GLGY 491 – Paleobiology

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Geology (GLGY 491-UCAL) Final Exam

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Question 1

What is the aperture shape of II on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-34)

A	open
B	constricted
C	peristome projections
D	visored
E	contracted

Question 2

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling has space between them (coils are not touching) known as... (ID-PBF-32)

A	Involute
B	Gyrocone
C	Brevicone
D	Torticone
E	Evolute

Question 3

Bivalves with umbos will have their umbos pointed to what direction (ignore the uncommon odd one)? (ID-PBF-17)

A	Anterior
B	Ventral
C	Dorsal
D	Posterior

Question 4

Conodonts were highly evolved during __I__ and became extinct during __II__ crisis. (ID-PBF-09)

A	I. Mesozoic II. Triassic/Jurassic
B	I. Cambrian II. Triassic/Jurassic
C	I. Ordovician II. Triassic/Jurassic
D	I. Mesozoic II. Permian/Triassic
E	I. Ordovician II. Permian/Triassic

Question 5

When is the evolutionary existence of Order Nautilid (Nautilida)? (ID-PBF-47)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Mid Devonian
C	Mid Cretaceous
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Late Silurian (aka upper S)

Question 6

When did the Inoceramids evolved? (ID-PBF-20)

A	Lower Cambrian
B	Upper Cretaceous Hint: Played a major role; but this is NOT when it evolved.
C	Permian
D	Lower Silurian

Question 7

What is the stratigraphic range of Stethacanthus sp.? (ID-PBF-14)

A	Devonian to Early Carboniferous
B	Cambrian to Late Permian
C	Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic
D	Jurassic to Holocene (Recent)

Question 8

What is the aperture shape of IV on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-45)

A	peristome projections
B	open
C	visored
D	contracted
E	constricted

Question 9

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Rolfosteus? (ID-PBF-24)

A	Middle Cambrian
B	Lower Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Late Devonian
E	Early Cambrian
F	Upper Cambrian

Question 10

What is the difference between longicone and brevicone Cephalopod's shell morphology? (ID-PBF-36)

A	Based on the shape of the axis (curved or not) of addition.
B	Based on the length to width ratio.
C	Based on the position of the proloculus (first chamber).
D	Based on the environment; benthic vs planktonic.
E	Based on the coiling direction and the nature of the coil.

Question 11

The trilobite morphological feature indicated with X is ____ and the feature indicated with 1 is ____ (respectively). (ID-PBF-49)

A	thorax, left lateral pleural lobe
B	cephalon, left lateral pleural lobe
C	thorax, right lateral pleural lobe
D	siphuncle, left lateral pleural lobe
E	cephalon, right lateral pleural lobe
F	siphuncle, right lateral pleural lobe

Question 12

Bivalves are always entirely benthic during their life cycle. (ID-PBF-16)

A	True
B	False

Question 12 Explanation: 

During larval stage, they are planktic.

Question 13

The temperature range in which the Conodonts were found can be best described as between ___ degree Celsius. Choose the best option. (ID-PBF-12)

A	~ 100 - 190
B	~ 50 - 200
C	~ 190 - 300
D	~ 50 - 300

Question 13 Explanation: 

The reason why I asked for the best option is because we found these organisms below 50 and above 300 degree Celsius. But most academics and textbooks would agree it is between ~ 50 - 300 as a good range.

Question 14

This genus is characterized by a straight shell (as opposed to coiled). (ID-PBF-41)

A	Aragonauta
B	Ceratites
C	Nautilus
D	Baculites
E	Nipponites

Question 15

When did the species belongs to Order Agnostida first appeared on the fossil record? (ID-PBF-56)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Early Ordovician
C	Early Silurian
D	Middle Devonian
E	Middle Ordovician

Question 16

When was the evolutionary existence of Conodonts? (ID-PBF-10)

A	Lower Devonian
B	Silurian
C	Upper Cambrian
D	Middle Jurassic
E	Lower Permian

Question 17

What Order of Trilobites is the last Order to undergo extinction? (ID-PBF-70)

A	Phacopida
B	Agnostida
C	Asaphida
D	Proetida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 18

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Belemnites?
Please note do not use the Internet for this question. The prof has a different eon for Belemnites than what is commonly stated in literature. 🙂 (ID-PBF-43)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Middle Permian
C	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
D	Early Permian (aka lower P)
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 19

Conodonts can be used for which of the following (choose the best)? (ID-PBF-07)

A	Determining the causes of Permian-Triassic extinction.
B	Determining the reasons for Cambrian explosion.
C	Determining the depth of burial.
D	Determining the pale-enviroment.

