Notice
If you get a question wrong, you can still click on the other answers. This will open up hints and explanations(if available) with additional information.My personal advice: Since the exams are written, if you score less than 90% on the following MC questions, seriously reconsider your study strategies for this class.
Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort is made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, no guarantees for the currency or accuracy of information are made. It takes several proof readings and rewrites to bring the quiz to an exceptional level. If you find an error, please contact me as soon as possible. Please provide a description of the question because server may randomize the questions and answers.
Go to: Midterm II | Final
Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I
Congratulations - you have completed Geology (GLGY 381-UCAL) Midterm Exam I.
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Question 1 |
A | artificial weathering |
B | physical weathering |
C | chemical weathering |
D | biological weathering |
Question 2 |
A | D |
B | C |
C | E |
D | A |
E | B |
Question 3 |
A | C |
B | No such thing on the diagram above. |
C | D |
D | F |
E | E |
Question 4 |
A | period of the wave |
B | viscosity of the fluid |
C | type of fluid |
D | amplitude of the wave |
Question 5 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 6 |
A | Kaolinite |
B | Muscovite mica |
C | Pyroxene |
D | Olivine |
E | Calcium Feldspars |
Question 7 |
A | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
B | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
C | Abyssal zone |
D | Above the normal sea level |
E | Bathyal zone |
Question 8 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 9 |
A | smooth current velocity model |
B | rough bed velocity model |
C | laminar velocity model |
D | turbulent velocity model |
Question 10 |
A | decreasing , increasing |
B | decreasing , decreasing |
C | increasing , decreasing |
D | increasing , increasing |
E | None of the answers are correct because it is not the acidity that is important, it is the pH. |
Question 11 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 12 |
A | SE to NW |
B | N to S |
C | NW to SE |
D | NE to SE |
E | S to N |
Question 13 |
A | Left side is the stoss side and right side is the lee side. |
B | Left side has the scour region and right side is the stoss side. |
C | Left side has the scour region and right side is the lee side. |
D | Left side is the lee side and right side is the stoss side. |
E | All statements are incorrect. |
Question 14 |
A | Potential energy |
B | Sediment load |
C | Gravity |
D | Flow velocity |
E | Flow separation |
Question 15 |
A | authigenic |
B | detrital |
C | metamorphic |
D | native |
E | sedimentary |
Question 16 |
A | Change in normality |
B | Change in flow regime |
C | Gradient change |
D | Critical flow |
E | Hydraulic jump |
Question 17 |
A | Under low- to medium-density turbidity currents |
B | Within oxbow lakes |
C | Within river deltas |
D | Under current ripples |
E | Under high-density turbidity currents |
Question 18 |
A | None of the answers are correct. |
B | I. lower II. turbulent |
C | I. zero II. turbulent |
D | I. lower II. laminar |
E | I. higher II. laminar |
Question 19 |
A | A |
B | F |
C | B |
D | G |
E | E |
F | C |
G | D |
Question 20 |
A | tangential stress |
B | sub-normal stress |
C | super-normal stress |
D | normal stress |
E | shear stress |
Question 21 |
A | True |
B | False-it should be other way around. |
Question 22 |
A | surface of the fluid. |
B | bed surface of the velocity profile. |
C | (around) middle of the velocity profile. |
D | highest velocity point of the velocity profile. |
Question 23 |
A | The pressure right above the yellow arrow is much lower than the pressure near the black rocks/sediments. |
B | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to decrease significantly(at that point). |
C | The lift at the yellow arrow is caused by the high pressure at the top caused by converging streamlines. |
D | The pressure from above is much higher causing the grains to push hard against the bed. |
E | The stream lines(red lines) converging at the yellow arrow cause the velocity to increase significantly(at that point). |
Question 24 |
A | Deep marine environments |
B | None of the answers posted here are correct. |
