GLGY 202 – Applications of Geoscience
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Geology 202 final exam is typically cumulative with greater emphasis on the last section of the course. It is recommended to use both the Midterm Exam and this Final Exam when preparing for the final exam.
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Geology (GLGY 202-UCAL) Final Exam
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Question 1 |
A | About 70% |
B | About 30% |
C | About 90% |
D | About 50% |
E | About 1% |
Question 2 |
A | Oxbow lakes forms outside of floodplains. |
B | There are no historical records of floods near Bow and Elbow rivers in Calgary. |
C | Rivers with larger lateral movement (meanderings) trend to have wider floodplains. |
D | The 100 year flood only occurs in every 100 years or so. |
E | Floodplains floods are typical and can be predicted with very good accuracy (within a week). |
Question 3 |
A | About 10% |
B | About 90% |
C | About 70% |
D | About 1% |
E | About 50% |
Question 4 |
A | release atomic and subatomic particles. |
B | generate light energy. |
C | increase potential energy. |
D | slowing down the chemical reaction. |
E | None of the answers are correct. |
Question 5 |
A | Tanzania |
B | Sri Lanka |
C | Mexico |
D | India |
E | Canada |
Question 6 |
A | Sandstone |
B | Clay |
C | Limestone |
D | Gravel |
E | Sand |
Question 7 |
A | Increased in the groundwater table. |
B | Increased compaction of subsurface sediments. |
C | Rapid melting of permafrost. |
D | Decrease in pore pressures in the subsurface. |
E | Increased in overburden load. |
Question 8 |
A | Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material, while comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material. |
B | Comets contains specific assemblage of minerals that are not found in asteroids. |
C | Comets usually burn out in the Earth's atmosphere while asteroids can travel across it to reach the Earth's surface. |
D | Asteroids are originates in the near Earth elliptical orbit, while comets originates between Jupiter and Mars. |
E | Comets are larger versions of asteroids that are heavier, |
Question 9 |
A | Monitoring animal behaviors. |
B | Vibration sensors in very deep sub surface. |
C | Areal electromagnetic surveys. |
D | Clusters of seismic stations near fault zones. |
E | Electronic and computerized earthquake monitoring systems. |
Question 10 |
A | Silt |
B | Gravel |
C | Cobble |
D | Clay |
E | Sand |
Question 11 |
A | Wind |
B | Natural Gas |
C | Coal |
D | Nuclear |
E | Hydroelectric |
Question 12 |
A | climate change science. |
B | natural science. |
C | earth system science. |
D | evolutionary natural science. |
E | global science. |
Question 13 |
A | Increased in subsurface permeability. |
B | Increased in subsurface porosity. |
C | Increased in rainfall. |
D | Increased in surface water evaporation rate. |
E | Increased in sediment compaction rate. |
Question 14 |
A | Too many contradicting statements in published papers. |
B | Propaganda based science taking over facts bases science. |
C | Papers are highly weighted towards evidence. |
D | Research are influenced by ideologies of funding organizations. |
E | Influence of political and social pressures on scientists. |
Question 15 |
A | average annual soil loss. |
B | soil erodibility index. |
C | factor of hillslope/length |
D | factor of soil cover. |
E | short term rain fall runoff. |
Universal soil loss equation is used for long term calculations.
Question 16 |
A | carbon-hydrogen bonds. |
B | inorganic compounds. |
C | carbon-oxygen bonds. |
D | transitional metals and carbons. |
E | kerogen. |
Question 17 |
A | animals , plants |
B | under low pressure environments , under high pressure environments |
C | at specific temperature interval , only from specific types of organic matter |
D | two carbon atoms , three or more carbon atoms |
E | at higher depths , at shallower depths |
Question 18 |
A | Liquefaction |
B | Landslides |
C | Building collapse |
D | Fires |
E | All of the listed can be caused by an earthquake. |
Question 19 |
A | Can be purified through smelting |
B | Conducts electricity |
C | Mostly solids at room temperature |
D | Strong covalent bonds |
E | Malleable |
Question 20 |
A | significant differences between two mineral grains next to each other. |
B | difference in elevations between the highest and lowest points of landform. |
C | significant differences between two lithologies. |
D | slopes of hills or mountains. |
E | differences between lithologies when move across an area with change in longitude. |
Question 21 |
A | Positioning of a large asteroid near Earth. |
B | Plate tectonics. |
C | Volcanic eruptions. |
D | Extraterrestrial impact on Earth. |
Question 22 |
A | Scraping left behind by glaciers such as glacial migration. |
B | Channels cut in to the soil by erosion. |
C | Sandy deposits found near the mouth of deltas. |
D | Type of sand that liquefy during an earthquake. |
Question 23 |
A | coal , bitumen |
B | uranium , aluminum |
C | unconsolidated materials , solid rock materials |
D | heavy metals , precious metals |
E | minerals , aggregates |
Question 24 |
A | High porosity |
B | High topographic relief |
C | High permeability |
D | High urbanization |
E | Low vegetation |
Note: You could argue for high porosity. But from physics and fluid dynamic point of view, having high porosity with low permeability would not help the migration of water from the surface to the subsurface.