Question 19 Explanation: 

You could argue for Cambrian explosion. But there are much better fossil samples to provide data on this event than conodonts.

Question 20

If you love to travel around the world, what would be the best possible Order of Trilobites to study and why? (Bit of trick question, but should be easy.) (ID-PBF-74)

A	Asaphida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
B	Proetida because they are the most abundant across the world.
C	Agnostida because they were found in almost all continents of the world.
D	Agnostida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.
E	Proetida because they were the last one to undergo extinction.

Question 21

When is the evolutionary existence of Genus Drepanaspis? (ID-PBF-25)

A	Early Cambrian
B	Late Cambrian
C	Early Devonian
D	Middle Cambrian
E	Late Devonian

Question 22

Cephalopods with Longicone shell morphology will always have a curved elongation axis. (ID-PBF-65)

A	True
B	False

Question 22 Explanation: 

Cyrtoconic type will have a curve axis while the Orthoconic type, which also in the Longicone category have a straight elongation axis.

Question 23

Which of the following went extinct at the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis? (ID-PBF-48)

A	Belemnites
B	Ceratites
C	Nautilids
D	Bactritoids

Question 24

One of the best formations for Eurypterids is the Crato Formation in Brazil. How old is this formation? (ID-PBF-62)

A	210 million years old
B	150 million years old
C	50 million years old
D	180 million years old
E	160 million years old
F	110 million years old

Question 25

What type of symmetry organisms in Class Helicoplacozoa has? (ID-PBF-28)

A	pentameral
B	lacks symmetry
C	spherical
D	radial
E	bilateral

Question 26

The Mollusca Class Polyplacophora was given that name because... (ID-PBF-82)

A	their muscles are consist of several specialized tissues.
B	they have many feet.
C	their shell is consist of several small shelly parts.
D	they have several sets of eyes.
E	they have several different spines on their shell for defense.

Question 27

The trilobite Order Proetida evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-59)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
B	I. Middle Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
C	I. Middle Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Early Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
E	I. Late Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Early Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis

Question 28

What is the primary purpose of Eurypterids telson? (ID-PBF-76)

A	Defense and prey
B	Sexual reproduction
C	Buoyancy control (up-down movement in water)
D	Movement across surfaces

Question 28 Explanation: 

At the early evolution it is used for defense and prey, but later it was also used for movement. However, the primary function remains to be defense and prey.

Question 29

This genus is characterized by streptospiral coiling. (ID-PBF-42)

A	Aragonauta
B	Baculites
C	Nipponites
D	Ceratites
E	Nautilus

Question 30

Evolution of wings in Class Insecta appeared in which Geologic time period? (ID-PBF-63)

A	Permian
B	Cambrian
C	Carboniferous
D	Ordovician
E	Devonian

Question 31

Placoderms evolved in ___ and dominated the vertebrate world during ___. (answers are given in respectively). (ID-PBF-81)

A	Early Silurian , Permian
B	Late Silurian , Devonian
C	Upper Ordovician , Permian
D	Early Ordovician, Permian
E	Upper Ordovician , Carboniferous

Question 32

The Conodonts fossils found today most likely part of what system in the conodont animals? (ID-PBF-08)

A	Chewing
B	Respiratory
C	Movement
D	Circulatory

Question 33

When did the earliest fish-like vertebrates evolve? (ID-PBF-21)

A	Cambrian
B	Ordovician
C	Silurian
D	Permian
E	Ediacaran

Question 34

Which of the following is the first Chordate to utilize a free-swimming larva? (ID-PBF-03)