C | Shallow marine environments |
D | Warm and tropical wet environments |
E | River bed environments |
Question 25 |
A | Turbidity current |
B | Debris flow |
C | Grain flow |
D | Liquified flow |
Question 26 |
A | ~ 10 degrees |
B | ~ 90 degrees |
C | ~ 50 degrees |
D | ~ 100 degrees |
E | ~ 30 degrees |
Question 27 |
A | Flow of a fluid through a tapered tube results in an increase in velocity. |
B | Depositional sequences in very high energy environments. |
C | Settling velocity of particles in a fluid. |
D | How flow rate, density of the fluid and pathway of flow dictates type of flows. |
Question 28 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 29 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 30 |
A | Increase of stress as a result of pressure increase. |
B | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing increase in the mineral volume. |
C | Organic activities such as roots and biodegradation causing decrease in the mineral volume. |
D | Hydration of minerals result in increase in volume. |
E | Release of stress as a result of pressure decrease. |
F | Freeze-thaw cycle result in change in volume. |
Question 31 |
A | Bioturbation is between 60% to 90% of the sediment bioturbated and bedding indistinct |
B | Bioturbation is between 30% and 60% of the sediment affected and bedding is distinct |
C | Sediment is totally reworked by bioturbation |
D | Bioturbation is over 90% of sediment bioturbated, and bedding
is barely detectable |
E | A sample with few discrete traces of bioturbation |
F | Bioturbation affects less than 30% of the sediment sample and the bedding is distinct |
Question 32 |
A | A type of trace fossils created by echinoids. |
B | A type of depositional environment that provides the best suitable conditions for organisms to thrive. |
C | A a body of rock with specified mineralogical characteristics. |
D | A sub set of beds and laminations that is defined by certain depositional structures. |
E | An assemblage of trace fossils that provides an indication of the palaeoenvironment. |
Question 33 |
A | sandstone |
B | gypsum |
C | limestone |
D | dolostone |
E | mudstone |
Question 34 |
-high viscosity
-poorly sorted grains
-often larger clasts are separated by fine grained materials
-low Reynolds number and considered as a laminar flow
-low velocity (40-50 km/h)
A | Debris flow |
B | Grain flow |
C | Liquified flow |
D | Turbidity flow |
Question 35 |
A | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to lower velocity. |
B | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
C | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
D | It is difficult to determine the velocity hence we heavily relies on speed of flowing rivers for analysis. |
Question 36 |
h(D) = 55 m
g = 9.81 m/s2
u = 33 m/s
A | 1.95 |
B | 1.42 |
C | 0.6116 |
D | 2.37 |
E | 0.06116 |
Question 37 |
A | clastic deposits |
B | chemical deposits |
C | evaporites |
D | ore deposits |
E | carbonates |
Question 38 |
A | High pressures excreted on sediments from both through uplift and loading processes. |
B | Extreme temperatures and pressures between different sediment successions. |
C | Extreme pressure concentrated at the contacts between grains within sediments. |
D | Differential lateral compaction within bed forms resulting high pressures between bed contacts. |
E | Differential pressure-temperature gradient that increases with depth. |
Question 39 |
A | Classification of the trace fossils. |
B | Description of the identifiable parts. |
C | Study of behavior. |
D | Study of the mode of preservation. |
Question 40 |
A | A. iron rich minerals B. oxygen rich minerals |
B | A. oceanic crust B. continental crust |
C | A. mafic minerals B. felsic minerals |
D | A. felsic minerals B. mafic minerals |
E | A. mafic and felsic minerals B. silica rich minerals |
Question 41 |
A | A |
B | C |
C | B |
Question 42 |
A | Within the upper flow regime |
B | Below massive/rapid deposition |
C | Below hemipelagic mud |
D | None of the answers are correct |
E | At the base of the sourced region (very bottom) |
Question 43 |
A | Dunes have interbedded cross laminations and ripples do not. |
B | Dunes are distinctly larger than ripples. |
C | Dunes form in marine environments and ripples form in non-marine river type environments. |
D | Dunes forms in turbulent waters and ripples forms in calm waters. |
Question 44 |