Question 25 |
A | Areas of high hydraulic pressures. |
B | Bodies of water that can sustain a diverse range of aquatic life. |
C | Areas with high enough hydraulic gradients that can support flow of water. |
D | Earth material capable of supplying groundwater at a useful rate from a well. |
E | None of the listed answers are correct. |
Question 26 |
A | Poor understanding of the Earth as a system rather than a single entity |
B | Lack of funding for research |
C | Politicization of science itself |
D | Overpopulation due to higher human reproduction |
E | Not having enough data to prove one way another |
Question 27 |
A | Chlorine vapor/gas |
B | Butane |
C | Propane |
D | Methane |
E | Ethane |
Question 28 |
A | Decrease the humidity of the mines. |
B | Increase the access to fresh drinking water. |
C | Reduce acid mine drainage.
|
D | Install better air quality management system. |
E | Provide better eye wear protection equipment. |
Question 29 |
A | as a result of the industrial revolution. |
B | due to over population. |
C | as a result of improvements in technological industry. |
D | after the French revolution. |
E | as a result of America (USA) becoming a superpower. |
Question 30 |
CO2(aq) + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3− + H+ --> ________ + 2H+.
A | CO32− |
B | H2O |
C | H2O2 |
D | H3O+ |
Question 31 |
A | It is only observed in regions where there are mines. |
B | It is only caused by human activities such as agriculture. |
C | In occurs only in coastal regions where there is an abundant of salts. |
D | It can be caused by both natural and human processes. |
Question 32 |
A | Thousands of years |
B | Up to tens of thousands of years |
C | 2 weeks |
D | 10 days |
E | Tens of years |
Question 33 |
A | Pinchout trap |
B | Fault trap |
C | Anticline trap |
D | Salt dome trap |
E | Unconformity trap |
F | Lens trap |
Question 34 |
A | Steam produced by heated fluids such as water. |
B | Radiation energy. |
C | Kinetic energy of the atoms. |
D | Friction between sub-atomic particles. |
Question 35 |
A | Reducing environments are associated with placer deposits. |
B | The most pressing issue with mercury is that it is a metal but it act as a liquid. |
C | Staining of beds due to weathering is associated with higher concentration of quartz in the subsurface. |
D | Ice produced by your refrigerator is a mineral by definition. |
E | Typically ore minerals dissolve under oxidizing environments. |
2. Stating is associated metallic and ore minerals.
Question 36 |
A | They can be used to model hydrocarbon reservoirs elsewhere. |
B | They can provide detailed information on paleo-environments. |
C | Geologists are looking for new sources of fresh water for the growing human population. |
D | They can be used for determining the exact location of the true North. |
E | They are used to locate large deposits of hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic. |
Question 37 |
A | A mineral that can be used to for vital processes such in the medical industry. |
B | A mineral that has a very high density. |
C | A mineral that falls under one of the toughest and strongest categories of Moh Scale of Hardness. |
D | A mineral that expensive due to rarity. |
E | A mineral that is extracted from the upper crust that is used by people. |
Question 38 |
A | Dolomite |
B | Galena |
C | Hematite |
D | Bornite |
E | Chromite |
Question 39 |
A | It requires specialized micro-bacteria to remove salt. |
B | There is no proven technology. |
C | It is difficult to build a desalination plant next to the ocean. |
D | It takes a lot of time to process just a 1L of water. |
E | The process requires large amount of energy. |
Question 40 |
A | MVT is caused by magmatic solutions entering lower pressure and lower temperature regions. |
B | MVT is caused by leeching of existing ore bodies in shallow subsurface and precipitating them elsewhere as a different ore body. |
C | MVT is caused by ground water reach in deep into the subsurface which eventually return to surface and precipitate ore minerals. |
D | MVT is caused by differential gradient in acidity of ground water. |
Question 41 |
A | Optimal Range |
B | Oil Window |
C | Hydrocarbon Sector |
D | Resource Section |
Question 42 |
A | A type of activity or activities that would impact the global environment. |
B | An atmospheric condition where the natural chemical composition significantly impact the well-being of organisms. |