A	Cephalochordates
B	Urochordates
C	Tunicates
D	Enterponeuts

Question 35

Agnostid trilobite is generally considered to be benthic. (ID-PBF-52)

A	True
B	False

Question 36

The most primitive trilobites falls under this Order. (ID-PBF-55)

A	Proetida
B	Redlichiida
C	Asaphida
D	Lichida
E	Agnostida

Question 37

What is the best chemical characteristic that describes the shells of Ostracoda? (ID-PBF-71)

A	delicious
B	arragonitic
C	calcitic
D	siliceous
E	biochemical

Question 38

Sacabambaspis fossils were found all around the world including China. (ID-PBF-13)

A	True
B	False

Question 38 Explanation: 

They were only found in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 39

The Calcite in the echinoderm theca is.... (ID-PBF-73)

A	oligocrystals
B	democrystals
C	synthetically produced calcites
D	bio-calcites

Question 40

Which of the the features you would expect to find on a trilobite with a borrowing habitat? (ID-PBF-53)

A	Smooth outer shell (carapace)
B	Spines
C	Large, 360-degree type eyes
D	Segmented carapace

Question 41

Burgess shale from B.C., Canada has an elongated body. What is the typical length of these organisms? (ID-PBF-05)

A	~ 5 cm
B	~ 30 cm
C	~ 70 cm
D	~ 100 cm

Question 42

Which number indicates the most primitive type of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea)? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-79)

A	II
B	IV
C	V
D	III
E	VI
F	VII
G	I

Question 43

___ was one of the first fishes to develop a strong tail for movement. (ID-PBF-22)

A	Placoderms
B	Astraspis
C	Lasanius
D	Saccabambaspis

Question 44

What is the economic significance of conodonts? (ID-PBF-06)

A	They are indicator fossils that often leads to deposits of coal.
B	They are used in cutting saws and other tools.
C	They are valuable as a jewellery.
D	They be used to determine the best areas for oil and gas extraction.

Question 45

There are folds in the Ostracods carapace morphology. The elevations of these known as __I__ and the depressions known as __II__. (ID-PBF-60)

A	I. nodes II. sulci
B	I. peaks II. troughs
C	I. lobes II. dips
D	I. lobes II. sulci
E	I. nodes II. dips

Question 46

The following is an organism belongs to Class Eocrinoidea in Phylum Echinodermata. According to morphological classification convention, the area highlighted in red is ______ , the area highlighted in blue is ______ and the area highlighted in green is ______ (answer is in receptive order). (ID-PBF-75)

Original Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogia_spiralis_Utah.jpg

A	ventral cavity(red), bulbus(blue), root structure(green)
B	ventral cavity(red), body cavity(blue), root structure(green)
C	stem(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)
D	stem(red), brachioles(blue), theca(green)
E	brachioles(red), theca(blue), stem(green)
F	brachioles(red), theca(blue), holdfast(green)

Question 47

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), the position of pendent type is highlighted what number? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-68)

A	VII
B	I
C	V
D	II
E	III
F	IV

Question 48

What is the largest species of trilobite? (hint: Found in Churchill, Manitoba) (ID-PBF-54)

A	Trinucleus
B	Niobids
C	Ogygites
D	Eurypterus
E	Isotelus rex

Question 49

The Order Agnostida had a world-wide distribution (as opposed to regional distribution). (ID-PBF-57)

A	False
B	True

Question 50

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling is tightly touching each other without any form of overlap is known as... (ID-PBF-35)

A	Evolute
B	Involute
C	Brevicone
D	Torticone
E	Gyrocone

Question 51

Which of the following trilobite Orders includes species with Schizochroal eyes? (ID-PBF-58)

A	Redlichiida
B	Agnostida
C	Corynexochida
D	Phacopida
E	Ptychopariida

Question 52

The Cephalopod's shell morphology in which the spiral coiling overlaps creating a 3D structure is known as... (ID-PBF-46)