A | biotite |
B | olivine |
C | amphibole |
D | quartz |
Question 45 |
A | False because pedogenesis is the process of erosion by both physical and chemical weathering. |
B | True |
C | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating rivers. |
D | False because pedogenesis is the process of creating soil. |
Question 46 |
A | Turbidity currents |
B | Debris flows |
C | Rock falls |
D | Slumps |
E | Glacial breakups |
Question 47 |
A | Position III where the flow rate is consistent and smooth |
B | Position II just above the ripple |
C | Position IV in the lee side of the ripple |
D | Position V between two ripples |
E | Position I in the stoss side of the ripple |
Question 48 |
A | erosion |
B | pedogenesis |
C | paleosols |
D | sedimentation |
Question 49 |
A | a type of erosion caused by temperature and pressure change caused by exhumation of rocks/sediments. |
B | a type of physical weathering caused by water or hydrous fluids penetrate rocks/sediments and expand as a result of freezing; leads to cracks and physical breakdown of materials. |
C | a type of chemical weathering caused by dissociation of water into H+ and OH- ions as a result of acidifying agent. |
D | a type of physical weathering caused by biogenic processes which result in breakdown of rocks/sediments. |
E | a type of chemical weathering caused by oxidation of chemical compounds within rocks. |
Question 50 |
A | Lee side of ripples |
B | Stoss side of ripples |
C | Between dunes |
D | At the mouth of rivers |
E | Within channels |
Question 51 |
A | chemical weathering |
B | denudation |
C | physical weathering |
D | erosion |
Question 52 |
A | A |
B | C |
C | B |
Question 53 |
Description
-high velocity
-larger Reynold's number
-inertial forces dominates over the viscous forces
A | Neither |
B | B |
C | It could be either A or B because the description is is insufficient. |
D | A |
Question 54 |
A | At the bed, there is no slip conditions due to higher velocity. |
B | The lowest velocity is at the bed. |
C | Velocity increases as the depth increases. |
D | Velocity decreases as the depth increases. |
E | The highest velocity is at the bed. |
Question 55 |
A | Sediments are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
B | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sedimentary rock is a geologic structure and sediment is a type of geologic material. |
C | Sedimentary rocks are unconsolidated materials that forms at the Earth's surface while sediments are formed as a result of burial and lithification of these sediment materials. |
D | Even though they have the similar names, they are unrelated each other because sediment is a geologic structure and sedimentary rock is a type of geologic material. |
Question 56 |
A | False |
B | True |
Question 57 |
A | At the top of a moving current, the velocity is close to zero. |
B | Deeper in the fluid lower the velocity. |
C | In the middle of the profile, the velocity is close to zero. |
D | Uniformly moving fluids will have an equal instantaneous velocities regardless of depth. |
E | Deeper in the fluid higher the velocity. |
Question 58 |
A | Trough cross-lamination |
B | Planar cross-lamination |
C | Starved ripples |
D | Climbing ripples |
E | Turbulent sweeps |
Question 59 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 60 |
A | False |
B | Yep |
Question 61 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 62 |
A | Low energy and high sedimentation environments. |
B | High energy and low sedimentation environments. |
C | Low energy and low sedimentation environments. |
D | High energy and high sedimentation environments. |
Question 63 |
A | crawling |
B | fighting |
C | feeding |
D | dwelling |
E | extractions(pooping) |
Question 64 |
A | Sandy shore (littoral zone) |
B | Abyssal zone |
C | Bathyal zone |
D | Above the normal sea level |
E | Shelf (sublittoral zone) |
Question 65 |
A | Freezing(swelling) and thawing(shrinking). |
B | Hydration(swelling) and dehydration(shrinking) |
C | Freezing(shrinking) and thawing(swelling). |
D | Hydration(shrinking) and dehydration(swelling) |
E | Burial(shrinking) and exfoliation(swelling). |
Question 66 |
A | Base solutions in high temperature environment |
B | High pH solutions |
C | Acids |
D | Base |
E | Low pH solutions in high temperature solutions |
Question 67 |
A | clastic sediments |
B | precipitates |