C | A type of sedimentary layers that often produce very high grade bitumen in Alberta. |
D | None of the answers listed here are correct. |
E | A proposed epoch that begins when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems. |
Question 43 |
A | It is found in shallow deposits that are much more economical to drill. |
B | It is highly abundant in large volumes throughout the world. |
C | It is a much more stable version of the conventional gas hence better safety for those who produce it and use it. |
D | It has a higher energy content per cubic feet than conventional methane. |
E | It has a less impact on the environment than conventional methane. |
Question 44 |
A | Significant decrease in groundwater pollution due to advanced water treatment facilities in urban areas. |
B | The groundwater reservoirs are often being depleted due to reduction in seepage and infiltration. |
C | Increase groundwater recharge due to higher infiltration of water during storm events. |
D | The groundwater discharge rate increases with increased in surface water runoff. |
Question 45 |
A | Iron |
B | Nickel |
C | Titanium |
D | Chrome |
Question 46 |
A | Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layers around the aquifer. |
B | Confined aquifers are characterized by having an impermeable lithologic layer above the aquifer. |
C | Confined aquifers are characterized by having low permeability and low flow rate in lateral direction. |
D | Determination of confined or unconfined condition is based on overall porosity of the aquifer with confined having much lower porosity than the surrounding region. |
E | Confined aquifers only formed in high depths in the subsurface while unconfined aquifers formed closer to the surface. |
Question 47 |
A | Tsunamis can only originate at plate boundaries. |
B | Frequency of tsunamis has significantly increased due to global warming or climate change. |
C | North American should not worry about tsunamis because it is impossible for occur anywhere near us. |
D | Velocity of the tsunami wave is higher if the depth of ocean which the wave originate is higher. |
E | Tsunamis only have devastating effect on Japan and other Asian countries, hence the Japanese term "tsunami". |
Question 48 |
A | Political disputes between Norway and Russia is delaying progress towards extraction. |
B | Methane hydrates cannot be used as a fuel source for modern energy needs. |
C | The cost of extraction is too high and cannot be covered due to the current gas market prices. |
D | The deposit is too small for exploration and production. |
Question 49 |
A | Railways |
B | Mineral or metal deposit itself |
C | Air pumps |
D | Fresh water pipelines |
E | New roads |
Question 50 |
A | Visible light |
B | Ultraviolet Rays |
C | X-Rays |
D | Shortwave |
E | Gamma Rays |
Question 51 |
A | mantle. |
B | oceans. |
C | hydrological water reservoirs. |
D | upper crust. |
E | lower atmosphere. |
Question 52 |
A | Sudden lowering of the water table. |
B | Loud noises produced at the fault line. |
C | Shaking of buildings and other infrastructures. |
D | Compressional wave. |
E | Violent shaking of the ground. |
Question 53 |
A | Formations dominated by unfractured limestone and clay. |
B | Predominantly sandstone based formations with small volumes of shale. |
C | Layered interbedded formation of siltstone and shale. |
D | Formations with large volumes of shale with some quartz dominated regions. |
Question 54 |
A | Increased in rainfall and surface runoff |
B | Eustatic change and isostatic uplift |
C | Natural subsidence |
D | Global warming or climate change |
E | Increased in soil and land erosion in the area |
Question 55 |
A | It measures the intensity of any wave in the entire light spectrum. |
B | It is a measurement of radioactivity of ore minerals such as uraninite. |
C | It measure the capacity to change energy balance. |
D | It measure the energy within the visible light spectrum. |
E | It measures radiation of the sun and planets. |
Question 56 |
A | Petroleum or oil |
B | Hydroelectric |
C | Nuclear |
D | Coal |
E | Natural gas |
Question 57 |
A | Sharp and steep channel walls |
B | Nearly straight and shallow channels |
C | Deposits of sand bodies on the channel floor |
D | Meandering sequences |
E | Gradients less than the slope of the land which they form |
Question 58 |
A | Politicization of science |
B | Not enough research funds |
C | Not enough researchers working in this area |