A	Torticone
B	Gyrocone
C	Involute
D	Evolute
E	Brevicone

Question 53

When did the Mytiloides (spelled as Mytiloids in lecture notes) evolved? (ID-PBF-19)

A	Permian
B	Devonian
C	Silurian
D	Cambrian

Question 54

What is the term used for describing the attachment position of the soft body in the body chamber? (ID-PBF-37)

A	anterior suture
B	septum
C	hyponomic sinus
D	anulus (or annulus)
E	mural

Question 55

The most primitive chordates have pharynx with gills. (ID-PBF-02)

A	False because gills are never (even in most advanced form) a morphological feature of Hemicordate.
B	False because while some chordates had gills, majority of primitive chordates had none.
C	True
D	False because they occurred in non primitive chordates.

Question 56

Which of the following statements are correct about Phylum Hemichordata? (ID-PBF-01)

A	They do not have organs or specialized cells.
B	They have very strong evolutionary links to cephalochordates and urochordates.
C	They are Invertebrates.
D	They are mammals.

Question 57

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in II? (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-66)

A	scandent
B	nema
C	recurved
D	decurved
E	reclined
F	pendent

Question 58

When was the evolutionary existence of Chordates? (ID-PBF-04)

A	Silurian
B	Permian
C	Cambrian
D	Ordovician
E	Jurassic

Question 58 Explanation: 

Early and middle Cambrian

Question 59

Which of the following statement is correct about Conodonts? (ID-PBF-11)

A	They have a shell composed of agglutinated silicon particles.
B	They have a shell composed of inorganic matter.
C	They are the direct ancestors of modern humans.
D	Their colour will varies with heat.

Question 60

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in III and IV respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-67)

A	scandent , horizontal
B	reclined , horizontal
C	recurved , pendent
D	recurved , horizontal
E	scandent , pendent
F	decurved , pendent
G	decurved , horizontal

Question 61

Which of the following statements are correct for a feature found on fossils of Bivalves that were believed to be deep burrowers? (ID-PBF-18)

A	Development of feet.
B	Complete (or near complete) loss of symmetry.
C	Expansion of shell structures creating round or elliptical shape.
D	Compression of shell structures.

Question 62

Order Nautilida, the largest chamber is situated in the _____ direction. (ID-PBF-31)

A	posterior
B	septal
C	ventral
D	anterior

Question 63

How did the Placoderms increased mobility? (ID-PBF-23)

A	By splitting the tail into parts.
B	By having small boney plates that are interconnected.
C	By increasing the size of the tail.
D	By increasing the size of gills.

Question 64

When was the Trilobites went extinct? (ID-PBF-51)

A	At the Cretaceous/Paleogene
B	At the Triassic/Jurassic
C	At the Permian/Triassic
D	At the Ordovician/Silurian

Question 65

The most evolved group of echinids have this type of symmetry. (ID-PBF-72)

A	Pentameral
B	two-fold with a mirrored plane
C	Regular
D	Irregular

Question 66

What is the aperture shape of V on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-77)

A	constricted
B	contracted
C	open
D	visored
E	peristome projections

Question 67

On the following diagram of stipe orention of Graptolites (Graptolpoidea), what position is highlighted in V and VI respectively... (assuming that the image is drawn with nema orienting upwards) (ID-PBF-69)

A	recurved , pendent
B	decurved , pendent
C	decurved , recurved
D	recurved , declined
E	decurved , declined
F	recurved , scandent

Question 68

Evolutionary existence of the vertebrates, Sacabambaspis occurred in __I__ and Astraspis in the __II__. (ID-PBF-80)

A	I. Late Cambrian II. Middle Devonian
B	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Ordovician
C	I. Early Silurian II. Middle Devonian
D	I. Early Silurian II. Early Devonian
E	I. Early Cambrian II. Late Cambrian

Question 69

Vertebrates are dominant during what geologic period? (ID-PBF-27)

A	Silurian
B	Cambrian
C	Devonian
D	Permian
E	Carboniferous

Question 70

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Baculites? (ID-PBF-40)

