 56

Why catastrophic meteorite bombardment events are rarely preserved on Earth as opposed to Moon, Mercury and Mars?

A	The plate tectonics may have destroyed the evidence.
B	The oceanic water many have changed the landscape of Earth.
C	The crust of the Earth is not ductile enough to deform significantly to provide a record.
D	Earth probably had less bombardments than any other planet.

Question 57

The Isua Formation most likely occurred under a reducing environmental conditions.

A	True
B	False

Question 58

All of the following Orders/Subphylums may have ancestral connections to Subphylum Linguliformea, except...

A	Order Pentamerida
B	Order Orthida
C	Subphylum Craniiformea
D	Order Strophomenida

Question 59

Which type of organisms dominated the oldest stromatolites? (choose the best answer)

A	Cyanobacteria
B	Dikinsonians
C	Stromatoporoids
D	Rugose corals

Question 59 Explanation: 

You may argue for Stromatoporoids, but it is not the best option listed here.

Question 60

Organisms in this order add their septae in sets at 60-degree distance between each.

A	Order Octocoralia
B	Order Rugosa
C	Order Scleractinia
D	Order Tabulata

Question 61

In Phylum Brachiopoda, notothyrium is found on __I__ , which is united with delthyrium on __II__.

A	I. Brachial valve II. Pedicle valve
B	I. Pedicle valve II. Brachial valve
C	I. the beak II. umbo
D	I. umbo II. the beak

Question 62

Which mineral would you use for dating a rock sample (assume you found all of the following minerals) that would provide the best approximation of time?

A	Stromatolites
B	Zircon
C	Quartz
D	Calcite - Dolomite

Question 63

Take the odd one out for the correct given reason.

Tabulata, Rugosa, Scleractinia

A	Tabulata, because we can also find them today.
B	Scleractinia, because we can also find them today.
C	Rugosa, because we also can find them today.
D	Tabulata, because it is the only one that forms corals.

Question 64

What type of Brachidium illustrated by figure A?

A	Spiriferid
B	Atrypid
C	Zygospirid
D	Terebratulid

Question 65

Based on fossils found in Europe, Russia and North America, how many stages in the Lower Cambrian?

A	2
B	5
C	4
D	3

Question 66

In Order Heterocoralia, protoseptum overlaps on metasepta by growing on top of previously formed metasepta.

A	True
B	False

Question 66 Explanation: 

They never overlap on top of each other. They always forms at an offset.

Question 67

The oldest Stromatolites were found in which formation?

A	Gunflint Fm.
B	Stromato Fm.
C	Fig Tree Fm.
D	Banded Iron Fm.

Question 68

Organisms in Order Productida have one of the largest pedicle openings in the Phylum Brachiopoda.

A	False
B	True

Question 68 Explanation: 

They have no pedicle opening.

Question 69

Which of the following classes have the most variability?

A	Class Hydrozoa
B	Class Scyphozoa
C	Class Cinclaire
D	Class Anthozoa

Question 69 Explanation: 

The Class Anthozoa have over 6000 species.

Question 70

The evolutionary existence of Order Fenestrata occurred in ___.

A	Permian
B	Ordovician
C	Cambrian
D	Jurassic

Question 71

Rank the following Brachiopod Groups in based on the oldest to youngest based on their dominance period in fossil record.

I. Lingulids
II. Spiriferids
III. Pentamerids
IV. Terebratulids

A	(oldest) I > II > IV > III (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV> II > III (youngest)
C	(oldest) IV > I > II > III (youngest)
D	(oldest) I > III > II > IV (youngest)

Question 72

What is the age of oldest organic matter?

A	~ 2.7 billion years
B	~ 3.2 billion years
C	~ 4.5 billion years
D	~ 3.8 billion years

Question 73

Order Productida belongs to Phylum Brachiopoda evolved in ___.

A	Upper Ordovician
B	Early Cretaceous
C	Lower Cambrian
D	Upper Devonian

Question 74

Which of the following Orders of Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea went extinct at Frasnian - Famennian crisis?

A	Atrypida Hint: This is near the boundary NOT at the.
B	Orthida
C	Productida
D	Terebratulida
E	Pentamerida

Question 75

In Order Trepostomata, the term ____ is used to describe plates that subdivide zooecia.