D | Not enough scientific data |
E | It is dividing the world leading to wars |
Question 59 |
A | well within natural Holocene range of variability with some anomalies. |
B | showing exponential increased in temperatures. |
C | much higher than the previous decade. |
D | composed of very high variability than what you would expect in Holocene. |
Question 60 |
A | Volcanoes |
B | Floodplains |
C | Global warming |
D | Earthquakes |
Question 61 |
A | Middle East and Asia/Australia |
B | Middle East and Europe/Eurasia |
C | Middle East and Latin America |
D | Middle East and North America |
E | Middle East and Africa |
Question 62 |
A | Orthoclase feldspar |
B | Plagioclase Feldspar |
C | Epidote |
D | Quartz |
E | Calcite |
Question 63 |
A | Mechanical weathering, compaction and erosion of soil. |
B | Polluting the drinking water supply. |
C | Increased use of non-renewable products used in the manufacturing of ORVs. |
D | Chemical pollution through gasoline based ORVs in environmentally sensitive areas. |
E | Noise pollution due to large ORV enthusiasts gatherings. |
Question 64 |
A | undergoing rapid deposition and sedimentation. |
B | undergoing subsidence. |
C | rich in organic matter. |
D | subject to rapid oxidation. |
E | characterized by a large basin. |
Question 65 |
A | magmatic deposit. |
B | residual mineral deposit. |
C | secondary-enrichment deposit. |
D | Mississippi Valley-type deposit. |
E | placer deposit. |
Question 66 |
A | E horizon |
B | C horizon |
C | B horizon |
D | A horizon |
Question 67 |
A | Coal |
B | Diesel |
C | Natural Gas |
D | Petrol (gasoline) |
Question 68 |
A | Abundance of subsurface water. |
B | Lower pressures in subsurface than normal. |
C | Slow burial and lithification of sediments. |
D | None of the answers are correct. |
E | Anoxic subsurface conditions. |
Question 69 |
A | Consolidation |
B | Intervention |
C | Bioremediation |
D | Environmental mitigation |
E | Chemical mitigation |
Question 70 |
A | Uranium |
B | Gold |
C | Arsenic |
D | Radium |
E | Thorium |
Question 71 |
A | Uranium mining industry. |
B | Aluminum mining industry. |
C | Agricultural industry. |
D | Coal industry. |
E | Petroleum refining industry. |
Question 72 |
A | A concentration of ore grade minerals that can be economically mined. |
B | A deposit of precious metals. |
C | A concentration of ore grade mineral with at least 3% of precious metals. |
D | A shallow deposits of ore grade minerals within the Earth's crust. |
Question 73 |
A | All models are 100% based on data obtained from past natural seismic activities. |
B | Modeling of seismic data can provide more specific time and magnitude intervals for future seismic activities. |
C | Seismologists are too stupid to understand earthquakes. |
D | Seismic predictions are all based on imperial evidence. |
E | All determinations are based on random probability statistics. |
Question 74 |
A | Radium-226 |
B | Lead-206 |
C | Thorium-234 |
D | Polonium-218 |
E | Lead-214 |
Question 75 |
A | Triassic |
B | Permian |
C | Cretaceous |
D | Cambrian |
E | Devonian |
Question 76 |
A | Lowering of the local water table. |
B | Increase in regional pore pressures. |
C | Significantly smaller cone of depression. |
D | Land subsidence. |
Question 77 |
A | Below the saturation zone. |
B | Above the B soil horizon. |
C | Above the the vadose zone. |
D | Between vadose and saturation zones. |
E | Below the saturation zone and above the vadose zone. |
Question 78 |
A | are about 10 times faster than a regular waves. |
B | travel perpendicular to the equator. |
C | have distinctive amplitudes and wavelengths, which can be used to detect them earlier. |
D | are always scary. |
E | generate high frequency noise. |
Question 79 |
A | Upper most layer of the lithosphere. |
B | Upper most part of the atmosphere that includes only the exosphere. |
C | Lower most part of the atmosphere that includes only the troposphere and stratosphere. |
D | Combination of atmosphere and lithosphere (as a one system). |
E | Frozen water part of the Earth system. |
Question 80 |
A | 2/5 of world's rivers. |
B | 1/2 of world's rivers. |
C | 2/3 of world's rivers. |
D | 90% to100% of world's rivers. |
E | 1/5 of world's rivers. |
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Credits: Based on the excellent class notes provided by, Dr. Gerald Osborn and Dr. Glenn Dolphin during Winter 2016 and textbook ISBN-978-0-393-93750-3.
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