C | carbonates |
D | organic deposits |
E | evaporates |
Question 68 |
A | Matrix is deposited at the same time as clasts while cement forms after the deposition of sediment as precipitate. |
B | Matrix is the substance that binds clasts together while cement is a fined grained material that deposits within crystals. |
C | Both terms describes a material that binds clasts but the term "matrix" is used when the rock is mostly composed of clasts while cement is used when majority of the rock is composed of fined grained materials. |
D | Matrix is formed when the clasts are deposited under high temperatures while cement is formed when clasts are deposited under low temperatures. |
Question 69 |
A | Bioturbation is caused by plants. Bioerosion is caused by animal activities. |
B | They are the same except Bioturbation is the British English word for Bioerosion(US-English) |
C | Bioerosion is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioturbation is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
D | Bioturbation is the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Bioerosion is caused by mechanically or chemically cutting/removing the grains by organisms. |
Question 70 |
A | Minerals that are formed as a result of erosion due to chemical weathering. |
B | Minerals with very high densities resulting deposition at the bottom of a flow. |
C | Minerals that primarily formed from organic materials. |
D | Minerals that replaces (take others' place) other minerals during sedimentation. |
E | Minerals that formed as a result of magmatic processes that occurs under water. |
Question 71 |
A | Fluctuating velocity currents. |
B | Low velocity currents. |
C | Medium velocity currents. |
D | High velocity currents. |
Question 72 |
A | D |
B | A |
C | B |
D | G |
E | C |
F | F |
Question 73 |
A | laminar flow |
B | turbulent flow |
C | gravity driven flow |
D | low viscous forces in the folow |
Question 74 |
A | Humid climates |
B | Temperate climate with long cold winters and short warm summers |
C | Dry climates with year-round permafrost |
D | Deep sea ocean beds with rich organic matter |
E | Dry climates with long periods of droughts |
Question 75 |
A | The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. |
B | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
C | Gravitational force is proportional to the mass and acceleration due to gravity. |
D | Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. |
Question 76 |
A | Uniformitarianism |
B | lowerposition |
C | original horizontality |
D | parsimony |
E | superposition |
Question 77 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 78 |
A | Dewlling |
B | Feeding |
C | Resting |
D | Crawling |
E | Escape |
F | Grazing |
Question 79 |
A | upwards acceleration |
B | spatial acceleration |
C | inertial acceleration |
D | temporal acceleration |
E | gravitational acceleration |
Question 80 |
A | Chemical |
B | Simple solution |
C | Physical |
D | Hydration/dehydration |
Question 81 |
A | Magmas rich in calcium carbonates |
B | Hard organic parts from invertebrates |
C | Transported rock fragments |
D | Precipitation of inorganic compounds out of water due to evaporation |
E | Calcium carbonate produced as a by product of chemical weathering |
Question 82 |
A | Burrows are trace fossils and borings are body fossils. |
B | Borings are trace fossils and burrows are body fossils. |
C | Borings are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and boring are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
D | Burrows and borings are created by two distinct type of creatures that in burrows the sediments are removed mechanically and in borings the sediments are dissolved chemically. |
E | I have no freaking clue what the hell you asking about. |
F | Burrows are created by pushing the grains to walls of the structure and borings are created by mechanically/chemically cutting the grains. |
Question 83 |
A | A. critical B. supercritical C. subcritical |
B | A. critical B. subcritical C. supercritical |
C | A. supercritical B. critical C. subcritical |
D | A. supercritical B. subcritical C. critical |
E | A. subercritical B. critical C. supcritical |
supercritical = Fr > 1 and the velocity of the stream is greater than the velocity of the surface wave.
subcritical = Fr < 1 and the velocity of the stream is lower than the velocity of the surface wave.