A	tabule
B	lamellate
C	autopore
D	cystiphragm

Question 75 Explanation: 

Remember diaphragms if straight and cystiphragms if curved.

Question 76

Which of the following Ediacara organisms have raised arms and borders in a disk-shaped triradially symmetric body?

A	Tribrachidium
B	Spriggina
C	Charnia
D	Parvancorina

Question 77

Which of the following eukaryotic organism have outer structures made of organic materials and sometimes be agglutinated?

A	Melanocyrillium
B	Huronipora
C	Bangiomorpha
D	Torridonophycus

Question 78

The maximum deposition of sediments belongs to the Banded Iron Formation occurred in which time interval?

A	Neoarchean
B	Upper Cambrian
C	Archean
D	Archean/Proterozoic boundary
E	Lower Cambrian

Question 79

In the Superphylum Lophophorata, __I__ is one of the most frequent fossils phyla and __II__ is one of the less frequent phyla.

A	I. Phoronida II. Enthoprota
B	I. Brachiopoda II. Enthoprota
C	I. Phoronida II. Bryozoa
D	I. Brachiopoda II. Bryozoa

Question 80

What is the primary driving force behind the early crust formation of Earth?

A	Temperature difference between hot Earth and the cold space.
B	Convection currents and magmatic processes.
C	Precipitation of minerals due to extraction of water.
D	Mixing of gases from two independent sources.

Question 81

When did the Strophomenida (in the Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea) went extinct?

A	During Frasnian/Famennian crisis
B	During Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis
C	During Permian/Triassic crisis
D	During Ordovician/Silurian crisis

Question 82

Class Stenolaemata only adapted to marine environments.

A	True
B	False

Question 83

One of the best evidence for prokaryote diversification is found in Gunflint Formation.

A	True
B	False

Question 84

Support for the lophophore is provided by the brachidum (hint: Phylum Brachiopoda).

A	False
B	True

Question 85

Which part of the modern (Recent) Stromatolites do not have any living or non-living bacteria?

A	Undermat
B	Growth surface
C	Oxygen-depleted zone
D	Stromatolite mass

Question 86

Polyp stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by sessile habitat because the root-like structures hold them to the seabed.

A	True
B	False

Question 87

What is the evolutionary existence of Order Tabulata in Subclass Zoantharia?

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Cretaceous
D	Ordovician

Question 88

In Order Trepostomata (Phylum Bryozoans; Class Stenolaemata), how many types of pores can be found?

A	five
B	three
C	six
D	two

Question 88 Explanation: 

They are autopores, mesopores and acanthopores.

Question 89

Medusa stage of the organism in Phylum Cnidaria is characterized by asexual reproduction.

A	False
B	True

Question 90

What is the Tommotian fauna/why is it important?

A	The first organisms to release oxygen to the atmosphere.
B	Oldest known fossils were found in this formation.
C	The earliest abundant shelly fauna that evolved on Earth.
D	The first type of fauna to process oxygen from atmosphere.

Question 91

This Order of organisms evolved after the Permian-Triassic crisis.

A	Order Rugosa
B	Order Tabulata
C	Order Heterocoralia
D	Order Scleractinia

Question 92

Rank the following Orders from Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea based on the first occurrence in lithology (oldest to youngest).

I. Strophomenida
II. Productida
III. Orthida
IV. Rhynchonellida
V. Spiriferida
VI. Terebratulida

A	(oldest) I > IV > III > V > II > VI (youngest)
B	(oldest) I > IV > V > III > II > VI (youngest)
C	(oldest) III > V > IV > I > II > VI (youngest)
D	(oldest) III > I > IV > V > II > VI (youngest)
E	(oldest) I > V > III > IV > II > VI (youngest)

Question 93

Metazoans have a circulatory system.

A	True
B	False

Question 94

Which is false about Bryozoans?

A	All Bryozoans are invertebrates.
B	All Bryozoans are colonial.
C	All Bryozoans are asexual organisms.
D	All Bryozoans have digestive and reproductive systems.

Question 95

In Order Rugosa __I__ septum does not have other septa attached to it while __II__ septum has several order septae attached to them.

A	I. counter II. cardinal
B	I. lateral II. counter lateral
C	I. counter lateral II. lateral
D	I. cardinal II. counter

Question 96

The Parvancorina organism have no second outer wall.

A	True
B	False

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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013.
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