A	Late Cretaceous (aka upper K)
B	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
C	Early Permian (aka lower P)
D	Middle Permian
E	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)

Question 71

What is the aperture shape of III on the following diagram? (ID-PBF-33)

A	open
B	constricted
C	contracted
D	visored
E	peristome projections

Question 72

What is the trilobite morphological feature indicated with Z? (ID-PBF-50)

A	axial lobe
B	siphuncle
C	pygidium
D	cephalon
E	thorax

Question 73

The organisms belong Class __I__ has a shallow water habitat while the Class __II__ has a deep water habitat. (ID-PBF-64)

A	I. Asterozoa II. Ophiuroidea
B	I. Hughmilleria II. Stylonurus
C	I. Ophiuroidea II. Asterozoa
D	I. Pterygotus II. Hughmilleria
E	I. Hughmilleria II. Pterygotus

Question 74

In Bivalves, the ____ is at the posterior position. (ID-PBF-15)

A	exhalant siphon
B	digestive track
C	byssal threads
D	inhalant siphon

Question 75

What would be the best descriptor for the length of Antiarchs? (ID-PBF-26)

A	~12 cm
B	~ 150 cm
C	~ 100 cm
D	~ 35 cm

Question 76

Which of the following feature in Cephalopods can be found in the ventral position? (ID-PBF-30)

A	cardinal sinus
B	septal neck
C	hyponomic sinus
D	proloculus

Question 77

When is the evolutionary existence of Subclass Ammonoids? (ID-PBF-44)

A	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
B	Jurassic
C	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
D	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)
E	Devonian
F	Silurian

Question 78

Generally Cephalopods have what type of symmetry? (ID-PBF-29)

A	Coiled
B	Pentameral
C	Bilateral
D	No symmetry due to advanced evolution of the species.

Question 79

When is the evolutionary existence of genus Ceratites? (ID-PBF-39)

A	Early Permian (aka lower P)
B	Late Paleozoic (aka upper Pz)
C	Middle Triassic
D	Early Cretaceous (aka lower K)
E	Late Cambrian (aka upper ∈)

Question 80

In Dendroid Graptolite morphology, the connecting structure between the first zooid and the basal disk is known as... (ID-PBF-78)

A	nema
B	stipe
C	autotheca
D	theca
E	sicula
F	nema

Question 81

Which of the following statements best describe Argonauta? (ID-PBF-38)

A	They evolved during the Cambrian explosion.
B	They are marine organisms.
C	They have no known predators.
D	They are typically found in extremely cold water environments such as the arctic.
E	They reproduce asexually.

Question 82

The Eurypterids evolved in the __I__ and went extinct at the __II__. (ID-PBF-61)

A	I. Ordovician II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
B	I. Cambrian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
C	I. Ordovician II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
D	I. Silurian II. Paleogene-Cretaceous Crisis
E	I. Cambrian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis
F	I. Silurian II. Permian-Triassic Crisis

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You may download this exam as a PDF file here.

Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Marius (Dan) Georgescu during Fall 2013. Proofreading and corrections were made by fellow students in GLGY 491 course.
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Since, Dr. Georgescu decided to repeat some of the questions from the first two midterms, some questions posted on this quiz may also have appeared on the previous 491 quizzes. However, please study the BlackBoard questions for previous exam questions.

In case in you have missed the additional support materials, please visit the main Exams & Resources page and check under GLGY 491. Note: No questions from the two midterms are posted here. But there will be some questions from them on the final. Refer to previous 491 exams.

Quick… save the world!

The world is about to get hit by a meteorite. The computer that controls the high intensity electron beam (use for destroying the extraterrestrial objects) has been hijacked by Graptolites. But they got a riddle for you. What are their orientation from I to VII? If you name them in 30 seconds or less, you may be able to save the world (Disclaimer: Probably of saving the world is a function of the power of the electron beam and it is inversely related to the time in which it take you to shoot it. In other words, the longer your take, 1/t will result in unfavorable outcomes. Once the riddle is solved, you will be granted with the access code. However, use it wisely!).