Question 84 |
A | Gravity: hard sediments sinking into soft underlying sediments |
B | High volume sediment loads |
C | Pressure: soft water-bearing sediments escaping through overlying sediments |
D | Significant density contrast |
Question 85 |
A | A. silicates B. carbonates |
B | A. mafic rocks B. felsic rocks |
C | A. felsic rocks B. mafic rocks |
D | A. carbonates B. silicates |
Question 86 |
A | G |
B | D |
C | F |
D | C |
E | E |
Question 87 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 88 |
A | 50% lithics
40 % feldspar
10% quartz |
B | 98% lithics
1 % feldspar
1% quartz |
C | 60% quartz
1 % lithics
90% feldspar |
D | 98% quartz
1 % lithics
1% feldspar |
Question 89 |
A | High energy environment with a one single direction of water flow. |
B | Deep subsurface environments under high pressures and temperatures. |
C | Glacial environment where clasts are dragged across a flat surface. |
D | Deltaic environment with high sediment influx. |
Question 90 |
A | B |
B | Neither due to incorrect representation of the internal flow direction. |
C | Neither due to incorrect representation of the initial flow direction. |
D | A |
Question 91 |
A | Concavo-convex contacts |
B | Subrounded contacts |
C | Long contacts |
D | Point contacts |
E | Sutured contacts |
Question 92 |
A | A. Quartz B. Feldspar C. Lilith fragments |
B | A. Continental block B. Magmatic arc C. Recycled origin |
C | A. Continental block B. Recycled origin C. Magmatic arc |
D | A. Magmatic arc B. Continental block C. Recycled origin |
E | A. Recycled origin B. Continental block C. Magmatic arc |
F | A. Quartz B. Lilith fragments C. Feldspar |
Question 93 |
A | True |
B | False |
Question 94 |
A | depth in m |
B | grain size in mm |
C | flow velocity in m/s |
D | grain size in um |
E | flow velocity in cm/s |
Question 95 |
A | 1. is an antidune 2. is a dune |
B | 1. is a dune 2. is an antidune |
C | 1. is an antidune 2. is an antidune |
D | 1. is a dune 2. is a dune |
Question 96 |
A | A. inertial forces driven load B. gravity driven load |
B | A. gravity driven load B. inertial forces driven load |
C | A. bed load B. suspended load |
D | A. suspended load B. bed load |
Question 97 |
A | True |
B | False |
Antidunes can be formed as a result of beds deposition in phase to the surface water wave.
Question 98 |
A | Semi- relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while full-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
B | Full relief structures are preserved as 2D structures while semi-relief structures are preserved as 3D structures. Both are preserved within a single type of sediment. |
C | Full relief structures are partially preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are fully preserved at an interface between two strata. |
D | Full relief structures are preserved within a single type of sediment while semi-relief structures are preserved at an interface between two strata. |
Question 99 |
A | 75% |
B | 98% |
C | 50% |
D | 5% |
E | 90% |
Question 100 |
A | It transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks |
B | It occurs under temperatures above 500 degree Celsius |
C | It transforms sediments into metamorphic rocks |
D | It transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks |
E | It change the chemical and physical characteristics of sediments after the deposition |
Question 101 |
A | The rock is composed of just two or three clast types. |
B | The rock is composed of just one clast type. |
C | The rock is dominated by matrix and has very few clasts. |
D | The rock is composed of highly angular clasts. |
Question 102 |
A | Debris flow |
B | Rock fall |
C | Turbidity current |
D | Sheet wash |
E | Slump |
Question 103 |
A | Salt Diapirs |
B | Pressure dissolution |
C | Geostatic pressure |
D | Pore waters |
Question 104 |
A | Ichnology |
B | Genology |
C | Paleotracology Hint: LOL What the hell? |
D | Paleogeology |
Question 105 |
A | saltation |
B | rolling |
C | paleoflow |
D | suspension traction |
E | sliding |
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End |
Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Melissa Giovanni during Fall 2012.
FAQ | Report an Error
Some of the Lab Midterm sample images | Click here
Concepts and Additional Questions for Fall 2012 Midterm I
Important!
↑ Some of these are already in the exam type questions in the quiz(above) ↑
Answers to these will NOT be posted. These are based on lecture notes!
-velocity profile; what is idealized modal’s limitations; where is the viscous sublayer and what is it
-bed formation; shape of the bed, x-beds, directional flows
-bed load vs suspended load
-Stoke’s law and the settling velocity
-flow separation concepts; eddy; stoss/lee with respect to x-beds in dunes and anti-dunes; water surface in or out of phase of bed formation
-unidirectional flow vs ocillating flow; be able to draw and describe the differences between them; wave base “feel my bottom”.
-type of sediment gravity flows; debris flow; grain flow; liquefied flow (remember that debris flow and liquefied flow are similar in operation, but different in terms of size of rocks/grains involved.
Dr. Spila’s stuff
-4 steps involving accurately identifying fossils; preservation, description, behaviour, classification(we don’t have to know how to name them)
-What is ichnology
-difference between biotrubation and bioerrosion; which is the most common type; what is the formula for degree of bioturbation
-what are borings and what are borrows
-6 major common categories of behaviours and their reliefs; crawling(semi), resting(semi), feeding(full), gazing(semi), dewlling(full), escape(full).
-meniscae and few other definitions
-preservation differences between full and semi-relief